Potassium Dichromate Solution Research Articles

Evaluation of sugar content and bioethanol production of Ethiopian local varieties “Nech Tinkish” and “Hawaye” sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.))

Diversifying the use of climate-smart crops such as sweet sorghum has the potential to solve integrated food, bioenergy, feed, and land management problems. The study’s purpose is to quantify the sugar content of Nech Tinkish (v1) and Hawaye (v2) Ethiopian sweet sorghum varieties and investigate the interaction effect of fermentation parameters to determine their capacity for ethanol production. Sweet sorghum varieties were analyzed to determine their difference in °Brix content by extracting their juices. The juice was clarified using milk lime. Its total soluble sugars, total carbohydrates, and reducing sugars were determined using a digital refractometer, phenol sulfuric acid, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, respectively. A completely randomized factorial was employed to evaluate ethanol production capacity, and the ethanol content was estimated using a potassium dichromate solution. The °Brix results revealed that v2 had a higher sugar concentration than v1. Additionally, the estimated carbohydrate content of the juice ranged from 37.402 to 157.641 g/L. The estimated reducing sugar also varied from 4.644 to 33.412 g/L. Therefore, the estimated reducing sugar showed the hydrolysis of sweet sorghum juice by invertase and sulfuric acid produced more fermentable sugars. Fermentation at 30 °C with pH 4.5 incubated for 4 days yields the highest ethanol, and v2 yields higher (15.31%) ethanol, compared to v1 produced 14.85%. This study showed a basis for the existence of two sugar-rich climate smart sweet sorghum varieties with an extraordinary amount of sugar used as a source of biofuel and food simultaneously in a single plot of land.

Synthesis of Magnetic N‐Vinylformamide Grafted Starch and Its Application in Heavy Metals Adsorption

AbstractUsing cyclohexanone and sodium bromate as initiators, N‐vinylformamide (NVF) is self‐polymerized and grafted onto the pregelatinized starch (PGS) to form NVF‐starch graft copolymer (SGC). Fe3O4 surface is coated by MnO2 formed by in situ chemical reaction between KMnO4 and MnSO4 to obtain modified nanoparticles (NFs). A novel M‐starch graft copolymer (M‐SGC) is combined from SGC and NFs in aqueous solution by sonication. The structures of SGC, NFs, and M‐SGC are characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET, and 1H‐NMR. The adsorption mechanism by M‐SGC is investigated by FTIR and XPS. The results show that M‐SGC has the ability to adsorb Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cr2O72− from aqueous solutions with high efficiency. Cu2+ and Ni2+ are removed by amide bond chelation and ion exchange of M‐SGC. The Cr2O72− is separated by chelation through turned to trivalent chromium. M‐SGC adsorbs 274.6 mg g−1 Cu2+ in 3.0 g L−1 copper solution, 8.92 mg g−1 Ni2+ in 0.5 g L−1 nickel solution, and 36.5 mg g−1 Cr2O72− in 1.2 g L−1 potassium dichromate solution. The adsorption experiments of M‐SGC has a good recyclability.

Phylogenetic analysis of Eimeria tenella isolates from chicken of sub-tropical mountains of Meghalaya, India.

