Potential Conflicts Research Articles

The Urgency Of Press FreedomRelated To Conflict Of Norms Viewed From The Perspective Of Dignified Justice

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) as a legal state based on the Almighty God has an obligation to protect the rights of its citizens, including press freedom. Press freedom, as the fourth pillar of democracy, is guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution and Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 1999 on the Press, which guarantees the right to obtain and disseminate information. However, recent laws such as Law No. 19 of 2016 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and its revision in Law No. 1 of 2024, along with provisions in the Criminal Code, pose potential norm conflicts with press freedom. Articles in the ITE Law are often used to curb press freedom, contrary to the Press Law which provides legal protection for journalistic activities. This research uses a normative legal method to analyze the conflict of norms between the ITE Law, the Criminal Code, and the Press Law. Through this approach, the research examines how legal principles such as Lex Superior Derogat Legi Inferiori and Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generalis can be applied to resolve conflicts and ensure effective protection of press freedom within the Indonesian legal framework

Undervisningsutveckling genom analyser av elevers lärande av handlingskompetens gällande antibiotikaresistens

The aim of this study is to investigate how teaching about antibiotic resistance and action competence can be designed and modelled based on analyses of student learning. Analyses are made of students’ privileging when asked to discuss complex tasks related to antibiotic resistance where knowledge from multiple disciplines and perspectives is relevant to use and where different courses of action are possible. Teaching were performed in two cycles with a didactic analysis and remodeling of teaching in between. The results make visible how teaching can be modelled by making space for subject knowledge as well as values and priorities. With a sharper focus in the modified teaching, students could debate the content that the teaching was aimed at. We discuss the challenges of finding content that is relevant and engaging for students and that also draws attention to multiple perspectives and potential conflicts of interest on the issue.

Influence of Technology and Metaverse on Traditional Absolute Sovereignty Control of Modern National States Territories

The metaverse can extend the physical world using augmented and virtual reality technologies, allowing users to seamlessly interact within virtual and simulated environments using avatars and holograms. This investigation strives to analyze the relationship between technology and the metaverse on traditional absolute sovereignty control of modern national states’ territories to understand better the potential impact of emerging virtual environments on the established structures and systems of physical governance. As technology continues to evolve and the metaverse grows in size and complexity, examining how it may challenge traditional notions of territorial sovereignty and governance is essential. It can occur in several ways, such as borderless access, jurisdictional disputes, decentralization of power, and cyber security concerns. Based on secondary data, the study showed different ways technology and the metaverse intersect with traditional state control. It can identify potential conflict areas and develop strategies to adapt to this rapidly evolving landscape. Therefore, it is to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between technology, the metaverse, and the traditional structures of governance that have shaped our world. The ultimate goal is to structure the metaverse in morally acceptable ways and collectively the most democratically beneficial for society.

Community-based Islamic education: Democratizing learning through local wisdom

This study examines the role of community-based education in the context of Islam as a means of democratizing education and integrating local wisdom, motivated by the need for a more inclusive and responsive education system. Using a literature study method, this research analyzes primary and secondary sources related to Islamic education, democratization, and local wisdom. The results reveal that community-based education has strong historical and normative roots in Islamic tradition, reflected in various forms of traditional educational institutions such as mosques, kuttabs, and pesantrens. This educational model is proven to encourage active community participation, decentralization of decision-making, and integration of local values into the curriculum. However, its implementation faces challenges in balancing national standards with local autonomy, as well as potential conflicts between universal Islamic values and local cultural practices. This study highlights the complexity of integrating local wisdom into modern Islamic education in the era of globalization, paving the way for further research on optimal mechanisms for adapting this educational model to increasingly diverse Muslim societies.

