Potential Answers Research Articles

2352. Analysis of National Infection Prevention and Control Programs on Sepsis Incidence: An Ecological Study

Abstract Background Annually, the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for Animal Health, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations jointly administer the Tripartite Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) country self-assessment survey (TrACSS), which asks participating countries to evaluate themselves on their progress in implementing policies to prevent and control AMR. Question 8.1 in the survey asks whether there is a functional national infection prevention and control (IPC) program or plan in human healthcare (question 8.1 in the survey). Our aim was to evaluate whether having an IPC plan correlates with a reduction in a country’s sepsis incidence. Methods We used 2017 estimates of total sepsis incidence per 100,000 people published previously by Rudd et al. We matched this data to a country’s respective response to question 8.1 of the 2016–2017 TrACSS. Table 1 lists the potential answers to question 8.1. Additional details about the survey methodology are available on the WHO TrACSS website. We compared the sepsis incidence in countries where IPC plans were implemented nationwide (answer D or E) to countries that did not implement a nationwide IPC plan (answer A, B, or C). Results 154 countries were surveyed, 140 of which responded to question 8.1 and had available sepsis data. 47 countries (33.6%) had nationwide implementation of IPC plans and 93 (66.4%) did not. Globally, countries who implemented nationwide IPC plans had lower sepsis incidence with less inter-country variability (median: 201, interquartile range [IQR]: 165–272) compared to countries who did not implement an IPC plan (439, IQR: 290–682). (Figure 1). Similar trends were observed when broken down by each individual WHO region (Figure 2). Multivariate Poisson regression adjusting for region found that countries who implemented nationwide IPC plans had a 37.2% (95% CI 35.7–38.9%, p < 0.001) lower incidence of sepsis. The height of the box represents the interquartile range (IQR). The solid line within each box represents the median. The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum for each respective group, excluding outliers. Outliers are defined as any data point that is greater or less than 1.5 x IQR from the third or first quartile, respectively. Outliers are depicted as individual data points outside of each box and whiskers. The red box represents countries that answered either a, b, or c. The turquoise box includes countries that answered either d or e. Box plot parameters are similar to that of figure 1. Each pair of red (countries answering a, b, or c) and turquoise boxes (countries answering d or e) represent a different WHO region, as listed on the x-axis. AFRO is the African Region. AMRO is the Region of the Americas. EMRO is the Eastern Mediterranean Region. EURO is the European Region. SEARO is the South-East Asian Region and WPRO is the Western Pacific Region. Conclusion This ecological study suggests that broad implementation of an IPC plan is associated with lower sepsis incidence. Additional time-series analysis and adjusting for gross domestic product would be important next steps to ascertain the true benefit of implementing a national IPC plan on rates of sepsis. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Objective Humanities, Reflexive Humanities

Objective Humanities, Reflexive Humanities

Comprehensive Analysis of Network Slicing for the Developing Commercial Needs and Networking Challenges.

Network slicing (NS) is one of the most prominent next-generation wireless cellular technology use cases, promising to unlock the core benefits of 5G network architecture by allowing communication service providers (CSPs) and operators to construct scalable and customized logical networks. This, in turn, enables telcos to reach the full potential of their infrastructure by offering customers tailored networking solutions that meet their specific needs, which is critical in an era where no two businesses have the same requirements. This article presents a commercial overview of NS, as well as the need for a slicing automation and orchestration framework. Furthermore, it will address the current NS project objectives along with the complex functional execution of NS code flow. A summary of activities in important standards development groups and industrial forums relevant to artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is also provided. Finally, we identify various open research problems and potential answers to provide future guidance.

Standard setting Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQs) relative to Single Best Answer Questions (SBAQs): does having access to the answers make a difference?

BackgroundWe investigated whether question format and access to the correct answers affect the pass mark set by standard-setters on written examinations.MethodsTrained educators used the Angoff method to standard set two 50-item tests with identical vignettes, one in a single best answer question (SBAQ) format (with five answer options) and the other in a very short answer question (VSAQ) format (requiring free text responses). Half the participants had access to the correct answers and half did not. The data for each group were analysed to determine if the question format or having access to the answers affected the pass mark set.ResultsA lower pass mark was set for the VSAQ test than the SBAQ test by the standard setters who had access to the answers (median difference of 13.85 percentage points, Z = -2.82, p = 0.002). Comparable pass marks were set for the SBAQ test by standard setters with and without access to the correct answers (60.65% and 60.90% respectively). A lower pass mark was set for the VSAQ test when participants had access to the correct answers (difference in medians -13.75 percentage points, Z = 2.46, p = 0.014).ConclusionsWhen given access to the potential correct answers, standard setters appear to appreciate the increased difficulty of VSAQs compared to SBAQs.

