Postwar Period Research Articles

Mapping the postwar legacies of eugenics in socialist countries: a conceptual history of eugenics in Hungary

The paper aims to understand the various legacies of eugenics in the postwar period to recognize both the continuities and discontinuities of eugenics with an approach which is both conceptually sound and historically correct. Building on earlier work of Lene Koch, the paper endeavours to chart the historical trajectory of eugenics by examining how its definition and those of its related or oppositional concepts have evolved within selected lexicon entries across various stages of the century. The inclusion and publication of a concept within a lexicon indicate its significance, linguistic vitality, and prevalence in public discourse. These entries serve as a window into the contemporary understanding and application of concepts over an entire century, offering insights into the practices of eugenics as interpreted by the authoritative scholars of the era. Additionally, these lexicon entries offer more than just a mirror to the past’s prevailing attitudes. The very act of articulating a concept may be viewed as a pivotal element in social struggles, influencing the course of eugenic practices and their interpretations. Both conceptual history and discourse analysis share common ground in their perception of concepts, considering the use of language as a social activity endowed with performative capabilities. They recognize that language does not merely reflect reality but can actively shape it, playing a significant role in societal dynamics and power relations. The Hungarian lexicon entries on eugenics reveal notable disparities in the identified content, the periodization, and the evolution of changes when compared to Lene Koch’s earlier study on Scandinavian eugenics. In Hungary, the concept of eugenics underwent significant changes over four successive periods. The history and interpretation of eugenics can vary significantly from one country to another. Different nations have had their unique experiences and trajectories with the eugenics movement, which have been shaped by their specific cultural, political, and social contexts. These variations emphasize the importance of considering the localized and historical perspectives when examining the concept of eugenics.

Live chickens on the balcony and fish in the bathtub: private upkeep of Jewish traditions in the post-war Soviet Union

ABSTRACT This article sheds light on the clandestine maintenance of Jewish traditions in the Soviet Union after World War II, focusing on Ashkenazi Jews in the European part of the country. It draws on post-secular theory to shed a new light on traditional Jewish practices in the atheist Soviet Union. The central argument is that Jewish traditions persisted in the post-war period (despite surging antisemitic campaigns) but were confined to private and domestic spaces. Three central characteristics of this tradition were: its relegation to the private sphere of Jewish households; its main expression through cooking Jewish dishes in kitchens dominated by women; and the ambivalent character of the clandestine Jewish practices in the ‘“double life’” of Soviet Jews.

Transformations of Russian industrial real estate in the context of unstable economy: Literature mapping and review

This study is focused on Russian industrial real estate and mechanisms of its transformation in crisis periods as a sphere of scientific knowledge. The investigated crisis periods are of interest from the perspective of their different nature, which remains a relevant research problem at the interface of economics and politics. The source materials were all types of research literature published from 1940 up to the present, along with state standards in this field. The materials for analysis were collected from the book funds of the Russian State Library and journals of the leading Moscow universities. The collected literature was classified based on three historical periods. These included (1) the war and post-war period of the 40s and up to the mid-70s, when technical literature was published; (2) 90s and 2000s, which passed under the sign of perestroika and general restructuring of industrial enterprises; and (3) the period since 2014 up to the present, characterized by a series of geopolitical events. The conclusion is made that the evolution of scientific knowledge in the field of industrial real estate depends on the nature of the ongoing crisis.

Enhancing Property Valuation in Post-War Recovery: Integrating War-Related Attributes into Real Estate Valuation Practices

In post-war environments, property valuation encounters obstacles stemming from widespread destruction, population displacement, and complex legal frameworks. This study addresses post-war property valuation by integrating war-related considerations into the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model, resulting in a valuation information model for Syria’s post-war landscape, serving as a reference for property valuation in conflict-affected areas. Additionally, property valuation is enhanced through visualization modeling, aiding the comprehension of war-related attributes amidst and following conflict. We utilize data from a field survey of 243 Condominium Units in the Harasta district, Rural Damascus Governorate. These data were collected through quantitative interviews with real estate companies and residents to uncover facts about property prices and war-related conditions. Our quantitative data are analyzed using inferential statistics of mean housing prices to assess the impact of war-related variables on property values during both wartime and post-war periods. The analysis reveals significant fluctuations in prices during wartime, with severely damaged properties experiencing notable declines (about −75%), followed by moderately damaged properties (about −60%). In the post-war phase, rehabilitated properties demonstrate price improvements (1.8% to 22.5%), while others continue to depreciate (−55% to −65%). These insights inform post-war property valuation standards, facilitating sustainable investment during the post-war recovery phase.