Coccidiosis is the most common and pathogenic intestinal disease caused by different species of Eimeria is chicken. In this study, we describe the prevalence, molecular diagnosis and evolutionary insight of Eimeria tenella in chicken of Meghalaya's sub-tropical mountainous area. Faecal samples (337 no.) and dead chicks (298 no.) were collected every month from January to July' 2023 from poultry farms (4nos.) in and around Umiam, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya. The chicks were categorized into different age groups viz. < 3, 3-6 and > 6 weeks. Samples were examined by flotation techniques and post-mortem. The oocysts were sporulated in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Eimeria tenella's 18S rRNA gene genomic DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced. Fecal sample and postmortem examinations revealed 24.04% and 33.22% infections of Eimeria sp., respectively. Oocyst per gram (OPG) was recorded highest and lowest in July (26,500) and February (9800), respectively. Amplification of the 18S rRNA small subunit gene (SSU) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) revealed a 1790bp band size. The amplicon was sequenced and deposited in the NCBI database. BLAST analyses of the SSU rRNA gene of E. tenella, Umiam, Meghalaya isolate (OR458392.1) revealed sequence similarities of more than 99% with SSU rRNA gene sequences available in the NCBI database. Pair wise alignment exhibited nucleotide homology ranging from 71.59 to 100.0% with the maximum sequence homology (100.0%) shared with the E. tenella isolate from Turkey (HQ680474.1) and the lowest homology of 95.6% with UK (HG994972.1). Umiam isolate were found to have 97.08% and 100.0% nucleotide similarities with E. tenella from both the UK (AF026388.1) and the USA (U40264.1), respectively. However, nucleotide similarities of 98.24%, 85.33%, 84.75% and 81.35% were observed with E. tenella strain Bangalore (JX312808.1), E. tenella isolate Kerala-1 (JX093898.1), E. tenella isolate Kerala-3 (JX093900.1) and E. tenella isolate Kerala-2 (JX093899.1), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rRNA sequences of E. tenella Umiam, Meghalaya isolate with cognate sequences throughout the world revealed these sequences are distinct but at the same time share a close phylogenetic relationship with Indian isolates from Bangalore and Andhra Pradesh. In addition, the distant phylogenetic relationship was observed with cognate gene sequences of United States of America, Canada, China. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rRNA sequences of E. tenella Umiam, Meghalaya isolate with cognate sequences throughout the world revealed these sequences are distinct but at the same time share a close phylogenetic relationship with Indian isolates from Bangalore and Andhra Pradesh. Distant phylogenetic relationship was observed with cognate gene sequences of United States of America, Canada, China.

In vitro Studies on Anticoccidial Effects of Healthy Sheep Bile against Eimeria magna and Eimeria exigua Oocysts and Sporozoites Isolated from Domestic Rabbits

Background: Coccidiosis is one of the most common diseases that hinder the raising of rabbits. The disease causes symptoms such as diarrhea and loss of appetite. Acute infection causes bloody feces and negatively affects fertility. Diarrhea may be bloody due to the intestinal epithelium withering off as many oocysts and merozoites burst out of the cells. This leads to the deaths of rabbits resulting in huge economic losses for commercial rabbit systems. Methods: The study aims to determine the optimal effective concentration of bile collected from healthy sheep gall bladder inhibiting in vitro sporulation and viability of E. magna and E. exigua oocysts and sporozoites isolated from rabbit intestine. Un-sporulated oocysts were exposed (1×102) to six treatments: 2.5% potassium dichromate solution as the non-treated control, four concentrations of bile (12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) and Toltrazuril 25 mg/ml as traditional medicine for anti-oocyst activities. In addition, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/mL concentrations of bile were evaluated for effect on sporozoite viability. The oocysts were examined after 25, 50, 75 and 100 hours and sporozoites after 12 and 24 hours of treatment. Result: GC-Mass analysis showed that sheep bile contains 12 biologically active compounds. In addition, quantitative analysis revealed total phenols (50.65±0.5) and total flavonoids (9.39±0.4). After 100 hours of exposure, sheep bile was able to prevent sporulation of E. magna and E. exigua oocysts at 100% and 50% concentrations and the rate of inhibition was about 96% and 79%, respectively. Additionally, bile exhibited the least discouraging of 11% at a dose of 125 mg/mL and the highest suppression of 95% of E. magna and E. exigua sporozoites viable at 1000 mg/ml. Generally, the inhibition rate typically increased with longer incubation times and greater doses. Findings have scientifically validated the use of bile in fighting against coccidiosis. Additional studies are required to separate the active compounds found in bile and their mechanisms of action and potential applications in rabbit farms.

The cutaneous stress response system in three-spined stickleback and European flounder exposed to oxidative stress: Different mode of action

In fish, the skin is directly exposed to multiple environmental stressors and provides the first line of defense against harmful external factors. It turned out that cortisol and melatonin (Mel) are involved in fish cutaneous stress response system (CSRS) similar to mammalian. This study investigates the mode of action of CSRS in two teleost species of different biology and skin characteristics, the three-spined stickleback and the European flounder, after exposure to oxidative stress induced by a potassium dichromate solution. The cutaneous stress response system presents different ways of action in two studied species: Mel concentration increases in the skin of both species, but cortisol concentration increases in the skin only in sticklebacks. Data suggest that stickleback skin cells can produce cortisol. However, cortisol is not involved in the response to oxidative stress in flounders. In stickleback skin, two genes encoding AANAT and ASMT/HIOMT (enzymes involved in Mel synthesis), aanat1a and asmt2, are expressed, but in flounder skin, only one, asmtl. Because gene expression does not change in stickleback skin after exposure to stress, the source of increased Mel is probably outside the skin. A lack of expression of the gene encoding AANAT in flounder skin strongly suggests that Mel is transported to the skin by the bloodstream from other sites of synthesis. Pigment dispersion in the skin after exposure to oxidative stress is found only in sticklebacks.