Why Was St Gregory of Nyssa Never Condemned for His Doctrine of Apokatastasis?

"This article will first point out that St Gregory of Nyssa supported the doctrine of apokatastasis or universal restoration as grounded in Christ and in defence of Christian “orthodoxy” against Arian tendencies—as Origen, his great inspirer, had done against “Gnosticism”. In light of this, the reason why Gregory’s doctrine of apokatastasis was never condemned by the Church (differently from the case of Origen) will be asked, and several potential answers, which reinforce one another, will be offered. Finally, the essay will highlight the role of Gregory as a touchstone of orthodoxy. Keywords: St Gregory of Nyssa, Origen, St Maximus the Confessor, Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople, Apokatastasis, Christocentrism, Orthodoxy, Purgatory, St Basil, St Naucratius, St Theosebia"

WPFD: Active User-Side Detection of Evil Twins

The bothersome evil twin problem has an active user-side remedy in the form of the Wireless Packet Forwarding Detector (WPFD). The evil twin issue can lead to further security problems, including man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Open public Wi-Fi connections have provided potential answers to this issue, although they often need more data that people either cannot get or are too pricey for regular users. The solution that we created does not require these standards. It allows users’ notebooks to be used to check for evil twins. We have succeeded in developing a user-side detection system that can successfully identify the presence of an evil twin. The packet forwarding behavior generated by the evil twin and the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol are both used by the WPFD. It can identify evil twins without a hitch when we utilize accessible Wi-Fi settings in public spaces or IoT smart homes with unencrypted WLANs (Wireless Local Area Network). However, neither additional data nor a wireless network administrator’s assistance is needed. We compare our work to various publications on popular Rogue Access Points (APs) or IoT (Internet of Things) smart homes. The WPFD does not require any extra setup to install on the host of any end user. According to experimental findings, the WPFD true positive and true negative rates are 100% even when Received Signal Strength Index (RSSI) is 45%.

Politics With Other Means: Aligning U.S. Military and Diplomatic Efforts in the Indo-Pacific Command Region

This paper offers potential answers to the question, “How does the United States effectively align military and diplomatic efforts to deter the People’s Republic of China expansionism in the Indo-Pacific Command region?” A problem/solution method is used to address the question. The need for alignment is demonstrated by a thorough review of national-level policy documents, and the current gap in the alignment of military and diplomatic efforts is demonstrated through review and analysis of primary and secondary sources. An historical approach is taken throughout the work to provide background and context from Chinese and United States (U.S.) perspectives. An analysis is conducted to juxtapose eastern and western approaches to geopolitical competition and war. Historic examples of U.S. successes due to strategically aligned application of its Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic (DIME) Instruments of National Power (IOP) are analyzed, as well as historic failures due to dis-alignment. Structural options which facilitate the alignment of military and diplomatic efforts within Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) are outlined and compared, resulting in the author’s recommendation for implementation. Contrasting views are then addressed. Next, tailorable opportunities for global implementation of the recommended structural option are discussed. Lastly, an integrated Whole-of-Government (WOG) structural method is offered to support the oversight and achievement of national strategic objectives and provide the United States of America lasting and adaptable advantage across Great Power Competition (GPC) and beyond.

Models of science and society: transcending the antagonism

What is the appropriate place for science in society? Despite the vast literature on the subject, the science–society relation remains a disputed issue. A major reason is that, when we are asking about the right place of science in society, we are actually asking a range of interrelated and hard-to-answer individual questions. These questions include the role of social values in the research process, the neutrality of science in policy, the interplay between evidence and decision-making, and many others. A sensible way to organize these questions—and the set of potential answers—are science–society interaction models (SSIMs). SSIMs reduce the complexity of the science–society relation and provide generic templates for interactions between scientists and non-scientists. However, SSIMs are often used in an unproductive way, namely as antagonistic camps or as representations of real-world actors’ beliefs. Focusing on the popular distinction between technocratic, decisionist, and pragmatist models, this paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of SSIMs. It argues that SSIMs should not, as is often done in the science–society literature, be understood as antagonistic camps or representations of actor beliefs, but as ideal types and heuristics. Building on this interpretation, this paper presents tentative ideas for a reflexive tool that real-world actors can use to assess their fundamental assumptions about science and society.

