Antifertility Potential Research Articles

Evaluation of Antifertility Potential of Ficus bengalensis (Linn.) in Male Albino Mice

The field of herbal contraceptives is getting popularized due to being cheap, easily available, natural with higher safety margins and lesser or no side-effects, and also for protection of privacy. Therefore, the search for an orally active, safe, and effective herbal contraceptive has become a matter of great interest in recent years. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antifertility potential of Ficus bengalensis (Linn.) in male albino mice after oral administration of 50% ethanolic leaf extract at 200 and 500 mg/kg body weight for 35 days. Testes in extract-treated mice showed degenerative histological alterations in seminiferous tubules, which more severe in those treated with Ficus bengalensis leaf extract at 500 mg/kg body weight than in those treated at 200 mg/kg body weight for 35 days. Further, sperm parameters were also adversely affected in extract-treated mice in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls. Treatment with 50% ethanolic leaf extract of Ficus bengalensis had no impact on libido, though, fertility of males treated at 500 mg/kg body weight for 35 days reduced significantly due to decreased number of live implants in impregnated females by pre-implantation loss. No significant alterations were observed in body weight, normal histoarchitecture of liver, kidney, adrenal gland and spleen, and in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine in extract-treated mice compared to controls. The results of the present investigation suggest that treatment with Ficus bengalensis causes suppression of spermatogenesis, sperm functions and fertility in male albino mice in a dose-dependent manner without any apparent toxic effects.

Evaluation of antifertility potential of ketoconazole and assessment of its reversible effect on concomitant treatment with metformin and Hydroxytyrosol in rats

Evaluation of antifertility potential of ketoconazole and assessment of its reversible effect on concomitant treatment with metformin and Hydroxytyrosol in rats

Natural products in regulation of male fertility.

Medicinal plants may prove useful in developing plant-based strategies for regulation of male fertility. The present review describes the antifertility potential of certain medicinal plants, viz. Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Allamanda cathartica and Bacopa monnieri in Parkes (P) male mice. The results suggested that treatment with the aqueous extracts of these plants caused reversible suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility in P mice and that there were no signs of detectable toxicity in treated mice. Further research needs to be done to develop plant-based strategies for control of male fertility.

ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE HYDROALCOHOLIC RHIZOME EXTRACT OF TRILLIUM GOVANIANUM IN FEMALE WISTAR RATS

Objective: Trillium govanianum is used in several traditional containing steroids and sex hormones for the management of inflammation, menstrual disorders, sex-related disorders, and antiseptic. The present study was aimed to investigate the antifertility potential of hydroalcoholic rhizome extract of T. govanianum and to explore the possible mechanism of action. Methods: Anti-implantation activity of T. govanianum rhizome extract (125 and 250 mg/kg; p.o.) was performed in female Wistar rats with proven fertility, and its estrogenic/antiestrogenic effect was evaluated in ovariectomized females. 17-α-ethinylestradiol (1 μg/rat/day; s.c.) or plant extract was administered for 11 days after which animals were sacrificed. Percentage inhibition of implantation sites, serum estrogen levels, changes in body and uterus weight, and morphological alterations in the uterus and ovaries were evaluated. Results: T. govanianum treatment resulted in increased uterus weight and induced dose-dependent anti-implantation effect, with 100% implantation inhibition at 250 mg/kg dose. Anti-implantation effects of T. govanianum were associated with endometrial thickening and significantly elevated serum estrogen levels. Moreover, estrogenic/antiestrogenic studies revealed that T. govanianum possessed strong estrogenic effect; however, the effect was saturable. Conclusion: T. govanianum possesses antifertility activity which can be attributed to its strong estrogenic potential and uterine thickening. Moreover, it could find a clinical application as a safer and efficacious birth control herbal remedy.

Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Novel Localization of SPAG11E in Spermatozoa and the Antifertility Potential of SPAG11E Motifs

Objective: SPAG11E is the first β-defensin that has been reported to activate Ca2+ uptake and sperm motility. However, the exact subcellular localization and interaction of SPAG11E with sperm remain controversial because of the lack of qualified antibody tools. SPAG11E is also a potential male antifertility target because SPAG11E fragment conjugated with a carrier protein exhibits male contraceptive vaccine potential. However, the fine B-cell epitope motifs of SPAG11E have not been analyzed, which hampered further exploration of the potential target. Methods: Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (mcAbs) of mature SPAG11E were raised and qualified with Western blotting. Subcellular localization of SPAG11E was revealed by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry staining, and electron microscopy. B-cell epitopes of rat SPAG11E were mapped by Western blotting using polyclonal and mcAbs. Based on the conservation of the identified epitope motifs between rat and mouse SPAG11E, antifertility potential of the epitope motifs was evaluated by the offspring of the males compromised with specific mcAbs. Results: SPAG11E antibodies of high quality were obtained and all B-cell epitope motifs of rat SPAG11E were mapped, in which conserved epitope motifs of SPAG11E in various species were discovered. The epitope motifs recognized by mcAbs were identified respectively. With mcAbs, rat SPAG11E was proved to be expressed in the caput region of epididymis. A novel finding was that SPAG11E was located in the flagella and nuclei of sperm as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. In addition, the males treated with mcAbs (3#-1 and 10#B4) showed apparently fewer offspring. Conclusions: SPAG11E revealed a β-defensin with novel localization in sperm flagellum and nucleus with qualified antibodies. All B-cell epitope motifs of rat SPAG11E were determined, and the antifertility potential was proved by corresponding mcAbs.

ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY OF THE ACTIVE MOIETY FROM THE STEM OF MUSA PARADISIACA L.

Bioactive principles from the hyroalcoholic (50%) extract of Musa paradisiaca L. stem were isolated and characterized to evaluate antifertility activity in female albino rats. Oral acute toxicity study was done with crude extract for 24h. The hydro alcoholic extract of M. paradisiaca stem was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using gradient solvent system DCM: Eth, Mth: Eth and Mth., ten different fraction were collected. The yield of fraction Mu-HA- Mps was 580 mg, further fractionated for purification by using solvent DCM-MeOH (3:2) to yield compound Mu-HA-Mps (20.22 %w/w). Isolated compound Mu-HA-Mps was subjected to evaluation of its antifertility potential by antiovulatory and estrogenic activity. The isolated compound Mu-HA-Mps was found to exhibit significant antiovulatory and antiestrogenic activity at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Isolated compound Mu-HAMps was subjected to structure elucidation by UV, IR, NMR and MASS spectral analytical methods. The results of the present study provide evidence of anti-fertility activity of isolated compound Mu-HA-Mps as claimed in the traditional use. The hydroalcoholic extract of Musa paradisiaca L. furnished a compound whose structure was established as 4’-methoxy-7-hydroxyisoflavone on the basis of physical and spectral basis and could be a good source of drug for birth control.

Evaluation of antifertility potential of Piper betle (Petiole) on female wistar rats “rising approaches of herbal contraception’’

Piper betle (Petiole) is used of herbal methods for fertility regulation is widely accepted alternative for the synthetic drugs containing chemical having side effects. Piper betle (Petiole) is the plant having several medical properties but no reports were available on the antifertility activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifertility activity of extracts of Piper betle (Petiole) on female wistar rats at the doses 500 mg/kg b.wt./day for 30 days. Different parameters were studied in female wistar rats including effect of Reproductive outcome, Anti-implantation, Abortifacient and Estrogenic & Anti-estrogenic activity, were observed. Piper betle shown positive test for Alkaloids, Steroid, Flavonoids, Terpene, Carbohydrates and Tannin. The extract has anti-fertility effect the control rats showed good number of litters and treatment of animal with different extracts resulted a significant (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Antifertility activity 51% and 37.2% was exhibited by Alcoholic extracts of Piper betle (Petiole) APB and Aqueous extracts of Piper betle (Petiole) WPB respectively. After 21 days of the extracts free period, the antifertility effect of the extracts was reversed. The extract treatment with APB, an increase in the percentage of resorption index indicates the failure in development of embryo. The mean percentage of anti-implantation and abortifacient were found to be highest for APB-38.45%, WPB 13.62, and APB-28.96%, WPB-12.75% respectively. The decrement in implantation caused by the extracts may be due to estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity. However, along with standard APB exhibiting more potent estrogenic and less potent anti-estrogenic when compared with standard. Female antifertility agents should include acceptability, safety and efficacy during and after the treatment. The above results revealed the potential, reversible female antifertility effect of alcoholic extract Piper betle (Petiole).