Rational suicide? Interviews with Swedish psychiatrists

Semi-structured interviews were performed with 12 psychiatrists regarding their perceptions of the Swedish Vision Zero for Suicide. Focusing on the topic of rational suicide, we re-analyzed these interviews using descriptive content analysis. The informants generally acknowledged the existence of rational suicide and its occurrence also among severely ill psychiatric patients, but expressed varying perceptions of the relevance of the concept in clinical practice. The difficulty of identifying rational suicide was considered to be a major problem. Another experience was a potential conflict between promoting a patient’s rationality and preventing suicide. While the normative aspects of rational suicide have been addressed in the literature, our results highlight a need for further attention to the epistemological and practical aspects of rational suicide.

Tradeoffs and synergies between social equity and environmental benefits in conservation

Conservation programs worldwide pursue social equity alongside environmental benefits and economic efficiency. When the spatial patterning of human diversity differs from the patterning of biological diversity, conservation planners face complex tradeoffs between social and biological objectives. Here, we quantify how these tradeoffs depend on the correlation between the spatial distributions of social and biological diversity. We used empirical patterns in the commonness and rarity of species to generate simulated landscapes with pre-defined correlations between biological diversity and human social diversity. Our analysis shows how tradeoffs between social equity and environmental benefits are unavoidable when human and biological diversity are negatively correlated. However, when human and biological diversity are strongly positively correlated, then biological and social priorities are congruent. In these settings, well-designed conservation programs may engender positive feedbacks between social equity and ecosystem services, enhancing both. Our analysis focused on distributional equity, but similar dynamics are likely to occur with procedural, recognitional and contextual equity. Given growing evidence that socially equitable conservation programs are more likely to be successful, our findings underscore the importance of carefully assessing the potential for conflicts and synergies between the social and biological goals of conservation programs.

The global implementation of UNDRIP: a thematic review

ABSTRACT Following almost 25 years of work, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007. UNDRIP has been widely recognised as an authoritative statement of human rights norms concerning Indigenous peoples around the world. However, meaningful implementation of UNDRIP has been slow. To better understand the pace and challenges facing implementation, we identify and analyze four key recurring themes that emerge from the growing literature on this topic. This includes (1) Indigenous self-determination versus state autonomy as a driver of potential conflict; (2) the meaning of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) in the context of UNDRIP; (3) the nexus between land, culture, and self-determination; and (4) Western/Global North influence over non-Western/Global South state implementation of UNDRIP. We examine several specific examples from across the globe to reveal the continuities and discontinuities across these four themes. The article concludes by offering ideas on how the limits of the present study and wider literature on UNDRIP might be rectified. That is, by incorporating a greater number of Indigenous perspectives on UNDRIP and adding more studies of governance and implementation challenges encountered in countries located in the Global South.

Strategi Komunikasi Pondok Pesantren dalam Menyosialisasikan Moderasi Beragama: Persepsi Masyarakat Aceh Singkil terhadap Upaya Deradikalisasi

As a religious country, Indonesia recognizes 6 (six) religions and provides the right and equal position in the law to carry out their respective beliefs, Besides that, Indonesia which adheres to Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is not all understood by the community in all aspects, so that there is a potential for conflict or conflict. understood by the community in all aspects, so that the potential for conflict or grouping each other into a problem in grouping each other into a problem in the territory of a unitary state, for this reason, religious moderation activities that are promoted by the government become an important activity and even this activity is also carried out by the government. important activities and even this activity is also carried out in the Islamic boarding school by displaying various traditions from Christianity. by displaying various traditions from Christianity. Research with the Title Socialization of religious moderation in Islamic boarding schools in the view of the Aceh Singkil community. Aceh Singkil is a qualitative research, aims to find out how the community views the Religious Moderation Socialization activities socialization activities carried out in Islamic boarding schools, which in fact have been understood as the center of Islamic studies. as the center of Islamic studies. From the results of the research conducted at least can be conclusions can be drawn (1) Religious Moderation Socialization activities are good activities to unite the Indonesian nation (2) Religious Moderation Socialization activities carried out in the Indonesian nation (2) Religious Moderation Socialization activities in Islamic boarding schools are not a problem because they support the policies of the Islamic Boarding School. Pesantren is not a problem because it supports Government Policy (3) Appearances and Cultures that violate Islamic Sharia and Special Traditions for other religions are seen as less beautiful in the Islamic Boarding School. Other religions are considered less Appropriate to be displayed in Islamic Boarding Schools.

