Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Single Crystals Research Articles

Structural, optical, thermal, and dielectric studies of urea-doped potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals: effect of Ocimum Tenuiflorum extract

Structural, optical, thermal, and dielectric studies of urea-doped potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals: effect of Ocimum Tenuiflorum extract

Synthesis and Characterization of Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Single Crystals

Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue dye doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The impact of these dyes on the growth and attributes of KHP single crystals was studied. Single crystal XRD analysis validated the lattice characteristics of both the dye doped KHP crystals. The functional groups present in the produced crystals, as well as their modes of vibration, were identified using FTIR spectral analysis. The optical transparency of the as grown crystals was observed using UV–Visible spectrum. From Tauc's plot the band gap has been observed as 4.13 eV for the Rh B doped KHP and 4.2 eV for the MB doped KHP. Thermal stability of the grown materials has been determined by TG/DTA studies. The mechanical stability of the grown materials has been studied through Vickers microhardness technique. The work hardening coefficient 'n' was calculated as 3.05 and 2.73 for Rh B and MB doped KHP crystals respectively. The grown crystals are soft materials.

Effect of Ar+ ion implantation to enhance non-linear optical property on the l-proline-doped potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals

Effect of Ar+ ion implantation to enhance non-linear optical property on the l-proline-doped potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals

Growth dynamics and spectroscopic characterization strategies of ‘L-proline' doped potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystal structural avenue

The slow evaporation solution growth technique is the method adopted for growing L-proline doped potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) single crystals. The lattice parameters were identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystalline perfection and the presence of structural defects were investigated via powder diffraction XRD analysis. Microstrain analysis discloses that the pure KHP crystal contains point defects in the form of vacancies and these vacancies are filled by the dopant L-proline. The transmission characteristics confirmed the enhancement of transmittance and an increase in the optical energy band gap with a slight increase in ‘L-proline' concentration. The refractive index was found to increase with the increase in doping concentration. Furthermore, the FT-IR analysis shows the frequency assignment spectrum of the grown crystals. The hardness of the grown crystals was measured by Vicker's micro-hardness test, this clarifies that the bonding between the neighboring atoms of the 0.5 and 1 mol% LPKHP single crystals was strong compared to the other crystals. The Kurtz-Perry powder technique provides the SHG efficiency of the proper crystalline growth and structural avenue. Hence, the grown crystals can be utilized for optoelectronic and devise applications.

Growth, structural, spectroscopic, optical, and mechanical studies of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals with glycine as additive

Growth, structural, spectroscopic, optical, and mechanical studies of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals with glycine as additive

Effect of thiourea on the growth, optical, thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of potassium hydrogen phthalate crystal

Pure and 1 mol% thiourea doped potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals were grown by slow evaporation method. Single crystal XRD confirms the crystalline perfection of the crystal. FTIR studies confirm the presence of functional group. UV–Vis studies reveal the good optical transparency of the crystal. The thermal stability of the crystal was confirmed by thermal studies. The strength of the crystal was determined by Vickers micro hardness studies. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss at various temperatures was determined. The nonlinear optical efficiency of 1 mol% thiourea doped KHP and pure KHP crystal was identified by SHG studies.

Effect of xylenol orange dye on morphological, optical, piezo-/di-electric and mechanical properties of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals

Pure and xylenol orange (XO; C13H32N2O13S;0.1 mol%) dye doped potassium hydrogen phthalate (KAP; C8H5KO4) crystal were grown by solution technique. Only {111‾} & {110} growth sectors of KAP crystal got selectively stained by the XO dye molecules with {010} being the largest visible (morphologically important) plane. Powder XRD pattern reveals that XO dyeing did not resulted in any extra Bragg peaks and hence, didn't changed the basic structure of KAP crystal (PCa21). HRXRD and etch pit density studies were performed to investigate the effect of XO dye staining on the crystallinity of KAP crystal.The Piezoelectric charge coefficient increased (1.42–1.62 pC/N), optical transparency increased (30%–50%), mechanical strength improved (10.2–11 kg/mm2 @ 20 g), dielectric constant enhanced (ε' ~40 to 44 @ 1 kHz) and dielectric loss decreased (~0.09 to ~0.02) due to XO dye doping. Comparative optical, mechanical, piezoelectric and dielectric investigations add to the scientific insights of KAP crystals and suggest XO-dyed KAP crystal as a better alternative than pure KAP crystal for opto-electronic devices applications.

Growth and Characterization of Adipic Acid Doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate: A Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal

Adipic acid doped potassium hydrogen phthalate (AAKHP) and pure potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals were grown by slow evaporation method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to determine the lattice parameters in a = 6.47 Å, b = 9.59 Å, c = 13.25 Å and space group of Pca21. This confirms the grown AAKHP belongs to the orthorhombic system. Various diffracting planes of the grown crystal were indexed using powder X-ray diffraction study. Fourier-transform infrared studies confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystal. The transmittance spectrum shows that the lower cutoff wavelength is around 290 nm. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal has been studied by Kurtz powder second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis. EDAX analysis confirms the presence of various elements in the AAKHP crystal. Vickers micro-hardness studies are used for the analysis of mechanical behaviour of the grown crystal. The paramagnetic nature of the grown crystal was confirmed by vibration spectrum magnetometer technique.