A REVIEW ON ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY OF PLANTS OF CHAMBAL RIVERINE

Indian sub-continent showing very high diversity in both ecological and geographical aspects. In India, medicinal plants are widely distributed in different climatic conditions and are abundant in a mountainous region or riverine area. In this review, are being discussed anti-fertility properties of India’s well-known Chambal riverine flora. This area is rich in many medicinal plants as Acyranthus aspera, Acacia catechu, Nelumbo nucifera, Nyctanthes arbortristis, Mimosa pudica, Adhatoda vasica, Calotropis gigantea, Pergularia daemia, Vicoa indica, etc. These plants possess potential antifertility activity and many phytoconstituents, responsible for antispermatogenic, anti-implantation, antiovulatory, antiandrogenic, and many more activities. Hence, this review comprises a brief study of some medicinal plants found in Chambal riverine and showing the comprehensive antifertility activity of those plants.

Free radical scavenging potential of Drosera indica L in presence of Dalton Ascites lymphoma (DAL) tumor bearing mice

Exploration to find out new natural contraceptive agent for male is still being developed. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) and its main alkaloid piperine have potential antifertility because of sitotoxic and hormonal effects. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of ethanolic extract of black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) fruit of on reproductive hormone serum level, sperm quality, and spermatogenic cell populations in adult male Wistar rat. Twenty five male rats were divided into five groups consisting of two control group, i.e. K (-) (Na-CMC 0.5%), K (+) (finasteride 0.45mg/kg BW), and three groups received different doses of black pepper fruit ethanolic extract, i.e. D (1) (3.33mg/kg BW), D (2) (6.66mg/kg BW) and D (3) (13.32mg/kg BW) respectively. The treatment were given to each group for 55 days. Reproductive parameters were measured, including serum level of reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, dan testosteron), quality of cauda epididymal sperm (spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphological abnormality), spermatogenic cell populations (primary spermato-cyte and spermatid count) and seminiferous tubules diameter. Ethanol extract of black pepper fruit at doses of 3.33mg/kg BW, 6.66mg/kg BW, and 13.32mg/kg BW increased serum FSH level. Extract at dose of 13.32mg/kg BW decreased serum LH level, while extract at doses of 6.66mg/kg BW and 13.32mg/kg BW decreased serum testosterone level. The number of primary spermatocytes, spermatozoa concentration, and spermatozoa motility were decreased by administration of ethanol extract of black pepper fruit with dose of 6.66mg/kg BW and 13.32mg/kg BW. Ethanol extract of black pepper fruit at dose of 6.66mg/kg BW and 13.32mg/kg BW had a negative impact on the male reproductive system and showing potential antifertility in male rat.

Changes in gonad of Nile Tilapia (&lt;i&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/i&gt;) fed with crude extract of guava (&lt;i&gt;Psidium guajava&lt;/i&gt; Linnaeus) leaves