THE MOST COMMON CONCERNS OF LECTURERS REGARDING THE TEACHING OF SERBIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The subject of this paper is the analysis and classification of the most common doubts of linguists, researchers and teachers-practitioners in the field of methodology of teaching Serbian as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to consider and find possible solutions. In this paper, we used the descriptive method and the method of theoretical analysis with the technique of content analysis. We conducted detailed qualitative and quantitative research. The material for the research consisted of posts (and comments) in a group on Facebook called Serbian Language for Foreigners: a group for lecturers. In two years the group gathered more than two thousand linguists, researchers and teachers-practitioners. A survey conducted in the second half of March 2022 showed us that all doubts and all questions can be classified into six major groups: 1) organisational issues of teaching Serbian as a foreign language, 2) issues related to the processing of materials and contents, 3) announcements of lectures, summer schools and webinars dedicated to this type of teaching, 4) business offers for teachers of Serbian as a foreign language, 5) interesting facts about learning Serbian and 6) tips for writing scientific research papers. In the end, we have tried to offer (potential) answers to the questions asked and clearly formulated doubts.

Anthropogenic eutrophication of shallow lakes: Is it occasional?

Understanding and managing the susceptibility of lakes to anthropogenic eutrophication has been a primary goal of limnological research for decades. To achieve United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, scientists have attempted to understand why shallow lakes appear to be prone to eutrophication and resistant to restoration. A rich data base of 1151 lakes (each ≥ 0.5 km2) located within the Europe and the United States of America offers a rare opportunity to explore potential answers. Analysis of sites showed that lake depth integrated socio-ecological systems and reflected potential susceptibility to anthropogenic stressors, as well as lake productivity. In this study, lakes distributed in agricultural plain and densely populated lowland areas were generally shallow and subjected to intense human activities with high external nutrient inputs. In contrast, deep lakes frequently occurred in upland regions, dominated by natural landscapes with little anthropogenic nutrient input. Lake depth appeared to not only reflect external nutrient load to the lake, but also acted as an amplifier that increased shallow lake susceptibility to anthropogenic disturbance. Our findings suggest that shallow lakes are more susceptible to human forcing and their eutrophication may be not an occasional occurrence, and that societal expectations, policy goals, and management plans should reflect this observation.

THOMAS MÜNTZER: ALMAN KÖYLÜLER SAVAŞI’NDA TARİHSEL BİR KATALİZÖR

In this article, Thomas Müntzer, the leading historical figure in the German Peasants War, is scrutinized in a different context within the perspective of the social history of political thought. By choosing the mainstream literature, this study has used some of the important pamphlets, letters, and secondary qualitative texts on Müntzer’s manuscripts about both the German Peasants War and his theological assertations toward the Reformation process which began with Martin Luther’s contributions to Catholic Church in 16th century. Examining social, political, and theological dynamics in the 16th century German Reformation process, this article has tried to find the potential answers to the basic question, which is how contradicted theological conflict between prominent Protestant doctrines led to revolutionary tendencies among exploited groups in German Reformation Process. In this respect, Müntzer is described as a historical catalyst who combines the revolutionary dynamics with the theological assumptions under the identity of a reformist cleric.

Submarine Communication Cables and the Law of Armed Conflict: Some Enduring Uncertainties, and Some Proposals, as to Characterization

Abstract Submarine data cables are of fundamental strategic consequence. However, two intensely context-sensitive and contemporary sets of questions about how these cables are to be dealt with by the law of armed conflict remain—questions which state practice during the two World Wars either did not resolve or did not need to address. Through an examination of the relevant legal history and current law, this article seeks to explore potential answers to these question sets. The first question set relates to the general approach to be adopted when dealing with submarine data cables within LOAC: a sui generis regime; discrete analogy; or general principles? The second question set addresses three lingering queries regarding legal characterization of submarine data cables for LOAC purposes, namely: (i) Are they ordinary military objectives? (ii) Can they be considered neutral objects? (iii) How do we assess proportionality in relation to attack on submarine data cables? The analysis concludes that a modified application of the ordinary rule of proportionality in LOAC targeting, noting some of the difficulties surrounding the concepts of incidental damage in this context, offers the most useful way forward.

