Application Of Potassium Chloride Research Articles

Effect of Foliar Application of Potassium on Cocoa Yield

SummaryTwo years’ trials were conducted at three places in Western Nigeria to examine the effect of foliar application of potassium during drought on cocoa yield components. Foliar application of potassium chloride to mature Amelonado trees caused apparent increases in wet bean weight, dry bean weight, husk weight and pod weight, but only the effect on dry bean weight at two sites was statistically significant.

Memory channels in the rat: Effect of post-training application of potassium chloride on the hippocampus

Rats were trained to perform shuttle responses to a buzzer either in a Pavlovian paradigm (50 buzzer-shock pairings every 10–40 sec) or in an avoidance situation without stimulus pairing (50 buzzers every 10–40 sec, each followed by a footshock at a randomly variable 5- to 35-sec interval unless the animals shuttled to the buzzer). Seven days later, animals were tested either in the same paradigm in which they had been trained, or in the other one. There was good evidence for retention in all groups, involving both “direct” (Pavlovian-to-Pavlovian, avoidance-to-avoidance) and “transfer” memory (Pavlovian-to-avoidance, avoidance-to-Pavlovian). The two memory “transfers” appeared enhanced in animals who received an application of potassium chloride to the dorsal hippocampus immediately after training. Control groups were either intact animals or rats with bilateral hippocampal cannulas. The data support the concept, advanced in a previous paper, of separate and parallel memory channels in the rat brain.

Influência da adubação nas relações entre constituintes químicos dos grãos, dos grãos e das folhas, e a produção de milho

Dados do ano agrícola 1972-73 de dois ensaios permanentes de adubação em milho foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos da aplicação anual continuada de sulfato de amônio, superfosfato simples e cloreto de potássio na produção e composição química dos grãos. A análise química foliar foi utilizada para determinar os efeitos dessas variações nutricionais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adubação e as condições ambientes (localidade) afetaram significativamente a produção e a composição das folhas e dos grãos.

Tachypnea after stimulation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers.

The role of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers in the regulation of respiration has been examined. Application of potassium chloride or lactic acid solutions to the left ventricular surface of anesthetized vagotomized dogs resulted in a decrease in the manimum firing rate and shortening in period duration of firing of phrenic nerves. Also, application of the agents caused a decrease in amplitude and an increase in rate of respiratory thoracic movements. The same changes in phrenic nerve activity and respiratory movements were produced by coronary artery occlusion and centrifugal electrical stimulation of the left inferior cardiac nerves. The results indicate tachypnea that can be produced by excitation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers.

Female sexual behavior in the male rat: Facilitation by cortical application of potassium chloride

Two groups of male rats castrated in adulthood were injected daily with estradiol benzoate for 7 days. During the period of injections the subjects were tested for feminine responses to mounts by nonexperimental males. Potassium chloride was applied to the cortices of the subjects in one of the groups before each test, whereas the other group was similarly treated with saline. Both of the groups displayed lordosis responses to mounts, but showed no feminine soliciting responses. The potassium chloride-treated rats exhibited significantly higher lordosis rates than the control subjects. The results suggest that the cerebral cortex exerts an inhibitory influence on the execution of lordosis responses by male rats.

Potassium Chloride-Induced Lordosis Behavior in Rats Is Mediated by the Adrenal Glands

Potassium chloride applied topically to the neocortex facilitates lordosis behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. This effect is absent in rats that are also adrenalectomized. Potassium chloride fails to facilitate lordosis in estrogen-primed rats, with intact adrenals, which are pretreated with dexamethasone, an inhibitor of the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Adrenalectomized rats that have been treated with dexamethasone are capable of responding to progesterone with the display of lordosis. The results suggest that application of potassium chloride to the neocortex acts as a stressor that causes the release of adrenal progestin.

Influência da aplicação de adubos minerais nos sulcos de plantio, sobre os "stands" de culturas de mandioca

O efeito do calcário e de alguns adubos sôbre os "stands" de culturas de mandioca foi estudado em solos arenosos. Em três experiências fato-riais, o calcário aplicado a lanço e o sulfato de amônio em cobertura não modificaram os "stands", ao passo que o superfosfato simples e o cloreto de potássio, empregados nos sulcos de plantio, provocaram substanciais e significativas reduções. Em três outras experiências, em blocos ao acaso, a aplicação de superfosfato simples + cloreto de potássio nos sulcos de plantio, completada com a de sulfato de amônio em cobertura, também causou substanciais reduções em relação aos "stands" dos tratamentos sem adubo, mas somente em duas das experiências essas reduções alcançaram significância estatística.

Mating behavior: facilitation in the female rat after cortical application of potassium chloride.