Growth, structural, spectral and nonlinear optical studies on potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals with glycine as additive

Growth, structural, spectral and nonlinear optical studies on potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals with glycine as additive

Inelastic behavior of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals under ultrasonic deformation

The effect of ultrasonic deformation on the inelastic behavior of potassium hydrogen phthalate single-crystal samples with different crystallographic orientations at frequencies of ∼105 Hz has been investigated. It has been shown that the inelastic behavior of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals during the ultrasonic deformation is determined not by the dislocation mechanisms. It has been found that the main mechanism responsible for energy losses of mechanical vibrations in these crystals is the mechanism of ionicrelaxation polarization. The characteristic relaxation times of this process have been determined and varied in the range from 10–8 to 10–7 s.

Effects of strontium metal ion doping on the thermal, optical and electrical properties of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals

Potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with strontium metal as dopant. The grown crystals were subjected to powder XRD analysis, and the result shows that the Sr2+ ions do not alter the crystal structure, but it enters into the crystal lattice. The optical transparency of the grown crystals was studied by UV–visible spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis was performed to confirm the group ligands in the sample. TG/DTA studies reveal the purity and thermal stability of the sample. In addition to this, the electrical parameters such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss and activation energy are studied.

A study on the growth, optical, thermal, mechanical, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of dye doped KAP single crystals

Potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals have been grown by conventional and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method. Dye inclusion crystals have attracted researchers in the context of crystal growth for applications in solid state lasers. The effect of crystal violet as dopant on the characteristic properties of KAP crystal was studied. Thermal stability of the crystals is tested using TG-DTA. There is only one endothermic peak which indicates the decomposition point. The optical transparency of the crystals was identified from the UV–vis spectrum. The mechanical strength of the crystals has been measured by Vickers micro hardness. The dielectric, piezoelectric and luminescence study is carried out for both pure and dye doped KAP crystals. The photoluminescence spectrum of the KAP induced by the dye-doping reveals an emission band peaking at 595nm.

The effect of Fe 3+ doping in Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate single crystals on structural and optical properties

This work investigates the influence of iron doping on Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP) single crystals by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. Factors such as evaporation rate, solution pH, solute concentration, super saturation limit, etc. are very important in order to have optically transparent single crystals. As part of the work, the effects of metallic salt FeCl 3 in different concentrations were analyzed with pure KHP. Powder X-ray diffraction suggests that the grown crystals are crystallized in the orthorhombic structure. The functional groups and the effect of moisture on the doped crystals can be analyzed with the help of a FTIR spectrum. The pure and doped KHP single crystal shows good transparency in the entire visible region, which is suitable for optical device applications. The refractive indices along b axis of pure and doped KHP single crystals were analyzed by the prism coupling technique. The emission of green light with the use of a Nd:YAG laser ( λ=1064 nm) confirmed the second harmonic generation properties of the grown crystals.

Time-resolved EPR spectra of the triplet excited states of diaminoacridine guests in polar potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals

Mixed crystals of potassium hydrogen phthalate containing 3,6-diaminoacridine were photoexcited with visible light and the resulting triplet excited states were analyzed by time resolved EPR spectroscopy. Spectra from discrete growth sectors were compared with powders and polycrystalline glasses prepared at various pHs. The data yield the predominant protonation state and orientation of the triplets in each of a pair of growth sectors bounding the positive and negative ends of the polar crystal.

Ultrasonic measurement of the elastic constants of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals

Many organic crystals with orthorhombic symmetry exhibit electro-optic, ferroelectric, and triboluminescence properties. The potassium salt of phthalic acid (KAP), with the formula C8H5O4K, finds application in soft x-ray spectroscopy due to its large d spacing and has been reported to be piezoelectric as well. KAP crystallizes into orthorhombic structure with space group Pca21 All nine elastic constants of KAP have been determined by measuring the velocity of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves propagating along different symmetry directions. Velocities have been measured by the ultrasonic pulse echo overlap technique by injecting waves generated by quartz transducers through a suitable bonding medium into the crystal. The McSkimin Δt correction has been applied to determine the velocities accurately. The temperature variation of selected elastic constants over the range 300–420 K has also been measured and reported.

Pyroelectric and dielectric properties of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals

Single crystals of potassium hydrogen phthalate, commonly known as potassium acid phthalate (KAP) have been grown from aqueous solutions. The dielectric constant, loss tangent, specific heat and pyroelectric coefficient were determined as a function of temperature. Frequency response of the dielectric constant and tan delta has been studied over a frequency range of 1-100 kHz. It is found that both the dielectric constant and tan delta decreases with increase in frequency. Anomalies in the dielectric constant and tan delta have been observed in the vicinity of decomposition temperature. The specific heat (Cp) and the pyroelectric coefficient have been determined as a function of temperature. The pyroelectric coefficient is found to increase gradually with increase in temperature up to about 440 K and it is consistent with the variation of Cp with temperature. The figure of merit which has been calculated at 320 K by combining pyroelectric, dielectric and thermal properties of the crystal is 1.79*10-9 C cm J-1.

Surface morphology of the {010} faces of potassium hydrogen phthalate crystals

A detailed surface microtopographic study with the aid of highly sensitive differential interference and phase contrast microscopy has been carried out for the {010} faces of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals. Two types of growth hillocks could be identified: (i) macroscopic hillocks, emitting steps of considerable height (100–2500 A) from their centres, and (ii) shallow hillocks, being sources of growth steps of 14 A, which corresponds to one unit lattice translation. From a relationship between hillock centres and dislocation etchpits, the macroscopic hillocks were identified as a group of cooperating spirals, whereas the shallow hillocks are single spirals originating from single dislocations of unit height. Several properties of both spiral types are described, among which a relation between inclusion strings and the occurence of some of the macroscopic hillocks, the phenomenon of bunching of lower steps to higher steps, the formation of liquid inclusions via macrostep overhangs and the equivalence in advancement rates of steps of different heights.