Production of bioethanol from sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L.] juice using yeast isolated from fermented sweet sorghum juice.

As a sugar-rich plant with no impact on global warming and food security, sweet sorghum can be exploited as an alternative source of renewable bioenergy. This study aimed to examine the potential of sweet sorghum juice for the generation of bioethanol using yeast isolated from the juice. The °Brix of sweet sorghum juice was measured using a digital refractometer. Additionally, 18 wild yeasts isolated from fermented sweet sorghum juice were subjected to various biochemical tests to describe them to identify potential yeast for ethanol production. The morphological and biochemical analyses of the yeasts revealed that all of the yeast isolates were most likely members of the genus Saccharomyces. The most ethanol-tolerant yeast isolate SJU14 was employed for sweet sorghum juice fermentation. A completely randomized factorial design was used with various fermentation parameters, primarily pH, temperature, and incubation period. Then ethanol content was determined using a potassium dichromate solution. According to the ANOVA, the highest ethanol content (18.765%) was produced at 30/26 °C, pH 4.5, and incubated for 96 h. Sweet sorghum juice was found to be an excellent source of potent yeasts, which have important industrial properties like the capacity to grow at high ethanol and glucose concentrations. Moreover, it can be utilized as a substitute substrate for the manufacturing of bioethanol production to lessen the environmental threat posed by fossil fuels. Further research is, therefore, recommended to develop strategically valuable applications of sweet sorghum for enhancing the food system and mitigating climate change.

Thermal-gas-chemical method for oil production intensification in low-temperature reservoirs

A method is proposed for developing an oil deposit based on low-temperature oil oxidation as a result of initiating an exothermic reaction and subsequent injection of oxygen-containing gas into the reservoir. In the proposed method, which includes successive injection of aqueous solutions of potassium salt and sulfuric acid into the well, light oil or gas condensate is injected into the deposit before injection of the aqueous acid solution. Further, after injection of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid into the formation, air is pumped with further pushing with water. In the method, a 16% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate is used as an aqueous solution of potassium salt. The application of the proposed technology led to an increase in the temperature in the reservoir above 200 °C and an increase in the displacement efficiency up to 19.7%. Keywords: thermal chemical treatment; production stimulation; low-temperature reservoir; enhanced oil recovery; low temperature oxidation; oil displacement.

Coffee Husk and Coffee Ground as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Lead, Copper and Chromium from Aqueous Solution

This study aimed to investigate the removal efficiency of coffee husk and coffee ground adsorbents to adsorb lead(II), copper(II), and chromium(VI) from an aqueous solution. Standard lead nitrate, potassium dichromate, and copper chloride solutions were prepared following standard laboratory procedures. The residual metallic ion concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed and initial concentration of selected metal ions were evaluated at different particle size fractions (&gt;200 µm and 200 µm, the removal efficiency of coffee husk and coffee ground investigated were 93.2% and 96.06%, 97.2% and 83%, and 92.4% and 94.46% for lead(II), copper(II) and chromium(VI), respectively. The obtained results show that coffee husk and coffee ground adsorbents used in this study can serve as excellent bio-sorbent for efficiently removing selected heavy metals from the aqueous solutions.

In Vitro: The Effects of the Anticoccidial Activities of Calotropis procera Leaf Extracts on Eimeria stiedae Oocysts Isolated from Rabbits.