Mating behavior in ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen can be greatly enhanced by subcutaneous injections of progesterone. Application of potassium chloride to the cortex of females previously treated with estrogen can also induce greatly increased sexual receptivity as indicated by the lordosis response. This facilitation of mating behavior by a treatment known to cause functional decortication suggests that mechanisms mediating female mating behavior are under tonic inhibition by an inhibitory system which involves the cerebral cortex.

Responses of Rhodes Grass and Overseeded Legumes to Nitrogen and Potash Fertilizers and to the Availability of Soil Potassium in Israel

SummaryResults are reported from experiments with nitrogen and potash fertilizers in irrigated Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), into which annual winter legumes, e.g. berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and vetch (Vicia sativa) were overseeded. The experiments were carried out over a three year period on a sandy loam soil at Bet Dagan Experimental Farm, Israel. Ammonium sulphate, applied in equal split rates of up to 384 lb N per acre, linearly increased dry matter yields of Rhodes grass, and the increase of yield proportionally increased the uptake of K by harvest. The K content of the dry matter decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization to 0·47 per cent which, however, was still found sufficient for maintaining maximum production of Rhodes grass. The yield of annual winter legumes decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied during the summer. Acute potassium starvation was observed. An autumn application of potassium chloride restored dry matter production to normal levels. Availability of soil K, expressed in terms of energies of replacement [ΔF(− 1)], decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. When ΔF reached approximately 4,250 cal/mol, overseeded legumes were K-deficient, whereas Rhodes grass at that value was still able to extinct sufficient K from the soil for normal growth.

Effects of spreading cortical depression on cardiac and somatomotor conditioned responses.

Spreading cortical depression (s.c.d.), elicited by the direct application of potassium chloride to the dura of the rat brain, has been reported to disturb motor functions and learning. In most previous studies these two effects have been confounded. A conditioned response (c.r.) in heart rate was employed in the present investigation in an attempt to separate the effects of s.c.d. on neural integrative and associative processes from the effects on motor performance.The typical cardiac c.r. was acceleration of heart rate (h.r.) during the conditioning stimulus (c.s.) followed by a secondary acceleration after the c.s. terminated. Spreading cortical depression did not alter the initial cardiac acceleration observed during the c.s. although somatomotor (shuttle box avoidance) c.r.'s were almost completely eliminated by it. The second component of the cardiac c.r., h.r. acceleration after the c.s. had terminated, was not observed during s.c.d. Apparently this second component is more easily affected by s.c.d. because it is not under direct sensory control and is therefore dependent upon memory processes. It is concluded that s.c.d. produces a decrement in spontaneous or operant behavior but has little or no influence on environmentally triggered or involuntary behavior.

Subthreshold changes at the site of initiation of spreading cortical depression by mechanical stimuli

1. 1. The effect of the local application of potassium chloride in concentrations which are subthreshold for the initiation of spreading depression on the cerebral cortex of rats is summed with the effect of subthreshold mechanical stimuli. The percentage of occurrence of SD increases with subthreshold values of both kinds of stimuli. 2. 2. The effect of a subthreshold mechanical pulse is also summed with the effect of application of 2,4-dinitrophenol in subthreshold concentrations. The time effect of DNP is, however, longer than of potassium chloride. 3. 3. Two successive subthreshold mechanical stimuli or a volley of the latter applied at intervals longer than 200 msec do not lead to a summation and initiation of SD. On the contrary an inhibition of suprathreshold mechanical pulse follows a previously applied subthreshold one. This inhibition reaches its maximum (50%) for a testing stimulus 2 mm above threshold applied in the 15 sec after a conditioning stimulus — 1 mm below threshold. A return to normal values is attained after 2 min. 4. 4. Evoked potentials at the site of application of a subthreshold mechanical stimulus are reduced approximately to 25 per cent of their original amplitude when a subthreshold stimulus 2 mm below the threshold is used. The recovery of the amplitude to 50 per cent of the initial value is approximately three times faster than in the case of SD. 5. 5. The lowering of the evoked potentials is limited only to the region of stimulus application and shows a steep spatial decrement. Already 3 mm from the edge of the affected area no reduction of evoked potentials can be observed. 6. 6. The mechanism of the summation of subthreshold stimuli as well as the relative refractoriness following subthreshold mechanical stimulus is discussed.

Effects of fertilisers on the yield of potatoes in S.E. Scotland

AbstractA series of field experiments was made on maincrop potatoes grown for seed with farmyard manure. The optimum rates of application of ammonium sulphate, superphosphate and potassium chloride were considerably lower than those at present practised in the area.Use of 120 lb. of N per acre, consistently depressed yield of both ware and seed. Moderate applications of superphosphate (60 lb. of P2O5 per acre) increased seed yield generally but had little effect with soils high in easily soluble phosphorus. Potassium chloride increased the ware/seed ratio considerably. Interactions between the effects of the fertilisers on yield were very small.