Tilapia is fraught with the problem of prolific breeding which usually leads to stunt growth thus making the fish undesirable for consumers. A56-days study was done to investigate the antifertility potential of P. guajava leaves extract on Oreochromis niloticus gonad, the sub-lethal concentrations were earlier reported to inhibit reproduction in the fish species. Oreochromis niloticus of mean weight 29.30±2.02-31.79±3.11 were divided into 6 groups replicated three times. Fishes were stocked in outdoor concrete tanks supplied with 450 litres of water. Six experimental diets (35% crude protein) containing varying sub-lethal concentrations of P. guajava leaf crude extract (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0gkg -1 diets) were formulated (representing O, A, B, C, D and E respectively; O serve as the control). The ovary and testis of fish fed control diet showed normal ovarian tissues and normal distribution of the testicular tissues. Mild atresia and reproduction in the oocytes were observed in the ovaries as the concentration of the crude extract increased from 0.5- 8.0gkg -1 , while in the testes mild to severe atrophy and cystic seminiferous tubules were observed. This study infers that, for sustainable growth of Tilapia culture, P. guajava could be used to solve the problem of prolific breeding, thus energy used in reproduction can be converted to growth. Keywords: Crude extracts, atresia, atrophy, Psidium guajava Linnaeus and guava

ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY OF THE ACTIVE MOIETY FROM THE BARK OF FICUS RACEMOSA L.

Bioactive principles from the hyroalcoholic (50%) extract of Ficus racemosa L. bark were isolated and characterized to evaluate antifertility activity in female albino rats. Oral acute toxicity study was done with crude extract for 24h. The hydro alcoholic extract of F. racemosa bark was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using gradient solvent system Hex:EA, EA: Eth, Eth:Mth and Mth., eight different fractions were collected. The yield of fraction Fr-HA-F5 was 490 mg, further fractionation for purification by using solvent ethyl acetate-methanol (3:2) yielded compound Fr-HA-F5a (20.22 %w/w). Isolated compound Fr-HA-F5a was subjected to evaluation of its antifertility potential by antiovulatory and estrogenic activity. The isolated compound Fr-HA-F5a was found to exhibit significant antiovulatory and antiestrogenic activity at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Isolated compound Fr-HAF5a was subjected to structure elucidation by UV, IR, NMR and MASS spectral analytical methods. The results of the present study provide the evidence of the anti-fertility activity of isolated compound Fr-HA-F5a as claimed in the traditional use. The hyroalcoholic extract of Ficus racemosa L. furnished a compound with structure established as 2, 2’,4’-trimethoxy-5,7,8-trihydroxy-isoflavone on the basis of physical and spectral basis and could be a good source of drug for birth control.

A survey of plants used for family planning in Bayelsa State, southern Nigeria

Plants with both male and female antifertility potential were surveyed in Bayelsa state of Nigeria. A total of 35 medicinal plant species representing 33 genera and 26 families were employed by the traditional birth attendants and elders for contraception, labour induction and abortion among the people of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Among these, only three plant species were mentioned for male contraception purpose. A few animal inclusion was also documented.

Anti-fertility and abortifacient potential of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Alstonia scholaris in female rats: An ethnomedicine used by Papua women in New Guinea

Aim of the studyAlstonia scholaris Linn. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly known as Devilʼs tree or Saptaparna tree, is traditionally used by the women of Papua New Guinea to induce abortion. Aim of the present study is to investigate the anti-fertility potential of hydro-alcoholic leaves extract of Alstonia scholaris Linn. (HAAS) in female rats. Materials and methodsThe anti-fertility activity of HAAS administered. at 250 and 500mg/kg doses was evaluated in three animal models. In abortifacient activity, the extract was administered to female rats from 1 to 7days of pregnancy and on 10th day, laparotomy was performed to count the number of implants. For estrogenic/anti-estrogenic activity, ovariectomized female rats were administered with the HAAS alone as well as with 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE) (1μ/rat/day) for 7 consecutive days. On the 8th day, all animals were sacrificed and blood serum was further processed for the estimation of biochemical parameters. ResultsThe HAAS showed 41.67% and 61.91% abortifacient activities at 250 and 500mg/kg doses respectively. In addition, HAAS also produced an irregular pattern of estrous cycle in all the treated rats. The extract also exhibited estrogenic activity as evidenced by increase in body weight, uterine weight, increased thickness and height of endometrium at higher dose when administered alone as well as along with EE as compare to control. ConclusionsHAAS possesses anti-fertility effect due to the inhibition of implantation and estrogenic effect which in turn might be due to the presence of active phytoconstituents in the plant.