Building bridges: enhancing cultural understanding and community engagement in the CHAMPS program—experience sought from Gobe Challa Village, Ethiopia

Public health programs’ successful implementation often requires a thorough consideration ⁠ of local cultural contexts and effective community engagement. The complexities and obstacles that public health initiatives may face in culturally ⁠ diverse communities are highlighted by our case study, offering valuable insights. ‍ This article focuses on analyzing a particular incident that occurred in Gobe Challa Village, connected ⁠ to the implementation of the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) program. In Gobe Challa Village, an incident occurred that centered on discord within the community and religious fears, resulting ⁠ from misunderstandings surrounding and a general lack of comprehension about the CHAMPS program. Our resolution process involved engaging the community, and religious leaders in constructive dialogue. Throughout this involvement, we delivered extensive elucidation on the aims and ⁠ protocols of the CHAMPS program, mitigating conflicts within the community. The community successfully achieved acceptance of the CHAMPS program by directly ⁠ and respectfully addressing misconceptions and fears, fostering a common understanding. This study emphasizes the significance of effective communication, community engagement, and ⁠ consideration of cultural customs when implementing public health programs. The experiences derived from this incident can act as a practical ⁠ manual for future public health initiatives encountering analogous cultural and societal dynamics. The main emphasis is on highlighting how a proactive, sensitive, and inclusive approach can ⁠ alleviate potential conflicts while also promoting program acceptance and encouraging community engagement. These discoveries have relevance to various public health initiatives and emphasize the significance ⁠ of a culturally conscious, community-involved approach in executing global health programs. ‍

How to design prototypes to prevent potential dominant logic conflict during the iterative learning process

Although prototype-based iterative learning is receiving increasing attention from research on lean startups, this stream of literature has a narrow focus on customer feedback and neglects the challenges of managing internal cognitive coherence during iterative learning processes. Without a shared dominant logic, the iterative revision of a prototype may fail. This research addresses this limitation by distinguishing the effects of different prototype strategies on dominant logic conflict and examining the moderating effect of socialization. Four hypotheses are developed and examined with survey data from 299 Chinese high-tech firms. We find that a basic prototype strategy results in low dominant logic conflict while an enhanced prototype strategy results in high dominant logic conflict during prototype-based iterative learning. Furthermore, socialization amplifies the negative and positive respective effects of these two prototype strategies. This research contributes to the literature on prototype-based iterative learning (e.g., for lean startups) and offers new managerial implications for practice.

India’s Security and Climate Policy: Navigating the China Challenge

In a world rich in climate knowledge but short on climate action, it is important to understand the political reasons behind the apparent failure of states to address this planetary crisis. One underexplored dimension of this phenomenon is the impact of broader geopolitics and rivalry, in specific the ability and willingness of potential and actual security and economic rivals to leave their contention at the gates of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This article focuses on India’s multifaceted approach to its ‘China challenge’ with and outside the climate regime. While conventional scholarship focuses on the security and economic dimensions of this rivalry, this study offers a distinct perspective that examines whether this rivalry might lead to a breakdown of cooperation and an increased potential for conflict and weaponisation of seemingly disconnected issue areas. Drawing on a comprehensive triangulation of policy documents, government statements and scholarly literature, this article evaluates the domestic and international factors shaping India’s climate-related China policies, including the countries’ unique economic ambitions, development imperatives, energy needs and global climate commitments. Furthermore, the article examines Sino-Indian interactions in international arenas such as the UNFCCC and Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS), and how these interactions influence global climate governance.