Hepatic coccidiosis is an infectious and mortal disease that causes global economic losses in rabbits. The research aimed to assess the efficacy of Calotropis procure leaf extracts on the inhibition of Eimeria stiedae oocysts and to determine the optimal dosage for suppressing the parasite's infective phase. In this experiment, oocyst samples per milliliter were tested, and 6-well plates (2 mL) of 2.5% potassium dichromate solution containing 102 non-sporulated oocysts on Calotropis procera leaf extracts were exposed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the treatments were as follows: a nontreated control, 25%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of C. procera for oocyst activities. In addition, amprolium was utilized as a reference drug. The Calotropis procera was analyzed by GC-Mass, and results showed that the botanical extract contained 9 chemical components that were able to inhibit the oocysts of E. stiedae at 100% and 150% concentrations by about 78% and 93%, respectively. In general, an increase in the incubation period and a greater dose resulted in a decrease in the inhibition rate. The results showed that C. procera has an effective ability, inhibitory potential, and protective effect on the coccidian oocyst sporulation of E. stiedae. It can be used in the disinfection and sterilization of poultry and rabbit houses to get rid of Eimeria oocysts.

A novel model extended from the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law can describe the non-linear absorbance of potassium dichromate solutions and microalgae suspensions.

Introduction: The Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law is widely used as the fundamental equation for quantification in absorption spectroscopy. However, deviations from the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law have also been observed, such as chemical deviation and light scattering effect. While it has been proven and shown that the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law is valid only under very restricted limitations, there are only a few alternatives of analytical models to this law. Based on the observation in the experiments, we propose a novel model to solve the problem of chemical deviation and light scattering effect. Methods: To test the proposed model, a systematic verification was conducted using potassium dichromate solutions and two types of microalgae suspensions with varying concentrations and path lengths. Results: Our proposed model demonstrated excellent performance, with a correlation coefficient ( ) exceeding 0.995 for all tested materials, significantly surpassing the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, which had an as low as 0.94. Our results confirm that the absorbance of pure pigment solutions follows the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, while the microalgae suspensions do not due to the light scattering effect. We also show that this scattering effect leads to huge deviations for the commonly used linear scaling of the spectra, and we provide a better solution based on the proposed model. Discussion: This work provides a powerful tool for chemical analysis and especially for the quantification of microorganisms, such as the concentration of biomass or intracellular biomolecules. Not only the high accuracy but also the simplicity of the model makes it a practical alternative to the existing Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law.

The Anticoccidial Effect of Alcoholic Vitis vinifera Leaf Extracts on Eimeria papillate Oocysts Isolated in Mice In Vitro and In Vivo.

Eimeria spp. causes eimeriosis in the guts of numerous domestic mammals and poultry, and the employment of medication and the effects of certain aspects of synthetic anticoccidials in the treatment of eimeriosis have given rise to the appearance of resistant parasites that require the search for alternate remedies. Natural products, which are safe and have no negative impact on the environment, may be utilized in the therapy of an enormous range of parasitic infections. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of VVLE on the oocyst sporulation of an E. papillate infection in the mouse jejunum. In addition, obtaining the ideal concentration will interrupt the parasite's life cycle and limit infection. In vitro: Collected unsporulated oocysts (1 × 103) of E. papillata were given six different concentrations (w/v) of Vitis vinifera leaf extract (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/mL) and toltrazuril (25 mg/mL), three replicates per group, whereas the control group received 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. In vivo: The mice were separated into six groups; the first and second groups did not receive infection, whilst the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups were each given 1 × 103 sporulated oocysts of E. papillate in the experiment. In addition, an oral dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg VVLE were given to the fourth and fifth groups, while the sixth group was given toltrazuril at 25 mg/kg. On the fifth day, unpopulated oocysts were collected from each mouse separately. The incubation period and treatments had considerable impacts on the rate of sporulation. The infrared spectroscopy of V. vinifera extract revealed many expected active classes of chemical compounds. Further, the infection of mice with E. papillata caused an oocyst output of nearly 2 × 104 oocysts/g of faeces. VVLE significantly decreased the oocyst output to nearly 88%. In addition, we detected an inhibitory effect on the sporulation (%) and harm (%) of E. papillata oocysts in a dosage-dependent modality compared with the control group. Furthermore, they destroyed the oocyst morphology in terms of the shape, size, and quantity of sporocysts. The results indicate that grape vines have powerful activity as anticoccidials.

Evaluation of the Anticoccidial Activity of Sheep Bile against Eimeria stiedae Oocysts and Sporozoites of Rabbits: An In Vitro Study.