Magnesium losses from horotiu sandy loam following application of Potassium Chloride

Summary Laboratory and field investigations on Horotiu sandy loam indicate a loss of magnesium as a result of KCl topdressing. Losses are increased by the addition of nitrogenous fertilisers. KCl applications cause a greater initial loss of magnesium than do K2SO4 applications.

The effect of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium on the growth, chemical composition, and symptoms of deficiency of white clover in a subtropical environment

The effect of the rates of application of sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, and calcium carbonate on growth, chemical composition, and visual symptoms of deficiency in Trifolium repens var. Irrigation White, grown in a low humic gley soil under subtropical conditions in Queensland, has been investigated. The surface soil is grossly deficient in phosphorus, potassium, and calcium and consists almost entirely of sand (92 per cent.). Additions of sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, and calcium carbonate each increased the yield of clover, increased the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium contents respectively, and conditioned the uptake of other nutrients. Plant material for chemical analyses consisted of petioles and leaves (less senescent and expanding leaves), harvested at the immediate pre-flowering stage of growth. Critical percentages for phosphorus, potassium, and calcium under these conditions were established at 0.23, 1.1, and 1.0 per cent. respectively. Visual symptoms of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium deficiencies are discussed in relation to yield and nutrient content. The sum of the equivalents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium is approximately constant. The mean value of 18 analyses covering all treatments was 136 m-equiv. per cent. with a range of 116-148.

Spreading cortical depression of Leao.

Spreading cortical depression of Leao.

Ethyl 2-(5-Methyl-2-pyridyl) propionateの合成

Application of phosphoryl chloride to 2-hydroxymethyl-5-methylpyridine (IV), derived from 2, 5-lutidine (I), afforded the chlorinated compound (V) and application of potassium chloride to (V) gave the nitrile (VI), which formed the ester (VII) on warming in ethanol saturated with hydrogen chloride. (VI) underwent saponification and decarboxylation on heating with hydrochloric acid to form (I). The ester (VII) was also obtained on application of dry ice to lithium compound of (I) and followed by treatment with ethanol saturated with hydrogen chloride. Application of methyl iodide to (VII), in the presence of metallic potassium afforded ethyl 2-(5-methyl-2-pyridyl) propionate (VIII).

Polarity of the STvector.

A technique has been evolved which yields consistently reproducible electrocardiographic records of injury effects in the dog as a result of the application of potassium chloride to the epicardium. The electrical results were recorded both by a string galvanometer and a condenser coupled amplifier electrocardiographic apparatus. The electrocardiograms taken by the two machines were different. Injury to the anterior wall of the dog's heart results solely in a depression of the baseline, the TP and PR interval segments. The ST segment ‘take off’ remains at the isoelectric level.

Further studies of the electrocardiographic spatial magnitude curve (in the rabbit)

1. 1. Further studies of a new transformation method for studying the cardiac ventricular activation process have been reported. The present experiments have been limited to the rabbit heart. 2. 2. Verification has been found of what appears to be perhaps a basic relation between time of occurrence of local maxima in the spatial magnitude electrocardiographic curve and the time of occurrence of subsequent minima. It has been suggested that the duration of an irregularity, so defined, in the spatial magnitude curve may be related to the amount of depolarization which preceded it. The relation has been verified only as a statistical property. 3. 3. Evidence (further to that previously reported for human patients) suggests that for cardiac muscle death produced experimentally in the rabbit heart, the Form Factor undergoes an irreversible increase in magnitude. This supports the evidence from previous observations upon the course of the Form Factor in cases of myocardial infarction in the human heart. 4. 4. Procedures which induce local reversible alterations in the polarizing properties of cardiac muscle (such as the local application of potassium chloride), have been shown to produce a reversible change in the Form Factor. 5. 5. The single time-dependent parameter which specifies the spatial magnitude electrocardiogram has been shown to possess interesting properties in the study of the ventricular activation process.

Some experiments in “wired-wireless” telegraphy for field lines of information for military purposes

Rats were trained to perform shuttle responses to a buzzer either in a Pavlovian paradigm (50 buzzer-shock pairings every 10–40 sec) or in an avoidance situation without stimulus pairing (50 buzzers every 10–40 sec, each followed by a footshock at a randomly variable 5- to 35-sec interval unless the animals shuttled to the buzzer). Seven days later, animals were tested either in the same paradigm in which they had been trained, or in the other one. There was good evidence for retention in all groups, involving both “direct” (Pavlovian-to-Pavlovian, avoidance-to-avoidance) and “transfer” memory (Pavlovian-to-avoidance, avoidance-to-Pavlovian). The two memory “transfers” appeared enhanced in animals who received an application of potassium chloride to the dorsal hippocampus immediately after training. Control groups were either intact animals or rats with bilateral hippocampal cannulas. The data support the concept, advanced in a previous paper, of separate and parallel memory channels in the rat brain.