Animal welfare has priority: Swiss consumers’ preferences for animal welfare, greenhouse gas reductions and other sustainability improvements in dairy products

Animal welfare is at the forefront of the debate on sustainable food systems. However, animal welfare improvements often imply higher costs for producers. We explored whether Swiss consumers are willing to contribute monetarily to such improvements through an increase in prices of butter or milk. Based on a discrete choice experiment on 986 Swiss consumers, we investigated preferences for two animal welfare improvements in the dairy industry – loose housing and farm killing – as well as for organic production, origin of product, and greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. Furthermore, we investigated how consumers perceive a potential conflict between of GHG reductions and animal welfare concerns. Half of our sample faced increases in milk prices; the other half faced increases in butter prices. Findings indicate that animal welfare is of higher importance to consumers when compared to the other attributes under analysis. Consumers oppose GHG reductions associated with deteriorations in animal welfare and are willing to pay for improvements in housing conditions and a less stressful killing of the animals. Improvements in animal welfare could be crucial for dairy industry actors and provide strong arguments in communicating the benefits of dairy products to consumers.

Interfacing triple bottom line sustainability and metropolitan governance: An empirical exploration of stakeholder value co-creation and conflict

The importance of metropolitan governance and stakeholder collaboration in sustainable urban development (SUD) is well recognized. However, collaboration among stakeholders is dynamic, and the relationship between metropolitan governance and stakeholder dynamics, including value co-creation and conflict, remains underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by examining the causal relationships among metropolitan governance, stakeholder value co-creation and conflict through the lens of the triple bottom line (TBL) of sustainability. Using a questionnaire survey, this study collected 467 valid responses through a combination of probability and quota sampling and analyzed the data using Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that stakeholder value co-creation is positively influenced by TBL dimensions and metropolitan governance, thereby simultaneously promoting SUD and generating potential conflicts that constrain SUD. The study further evaluated the effectiveness of stakeholder value co-creation as a mediating variable and found that it has a unique suppressing effect on the relationship between environmental sustainability and conflict. The findings suggested that environmental sustainability-driven governance initiatives are crucial to containing conflict and fostering value co-creation among stakeholders. Theoretically, this study enriches the discourse on SUD literature by quantifying the interactions between TBL, metropolitan governance and stakeholder dynamics. Practically, it provides certain implications for relevant practitioners by proposing an argument that governance initiatives can be aligned with the shifting priorities toward environmental sustainability.

An Intelligent Decision-Making Approach for Multi-Ship Traffic Conflict Mitigation from the Perspective of Maritime Surveillance

Potential multi-ship conflict situations in coastal or near-shore port areas have always been one of the important factors affecting ship navigation safety and a key target of maritime traffic regulatory authorities. In recent years, with the continuous development and integration of various emerging technologies in the maritime field, maritime traffic supervision has also shown a trend of intelligent and autonomous development. The traditional supervision method dominated by human experience is evolving towards data and model-driven practices. In order to solve the problem of ship navigation safety supervision under multi-ship conflict scenarios, it is urgent to build an intelligent conflict mitigation decision-making model. Therefore, this paper designs a novel risk mitigation decision-making model for multi-ship conflict scenarios from the perspective of maritime supervision. The model proposed in this paper first extracts high-density ship clusters based on AIS (Automatic Identification System) data and uses the MCD (Mean Core Density) and PRM (Proportion of Relative Motion) as feature indicators to further mine potential multi-ship conflict scenarios. Finally, a global optimization decision-making model is constructed to effectively mitigate conflict risks. Experimental verification shows that the intelligent decision-making model for the mitigation of maritime traffic conflict proposed in this paper can autonomously identify conflict scenarios and make reasonable decisions in real time. It can effectively ensure the navigation safety of ships in multi-ship conflict scenarios and further improve the supervision level of maritime departments.