Coccidiosis is one of the most common infectious diseases that causes digestive problems in rabbits, leading to global economic losses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bile obtained from sheep gallbladder on the sporulation and morphology of Eimeria stiedae oocysts and sporozoites affecting rabbit liver cells and to determine the best concentration for sporulation inhibition. Sporulation inhibition per milliliter was measured in samples exposed to five concentrations of sheep bile (SB) in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution: 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations for oocysticidal activity and 125, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg/mL concentrations for antisporozoidal activity. A bioassay was performed to assess the in vitro anticoccidial activity of sheep bile against E. stiedae oocysts and sporozoite sporulation. In this assay, six-well plates with 5 mL of bile containing 1000 oocysts showed unsporulated oocysticidal activity after 48, 72, and 96 h and antisporozoidal activity after 12 and 24 h. A chemical assay was performed via infrared spectroscopy to investigate the presence of several anticipated active chemical compounds in sheep bile. Sheep bile was able to inhibit E. stiedae oocysts at 100% and 75% concentrations by about 91% and 81%, respectively. In addition, SB had the highest inhibition of E. stiedae sporozoite viability (92%) at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL and had the lowest inhibition of 8% at a concentration of 125 μg/mL. An increase in the incubation time and a higher dose generally increased the inhibition rate. The results showed that sheep gallbladder bile is effective due to its inhibitory potential and effect on the coccidian oocyst sporulation of E. stiedae. Further studies are needed to determine the precise active chemicals present in SB and their modes of action and application in vivo.

In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity ofCalotropis proceraleaf extract onEimeria papillataoocysts sporulation and sporozoite

AbstractNatural products play an important role as environmentally friendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. ManyEimeriaspecies cause eimeriosis in poultry. The negative effects of synthetic anti-coccidiosis medications necessitate the quest for alternative treatments derived from medicinal plants in the treatment of eimeriosis. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects ofCalotropis proceraleaf extract (CPLE) (Madar) on the sporulation ofEimeriaoocysts and sporozoites that affect mammalian jejunum and to obtain the best concentration for sporulation inhibition and infection prevention. Extracts were testedin vitroto prevent oocyst sporulation, wall deformity, and anti-sporozoite activity withEimeria papillata. The plant-chemical compounds analysis of CPLE some active compounds were shown as well as CPLEin vitroeffects at various concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25,12.5, and 6.25 mg/mL), while potassium dichromate solution 2.5% and Toltrazuril 25 mg/mL were administered as the control groups.C. proceraleaf extract showed the highest inhibitory percentage onE. papillataoocyst at 200 mg/mL of extract, approximately 91%. In addition, CPLE showed the sporozoite highest viability inhibitory percentage onE. papillataat 200 mg/mL of extract, approximately 88%, and the lowest efficacy was 5% at 6.25 mg/mL. Also, we noticed the deformation and destruction of the oocyst wall based on the concentration rate. Sporulation inhibition rate is significantly affected by incubation time and treatment concentration ratio. The results showed that Madar has an effective, inhibitory potential, and protective effect on coccidian oocyst sporulation and sporozoites ofE. papillata.

Adapted lead (Pb) histochemical detection procedure in tissue samples of blue crabs Callinectes danae (Smith, 1869)

Lead (Pb) cellular deposits can be detected by histochemistry using a classical potassium dichromate - formalin fixation and post-fixation with 3% potassium dichromate solution. Here we describe an alternative procedure for Pb histochemical detection in the blue crab Callinectes danae. Animals were exposed to Pb (2 µg/mL) for 24, 48 and 96h. Then, buffered formalin solution was used for hepatopancreas and gills fixation, with tissue sections incubated in 3% potassium dichromate at 40 °C for seven days. Counterstains were tested with better results reached using 0.5% phloxine and 1% methylene blue dyes. This adapted method favors Pb deposition studies in wildlife animals since it uses ordinary steps for tissue collection and standard histological procedures. Besides, this method is cheaper and simpler than the classical one for lead deposits detection.