Fast algorithms for core maximization on large graphs

Core maximization, that enlarges the k -core as much as possible by inserting a few new edges into a graph, is particularly useful for social group engagement and network stability improvement. However, the core maximization problem has been theoretically proven to be NP-hard even APX-hard for k ≥ 3. Existing heuristic approaches suffer from the limitation of inefficiency on large graphs. To address this limitation, in this paper, we revisit this challenging yet important problem of core maximization, that is, given a graph G , a number k , and a budget b , to insert b new edges into G such that the corresponding k -core is maximized. We propose a novel algorithm FastCM+ based on several fast search strategies. The core idea is to apply graph partition to divide ( k - 1)-shell into different components. Then, FastCM+ considers each ( k - 1)-shell component independently to convert different layered vertices into k -core, in two manners of completely and partially. Based on the complete/partial conversions, FastCM+ is generalized to further handle ( k - λ)-shell conversions for 2 ≤λ k . Leveraging dynamic programming combinations of different components' potential answers, FastCM+ finds a good-quality answer for edge insertions. Experimental results on eleven datasets demonstrate that our algorithm runs much faster than state-of-the-art methods on large graphs meanwhile achieving better answers.

Remote Cardiac Rhythm Monitoring in the Era of Smart Wearables: Present Assets and Future Perspectives.

Remote monitoring and control of heart function are of primary importance for patient evaluation and management, especially in the modern era of precision medicine and personalized approach. Breaking technological developments have brought to the frontline a variety of smart wearable devices, such as smartwatches, chest patches/straps, or sensors integrated into clothing and footwear, which allow continuous and real-time recording of heart rate, facilitating the detection of cardiac arrhythmias. However, there is great diversity and significant differences in the type and quality of the information they provide, thus impairing their integration into daily clinical practice and the relevant familiarization of practicing physicians. This review will summarize the different types and dominant functions of cardiac smart wearables available in the market. Furthermore, we report the devices certified by official American and/or European authorities and the respective sources of evidence. Finally, we comment pertinent limitations and caveats as well as the potential answers that flow from the latest technological achievements and future perspectives.

Query Reformulation for Indonesian Question Answering System Using Word Embedding of Word2Vec

Query reformulation is one of the tasks in Information Retrieval (IR), which automatically creates new queries based on previous queries. The main challenge of query reformulation is to create a new query whose meaning or context is similar to the old query. Query reformulation can improve the search for relevant documents for Open-domain Question Answering (OpenQA). The more queries are given to the search system, and the more documents will be generated. We propose a Word Predicted and Substituted (WPS) method for query reformulation using a word embedding word2vec. We tested this method on the Indonesian Question Answering System (IQAS). The test results obtained an E-1 value of 81% and an E-2 value of 274%. These results prove that the query reformulation method with WPS and word-embedding can improve the search for potential IQAS answers.

Automation of Internet of things Using Deep Learning on the Basis of Extraction of Data

Sharing and reusing data across apps and industries is critical for the Internet of Things to realize its full potential. However, various IoT systems exist, each with its networks, depictions, and interaction swatches. To address this problem, On the one extreme, the Fed4IoT project has established an IoT virtualization software that merges data from various sources. It makes the data that users need accessible in their choice operating system, but on the other hand. Data is converted into an impartial, standard transfer protocol to make this possible. The preferred format is the next generation service interfaces, and it is now being standardized by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute Industrial Standards Group on Frame of reference Data Governance. The elements particular basis of interpretation data to next-generation service interfaces, passed over to the particular platform and transformed to the destination format, are known as Something Shields. Hand-building thing visors are possible, but it requires time and work, partially due to the variety of low-level data many sensors provide. As a result, it's necessary to aid the human developer and, ideally, completely automate the gathering, enriching, and exporting data to NGSI-LD. Automation has many potential answers, but it frequently necessitates a huge amount of manually tagged datasets, which is impractical in numerous internet of things scenarios. Knowledge infusion identifies with an application method that uses expert knowledge to match a schema or ontology obtained from information supplied a discourse marker or ontology, setting the framework for identifying gathering as much information and support transformation.