Antifertility Effect of Bougainvillea spectabilis or Paper Flower.

Bougainvillea spectabilis (Family: Nyctaginaceae), commonly referred to as Great Bougainvillea or Paper Flower, is one of the traditional medicinal plants with potential antifertility activity. The aqueous extract and decoction of this plant have been used as fertility control among the tribal people in many countries. Furthermore, it has been shown to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiulcer properties. Its phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, oxalates, phenolics, phlobotannins, quinones, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids were reported as the basis of its efficacious therapeutic properties. The other important constituents which contribute to the remedial properties are bougainvinones, pinitol, quercetagetin, quercetin, and terpinolene. Published information on the antifertility property of B. spectabilis was gathered by the use of different database platforms including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciFinder, and Scopus. These database platforms were used to provide an up-to-date review on its importance.

EVALUATE THE ANTIFERTILITY POTENTIAL OF FICUS RACEMOSA LINN BARK IN FEMALE WISTAR RATS

Objective: The present study was formulated in order to Evaluate the Antifertility Potential of Ficus Racemosa Linn on Female Wistar Rats.Methods: Effects of Ficus Racemosa bark extract was studied on physicochemical parameters, successive solvent extraction and phytochemical screening and antifertility activity. After acute oral toxicity study, antifertility activity in proven fertile female Wistar Rats at the doses 500mg/kg b.wt./day for 30 days. Effects on dimensions of Reproductive outcome, Anti-implantation, Abortifacient, Estrogenic and Antiestrogenic activity were observed.Results: Phytochemical studies of Ficus Racemosa bark shown positive test for Alkaloids, Steroid, Flavonoids, Terpene, Carbohydrates and Tannin. The extract of Ficus Racemosa has anti-fertility effect the control rats showed good number of litters. Treatment of animal with different extracts, resulted a significant (P&lt; 0.05, P&lt; 0.01). antifertility activity (56.5% and 40.3%) was exhibited by AFR and WFR respectively. After 21 days of the extracts free period, the antifertility effect of the extracts was reversed. The extract treatments with AFR, an increase in the resorption index (%) by the extract is an indication of failure in the development of the embryo. The mean percentage of anti-implantation and percent resorption (abortifacient) were found to be highest for AFR-41.21%, WFR 28.07, and AFR-32.56%, WFR-20.76% respectively. The decrement in implantation caused by the extracts may be due to estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity. However, along with standard AFR exhibiting more potent estrogenic and less potent anti-estrogenic when compared with standard.Conclusion: The above results revealed the potential, reversible Female antifertility effect of alcoholic extract F. Racemosa bark.

Nigerian Folklore Medicinal Plants with Potential Antifertility Activity in Males: A Scientific Appraisal

Nigerian Folklore Medicinal Plants with Potential Antifertility Activity in Males: A Scientific Appraisal

Antifertility activity of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum leaf in female Sprague-Dawley rat.

Objectives:Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. (Apocynaceae) is known to possess cardioactive glycoside such as thevetin A, thevetin B, neriifolin, peruvoside, thevetoxin, and ruvoside. Traditionally, T. peruviana leaves are used as abortifacient. The aim of the present study is to evaluate antifertility potential of T. peruviana leaves.Subjects and Methods:Cardiac glycoside freed leaves of T. peruviana were extracted with methanol using maceration method. The dried cardiac glycoside-free methanolic extract of T. peruviana leaves (TPL-Me-G) was screened for phytoconstituents and evaluated for its effect on estrogen-primed female Sprague-Dawley rat uterus model. It was further studied for effects on the estrous cycle, implantation, and effect on estrogen and progesterone.Statistical Analysis Used:Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's t-test.Results:Alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, carbohydrates, and amino acids were found to be present in the glycoside-free extract. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in n-butanol: acetone: water (4:1:5) revealed the presence of quercetin and kaempferol. The presence of flavonoids (quercetin 0.0326% and kaempferol 0.138% on dry weight basis) was reconfirmed by high-performance TLC analysis. The extract was able to induce uterine contractions (EC50, 0.170 mg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation showed significant (P < 0.001) extension of estrous cycle and anti-implantation activity of the extract by reduction of the progesterone level.Conclusions:Methanolic extract of T. peruviana leaves (TPL-Me-G) containing quercetin 0.0326% and kaempferol 0.138% possesses a significant (P < 0.001) antifertility potential by virtue of decreasing the progesterone level.