Construction of CuS/ZnS heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic activities on dye degradation and Cr (VI) reduction

The CuS/ZnS nanocomposites with particle morphology were prepared by ion exchange method. The systemically characterizations were used to study the phase structure, morphology, heterojunction, surface chemical components and optical properties. Furthermore, photocatalytic properties were researched by using 20 mg/L methylene blue and 40 mg/L of potassium dichromate solution as photocatalytic ox-red indicators, respectively. The results showed that the ZnS/CuS composites degraded 86.1% methylene blue solution within 50 min, which was 2.2 times higher than that of bare CuS nanoparticles. Significantly, the degradation rate of Cr (VI) reached 96.6% only within 8 min, which was greatly higher than that of each single component. Therefore, selecting appropriate semiconductors to construct type I-type hetero-structured composite materials could also take into account the three aspects’ efficiency of photo-quantum absorption, photogenerated charge transfer separation and surface chemical reaction for modifying the photocatalytic property, which provided a reliable experimental basis for the design and development of efficient solar energy conversion materials.

Dry Season Eimeria Infection in Dairy Cattle and Sheep in and Around Adama and Bishoftu Towns, Oromia, Ethiopia.

IntroductionEimeria infection is one of the protozoal diseases of animals caused by various species of Eimeria (intracellular parasite) and causes reduced productivity and mortality in ruminants, especially in young ones. Despite the fact that the disease is one of the leading causes of economic losses, there is little information in Ethiopia on the occurrence of the infection in cattle and sheep.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 in and around Adama and Bishoftu towns with the objectives to estimate the prevalence of Eimeria infection; identify circulating Eimeria oocysts, the intensity/burden of infection and associated risk factors of Eimeria infection in cattle and sheep. A total of 384 randomly selected (265 cattle and 119 sheep) fecal samples were collected from the rectum and examined by flotation technique using sheather’s sugar solution to detect the oocysts of Eimeria. A 2.5% potassium dichromate solution was added to the positive fecal samples for sporulation of the oocysts.Results and discussionThe overall prevalence of 48.95% Eimeria infection was recorded during the study. 45.0% and 58% prevalence of the infection was registered in cattle and sheep, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P ˂ 0.05) in Eimeria infection between the study animal species, age of the animals, breed, farm hygiene and management system. However, there was no significant difference in Eimeria infection (P > 0.05) in sex, body condition of the animals and fecal consistency. The maximum oocysts per gram of feces was found to be 10,000. Eimeria infection is of great importance to livestock producers and requires serious control and prevention initiatives.

The Anticoccidial Effects of the Poultry Bile against Eimeria papillata Oocysts of Mice: In vitro Study

Background: Coccidiosis is a costly and wide-spread infectious disease in mammals that causes huge losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potency of intact poultry gallbladder on the sporulation of Eimeria papillata oocysts of mice and to determine the best concentration for the activity of poultry bile on the inhibition of sporulation in oocysts. Methods: In this test, we used potassium dichromate solution (2.5%) as control group. Unpopulated oocysts were exposed (1 x 103/3 ml) to four concentrations of poultry bile (w/v; 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100%). It was incubated in petri dishes for 48, 72 and 96 hours at 25-29°C, with 60-80% humidity. The sporulation was examined under an inverted microscope at 40 x to confirm oocyst sporulation. Result: Showed through infrared spectroscopy of poultry bile that there are many expected active classes of chemical compounds. At a 100% concentration of poultry bile, it was able to inhibit the Eimeria papillata oocysts by about 98% in potassium dichromate solution. Also, it observed its ability to inhibit sporulation of oocysts in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 50%, 25%, and 10% of bile, the rate of inhibition was (71.7%, 33.11% and 19.88%), respectively. We found a direct relationship between inhibition and sporulation related to the increasing time period.

In vitro anticoccidial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Citrus aurantium L. against Eimeria tenella oocysts