Green Cloud Computing: A Futuristic Approach

By providing numerous services through the internet and utilizing a variety of resources, cloud computing is a solution to diverse computational difficulties. Problems with energy use and carbon emissions are constant in the IT sector. Datacenters are an essential component of cloud computing. Because of this, there is a growing desire to open more and more datacenters. The greater power consumption at data centres raises the costs on an economic and environmental level. Additionally, the greenhouse effect and carbon footprint have increased due to the increasing release of CO2 and other gases. These are the forces driving the development of green computing. This paper provides a quick insight to cloud computing, associated pertinent research, and several strategies for using green computing. To ensure that the current energy resources are used for our future generations as well as to preserve the environmental balance by reducing carbon emissions, measurement, modelling, and prediction of the energy consumed by various organizations are required. In this work, various research concerns about the application of green computing are elaborated, along with potential answers.

A review of internal combustion engines powered by renewable energy based on ethanol fuel and HCCI technology

<abstract> <p>In general, as compared to conventional combustion engines, the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine offers better fuel efficiency, NOx, and particulate matter emissions. The HCCI engine, on the other hand, is not connected to the spark plugs or the fuel injection system. This implies that the auto-ignition time and following combustion phase of the HCCI engine are not controlled directly. The HCCI engine will be confined to a short working range due to the cold start, high-pressure rate, combustion noise, and even knocking combustion. Biofuel innovation, such as ethanol-powered HCCI engines, has a lot of promise in today's car industry. As a result, efforts must be made to improve the distinctive characteristics of the engine by turning the engine settings to different ethanol mixtures. This study examines the aspects of ethanol-fueled HCCI engines utilizing homogenous charge preparation procedures. In addition, comparing HCCI engines to other advanced combustion engines revealed their increased importance and prospective consequences. Furthermore, the challenges of transitioning from conventional to HCCI engines are examined, along with potential answers for future upgrade approaches and control tactics.</p> </abstract>

Heterogeneous information network embedding based on multiperspective metapath for question routing

Question routing is an important task on community question answering websites. Network embedding methods have achieved great success in question routing. However, most network embedding methods focus on the content of the questions and the answering history of the answerers. Answers that are similar to the accepted answer are treated in the same way as bad answers only because they are not “accepted”. As a result, the profiles of users are not fully assessed in these methods. To solve these problems, we propose a multiperspective metapath-based representation learning network for question routing, namely, MPQR. (1) MPQR learns multiperspective representations of question answerers, question raisers and questions based on a heterogeneous information network (HIN) that is constructed from answering records and voting information. Interest and expertise representations of users are learned at the same time. (2) A scoring function outputs the probability of each answerer providing the best answer. Pointwise loss and pairwise loss are combined to rank the answerers. The pointwise loss helps MPQR give more attention to potential answers with higher numbers of votes than bad answers. Experiments on real-world datasets show that MPQR outperforms state-of-the-art network embedding methods that ignore voting information.

AI-Based Channel Prediction in D2D Links: An Empirical Validation

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication propelled by artificial intelligence (AI) will be an allied technology that will improve system performance and support new services in advanced wireless networks (5G, 6G and beyond). In this paper, AI-based deep learning techniques are applied to D2D links operating at 5.8 GHz with the aim at providing potential answers to the following questions concerning the prediction of the received signal strength variations: i) how effective is the prediction as a function of the coherence time of the channel? and ii) what is the minimum number of input samples required for a target prediction performance? To this end, a variety of measurement environments and scenarios are considered, including an indoor open-office area, an outdoor open-space, line of sight (LOS), non-LOS (NLOS), and mobile scenarios. Four deep learning models are explored, namely long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), gated recurrent units (GRUs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and dense or feedforward networks (FFNs). Linear regression is used as a baseline model. It is observed that GRUs and LSTMs present equivalent performance, and both are superior when compared to CNNs, FFNs and linear regression. This indicates that GRUs and LSTMs are able to better account for temporal dependencies in the D2D data sets. We also provide recommendations on the minimum input lengths that yield the required performance given the channel coherence time. For instance, to predict 17 and 23 ms into the future, in indoor and outdoor LOS environments, respectively, an input length of 25 ms is recommended. This indicates that the bulk of the learning is done within the coherence time of the channel, and that large input lengths may not always be beneficial.