Managing the Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Aceh: Strategies for Conflict Management

This study examines Aceh's challenges in managing Rohingya refugees and proposes conflict management strategies. Using a qualitative approach, it identifies issues in implementing Presidential Regulation 125/2016 and potential conflicts with local communities. A three-phase conflict management framework is proposed: prevention, cessation, and post-conflict recovery. Prevention strategies include developing institutional mechanisms, early warning systems, and community capacity building. Conflict cessation focuses on establishing specialized task forces and strengthening security systems. Post-conflict recovery emphasizes inclusive economic initiatives, sustained dialogue forums, integrated data management, comprehensive relocation studies, and psychosocial support. The research highlights the importance of collaborative efforts involving government agencies, international organizations, and local communities in addressing the complex challenges of refugee management

A novel ML-MCDM-based decision support system for evaluating autonomous vehicle integration scenarios in Geneva’s public transportation

This paper proposes a novel decision-support system (DSS) to assist decision-makers in the ULTIMO project with integrating Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in Geneva, Switzerland. Specifically, it aids in selecting the best scenario for incorporating AVs into Geneva’s public transportation system. The proposed DSS is architected on a combined integrated framework that includes a machine learning (ML) algorithm, random forest (RF) algorithm, and three novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) algorithms: (1) Modified E-ARWEN (ME-ARWEN) for selecting the best scenario with high sensitivity; (2) Compromiser—Positive, Neutral, Negative (Compromiser-PNN) for extracting weights from stakeholders, considering their preferences and potential conflicts; and (3) Collective Weight Processor (CWP) for deriving weights from expert opinions. Besides the main objective, this article also aims to: (1) Address the gap in practical DSS software within AV-related studies by providing Python codes of the DSS; (2) Develop a highly sensitive and comprehensive MCDM framework to address the project’s needs; and (3) Employ Artificial Intelligence within the DSS to optimize outputs. By the application of the proposed DSS, four scenarios were evaluated: (1) Full integration of AVs; (2) Partial integration; (3) Pilot project in limited areas; and (4) Delayed integration. The analysis identified partial integration as the best scenario for integrating AVs. Furthermore, comprehensive analyses conducted to validate the DSS outputs demonstrated the reliability of the results.

Cultural and Ethnic Identity in the Modern Realities of Media Development: Rating of Market Forces and Potential

The study’s relevance is determined by a sharp increase in interethnic and intercultural conflicts due to the digitalisation and mediatisation of geopolitics. Socio-communicative channels of ideological influence on ethnocultural life make it possible to actively manipulate people’s desire to preserve their ethnocultural identity, supporting extra-legal forms of institutional social management implemented through media, which requires deep investigation and comprehension. The article aims to outline the role and place of media and the media market in today’s geopolitical conflict landscape, both on a global scale and at the nation-state level, based on research on the conflict potential of media within ethnic and cultural identity patterns, their shaping and functioning. The research is founded on concepts and hypotheses developed in national-cultural identity, globalisation, and geopolitics. It is also based on methodological approaches such as civilisational, comparative, systemic, dialectical, sociocultural, and synergetic. It is shown that media products and the media market are a resource for ethnic conflict mobilisation. Social actors in mass communication strive to convince society of the benefits of their peace/conflict projects. It was revealed that contemporary communication, media and journalism studies have mostly neglected to critically assess the news media’s role in producing and distributing propaganda based on ethnic and cultural identity narratives, and the necessity of filling this research gap is emphasised. It has been demonstrated that information influences can change the main geopolitical potential of the state – the national mentality, culture and moral state of people. The media market today has become a full-fledged element of postclassical geopolitics. The question of the role of the symbolic capital of culture in the information (media) space is now acquiring not an abstract theoretical but a strategic geopolitical significance.

SDG 4, Academic Integrity and Artificial Intelligence: Clash or Win-Win Cooperation?