This study was carried out to examine the anticoccidial effect of Citrus aurantium L ethanol leaf extract against the oocysts of Eimeria tenella isolated from broiler chickens. The fresh leaves of C. aurantium were collected from Emirate Garden, Katsina, authenticated, air-dried at room temperature, pulverised by milling and subjected to extraction. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was employed to examine the activity of C. aurantium ethanol extract on the sporulation of E. tenella oocysts. In this assay, deep well petri dishes containing 100 unsporulated oocysts were subjected to 2 ml of five different concentrations of the extract (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/ml) in triplicates while oocysts sporulated in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) and phenol served as control groups. The content of the Petri dishes was stirred to ensure adequate oxygenation. The experimental set-up was incubated at room temperature and examined after 24 and 48 hours for sporulation inhibition. The sporulated and unsporulated oocysts were determined by counting using the Mcmaster apparatus. Phytochemical screening of C. aurantium revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids and tannins. The result showed that ethanolic leaf extract of C. aurantium to possess anticoccidial activity against unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella in a concentration-dependent manner. There was significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the sporulation inhibition activity, with the highest (97 ± 0.8%) at 30 mg/ml and the lowest activity (8 ± 1.0%) at 2.5 mg/ml concentration of the extract after 48 hours of incubation. There was a general trend of sporulation inhibition with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract. The findings from this study showed ethanol leaf extract of C. aurantium possesses a remarkable In vitro anticoccidial effect that may be further scientifically explicated.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Thrombolytic Activities and Phytochemical Evaluation of Methanol Extract of the Ampelocissus Barbata (Wall.) Leaves

Context: Oxidative stress and pertaining counterbalance mechanism are actively working in the living organisms. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ongoing equipoising process requires to be compensated by strong antioxidants. Plants as a rich source of antioxidants not only reduce oxidative stress but also possess cytotoxic, thrombolytic and phytochemical potentials. Aims: To find out the antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and phytochemical capabilities of the methanolic extracts of Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) leaves. Methods and Material: Assessment of the in vitro antioxidant activity of extract was carried out using DPPH radical scavenging assay, determination of reducing power capacity and total phenolic content. The thrombolytic activity was assessed by disintegration of clot and prospective phytochemical activities were by standard qualitative analysis such as Mayer’s, Dragendroff’s Wagner’s and Hager’s Reagent test for alkaloids; Libermann-Burchared and Salkowski Reagent tests for steroid and terpenoids; Molish Reagent, Benedict’s Reagent, Fehling’s Solution A &amp; B reagent test for carbohydrates; Ferric Chloride (5%) Solution, Potassium Dichromate (10%) Solution tests for tannins; Shinoda test and Alkaline reagent test for Flavonoids; Froth tests &amp; Haemolysis test for Saponins. Statistical analysis used: The statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism and Microsoft excel Results: Appreciable DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract was observed with the IC50 value of 107.47±1.46 µg/ml. A significant correlation was found between the standard ascorbic acid (AA) and the plant extracts at the p˂0.05 for the reducing power assay where, the activity increased with the concentration of the extracts and the highest absorbance value was 3.025±0.15 and 1.826±0.006 for the AA and the extracts respectively. The plant also accommodates a considerable amount of polyphenols, reflected in the value of gallic acid equivalent 277.397±0.419 mg/ml. Finally, the percentage (%) of clot lysis for the thrombolytic activity was revealed to be 7.031±0.697, 35.297±1.307, and 75.083±0.599 for the water (negative control), extract, and the standard Streptokinase respectively. The study revealed the presence of phytochemicals namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. Conclusions: The study disclosed the promising in vitro activity of the plant, which necessitates the further analysis for the isolation and evaluation of the active principles.

Prevalence and diversity of intestinal parasites in household and temple pigeons (Columba livia) in central Nepal

BackgroundIntestinal infection, caused by various protozoans and helminths, represents one of the significant health concerns in pigeons around the world.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the diversity and prevalence of the intestinal parasites in pigeons found in Ratnanagar Municipality, Chitwan, in central Nepal.MethodsThe fresh faecal samples (n = 155) were non‐invasively collected from different households and temples pigeons The individual samples were immediately preserved in the 2.5% potassium dichromate solution and transported to the research laboratory. Following direct wet mount and concentration methods, the samples were observed under a compound microscope.ResultsThe results showed 87.1% prevalence rate with 16 parasite species that included 8 protozoan and 8 helminth faunae. The faecal samples of temple pigeons contained a higher prevalence rate with higher parasitic richness (95.6%; 16 species) than household pigeons (75.4%; 12 species). Mixed infection up to four different species was recorded in both types of sampling populations.ConclusionsPigeons harbour a greater prevalence and wider diversity of intestinal parasites and the parasitism varies based on the habitats. Proper management and effective deworming practices are recommended to control intestinal parasitic infection in these avian hosts.