Antifertility studies of curcumin and andrographolide combination in female rats

Abstract Objective To evaluate the antifertility potential of curcumin and andrographolide combination in female rats by studying its effect on implantation and estrus cycle. Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats (180 ± 30 g) were used for study. They were divided into groups and were treated as per schedule. The antifertility effect of curcumin and andrographolide was evaluated by measuring their effect on implantation and estrus cycle of rats. Also their antigonadotropic and antiestrogenic effects were evaluated using suitable screening method. Results The combination significantly reduced the number of implants and the size of the litters in rats compared to the normal control group. The combination also significantly altered the durations of each phase of estrus cycle and synergized the effect to decrease the number of ovarian follicles. Conclusion The results indicate that the combination produces greater antifertility effects and thus can play a vital role in fertility control.

Antifertility potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Cordia dichotoma G Forst. leaves: A folklore medicine used by Meena community in Rajasthan state in India

Abstract Objective To assess antifertility activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cordia dichotoma G Forst. ( C. dichotoma ) leaves, which are traditionally used to produce sterility among the tribal women through its abortificient activity. Methods Acute toxicity study was carried out in adult albino rats. The antifertility activity of extract at two dose level (200 and 400 mg/kg, orally) was evaluated in two experimental animal models i.e . anti-implantation and estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity in female rats by observing number of implants, vaginal cornification, body weight, uterus weight and biochemical investigation. Results The extract was found to be safe up to dose of 2 000 mg/kg body weight when administered orally. A good anti-implantation (81.22%) activity in female rats was observed at the tested dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg, orally). The extract further showed more significant ( P Conclusions The results suggest that hydro alcoholic extract of C. dichotoma leaves possess significant antifertility activity, which is consistent with the literature report in folk medicine of this plant in fertility regulation.

Lime Juice Induces Ovarian Follicle Degeneration and Reduces Serum Gonadotrophin Level in Rats Model

Background: Lime juice possesses antimicrobial and anti-proliferative property and caused reduced sperm motility in animals. This study aimed at investigating the anti-proliferative effect of lime juice on the ovarian cortex of adult Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty (20) adult Female Wistar rats weighing between 160 190 g were divided into 4 groups (n= 5). Group 1, 2 and 3 received 1 ml/kg, 1.5 ml/kg and 2.23 ml/kg body weight of undiluted lime juice respectively; Group 4 received 0.5 ml of distilled water for period of ten (10) Original Research Article Dare et al.; ISRR, 3(2): 45-51, 2015; Article no.ISRR.2015.008 46 days. Administration was done by gavages oro-gastrically daily using metal oral canula. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 hours after the last administration of lime juice; ovary was dissected out following abdominal incision, fixed in 10% formo-saline for histological observation using H/E stains and blood sample was collected for hormonal (reproductive hormones) assay. Results: Plasma concentration of FSH and LH significantly (p < 0.05) lowered in the lime –treated rats compared with control rats, histological observation revealed degeneration in the follicular cells, stroma hyperplasia and immature follicles in the animals treated with the undiluted lime juice compared with the control group; that revealed follicular cells at different stages of development. Conclusion: Low plasma concentration of FSH and LH observed with consequent degeneration of follicular cells expressed in the ovarian cortex demonstrate anti fertility potential of lime juice.