This article investigates the relationship between Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), academic integrity as its part, and artificial intelligence (AI) through a bibliometric analysis, assessing whether this intersection represents a clash or win-win cooperation. SDG 4 aims to ensure equitable access to quality education, while AI technologies have the potential to enhance educational practices but demote academic integrity. By analyzing a comprehensive body of the literature, this study identifies key trends and thematic areas where AI is applied in educational settings, particularly concerning maintaining academic integrity. The findings reveal a growing body of research highlighting AI’s role in personalizing learning experiences, improving educational accessibility, and supporting educators’ teaching methodologies. However, challenges such as ethical considerations, data privacy, and the digital divide are also addressed, indicating potential conflicts that need to be navigated. Ultimately, this analysis suggests that while there are significant opportunities for synergy between AI and SDG 4, the management of careful implementation and policy frameworks is essential to ensure that AI serves as a tool for promoting inclusive and sustainable education rather than exacerbating existing inequalities. AI transforms science management by enhancing data analysis, streamlining research processes, and improving decision-making, ultimately leading to more efficient and effective scientific research and innovation. The findings reveal that while AI can facilitate personalized learning and enhance educational accessibility, it also poses challenges related to academic misconduct, such as plagiarism and the misuse of AI-generated content. This duality highlights the need for educational institutions to develop robust frameworks that leverage AI’s capabilities while safeguarding academic integrity. The article concludes that a collaborative approach, integrating AI into educational practices with a strong emphasis on ethical considerations and integrity, can lead to a synergistic relationship that supports the goals of SDG 4. Recommendations for future research and practical implications for managers, educators, scientists, and policymakers are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of fostering an educational environment that embraces innovation while upholding ethical standards.

Assessing gaps in predoctoral dental curriculum for LGBTQ+ specific content.

Despite growing recognition of health disparities faced by the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (or Questioning) (LGBTQ+) population, significant gaps remain for inclusion of LGBTQ+ content in health professions education, particularly dental curricula. This study aims to address these gaps by investigating the integration of LGBTQ+ content in a midwestern dental school curriculum. Curriculum mapping and focus group discussions were utilized to identify gaps and recommend integrating LGBTQ+ content into a predoctoral dental curriculum. The Doctor of Dental Surgery program was mapped to identify LGBTQ+ specific content relevant to cultural competency. A focus group of ninefaculty members provided insights and recommendations, with data transcribed and analyzed for themes. Out of 121 courses, 28 included or had potential for LGBTQ+ content, with 16 already inclusive and 12 involving direct patient interaction. Integration varied, highest in the first year (28.6%) and lowest in the fourth year (5%). Focus group themes included the need for broader awareness and education about LGBTQ+ health, integrating topics into basic and behavioral science courses, and addressing practical clinical skills (e.g., using pronouns). Barriers included personal discomfort, lack of formal training, and potential conflicts with personal or religious beliefs. This study highlighted the need for increased faculty awareness and enhanced inclusion of LGBTQ+ content throughout the predoctoral dental curriculum to prepare future practitioners for culturally competent care.

Surveillance, Disinformation, and Legislative Measures in the 21st Century: AI, Social Media, and the Future of Democracies

In contemporary society, the internet, particularly social media, has become a significant area where individuals spend considerable amounts of time engaging in various activities. Concurrently, the growing utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a critical component of the propaganda that is disseminated online within economic, social, and political spheres. AI encompasses a broad range of applications, including data collection for microtargeting and the dissemination of diverse forms of disinformation. Additionally, AI can be effectively employed to detect and remove content from social media platforms that contradicts democratic principles, such as disinformation or hate speech. This study reviews the existing literature on the use of AI in political propaganda, examining not only how AI has become an integral part of propaganda strategies, but also how it is utilized to counter propaganda that violates democratic values. It explores the legislation in various countries that enables (and mandates) the removal of propaganda content contrary to democratic principles from social media platforms with the assistance of AI, and it discusses perspectives that highlight the potential conflict between these practices and the principle of freedom of expression.