TECHNOLOGY OF STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF WATERWORKS

The assessment of the current state of the water and land reclamation engineering infrastructure facilities, which was carried out on the basis of the analysis of technical documentation, visual, and instrumental examination of the structures' technical condition, confirms that as a result of long-term operation of the waterworks without proper reparation and restoration measures, their technical condition has significantly deteriorated. The most promising for the repair of concrete and reinforced concrete structures are cement-based materials modified with polymers (polymer concrete), which are dry mixtures of cement, sand, re-dispersible polymer powder (RPP) and other modifying additives. The research results of the redispersing polymer powders influence on the adhesive properties of repair composites are presented. It is shown that the modification of cement-sand solutions of RPP leads to a significant increase in the adhesive properties of repair composites. The optimally effective concentration of RPP in repair compositions has been found. The article highlights the technology of structural repair of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of the waterworks with the use of modern composite materials, which makes it possible to restore the design geometric indicators and the load-bearing capacity of the structures. The proposed technology and effective repair compositions help to carry out repair and restoration work on hydrotechnical structures of the water management and reclamation complex, in particular those destroyed or damaged as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The main principles of choosing the optimal technology for the structural repair of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of the waterworks, depending on the nature and degree of damage, the influence of technological and operational conditions on the structures' geometric indicators restoration during the modernization and reconstruction of reclamation systems in the post-war period, are revealed.

‘Help Shelter Mend a Broken Family’: Homes, Homelessness, and Crisis in 1960s Britain

Abstract In 1966, a new homelessness charity, Shelter, set out to redefine the homeless as impoverished families enduring poor or insecure housing rather than single men living on the street. Through a series of ‘hard-hitting’ reports and adverts, the group highlighted the destructiveness of poor housing on young families and gained a prominent national voice. This article examines Shelter’s campaigns in the 1960s to examine how debates about homes and homelessness can reframe the development of discourses of ‘crisis’ that defined the 1970s and provided a key narrative of Thatcherism. It focuses on how Shelter deployed ideas of childhood, family, and the family home, often echoing theories of leading child psychiatrists of the post-war period, to warn of the profound and acute danger that the housing crisis represented to British society. Shelter’s prominent and successful adverts and campaigns drew on growing anxieties about social and economic crisis, but did not discuss key issues of unemployment, racial discrimination, and deindustrialization. Instead, Shelter’s campaigns focused on the damage poor housing did to family life and the education and life chances of individual children. Discourses of crisis in this period are often associated with ‘inner cities’ and failing reconstruction schemes, but Shelter presented an image of social crisis that was centred in the family and the family home. By analysing how Shelter drew on fears about the coming social crisis, the article suggests that the family home and the life chances of individuals were central to popular understandings and perceptions of crisis before the 1970s.

The Myth of Stalin and the Death of Hitler: André Bazin and The Fall of Berlin’s Transnational Travels

This essay explores aspects of the transnational and transhistorical impact of The Fall of Berlin (Padenie Berlina, Mikheil Chiaureli, 1949). Although the film is late Stalinist propaganda, and an outstanding manifestation of the Stalin personality cult, it cannot be reduced to those descriptors. It has had an ongoing impact upon viewers within different cultural contexts who do not necessarily subscribe to its politics. André Bazin’s seminal, frequently translated and reprinted essay ‘The Myth of Stalin in the Soviet Cinema’ (‘Le cinéma soviétique et le mythe de Staline’, 1950), is the most famous and frequently quoted piece of writing on Stalin personality cult films, but it is not the final word on them. It needs to be understood within the specific context of French film culture during the immediate postwar period. This essay therefore highlights the cultural specificity of ‘The Myth of Stalin in the Soviet Cinema’ by contrasting the debates within which Bazin’s essay was enmeshed with the equally culturally specific British reception of The Fall of Berlin in the early 1950s, exemplified by leading film critics and historians such as Dilys Powell, Fred Madjalany and Hugh Trevor-Roper.

Time, temporality and the reintegration of ex-combatants after the Nigerian-Biafra War

ABSTRACT This article examines the temporal approaches that the Nigerian government adopted in the aftermath of the Nigerian-Biafra War (1967–1970). First, the central government pursued speedy implementation of the demilitarisation of Igbo ex-combatants, often identifying them as a security threat. Second, the provision of social support for ex-combatants’ social reintegration was delayed and progressed slowly, especially in relation to Igbo soldiers. Third, the government refused to fairly acknowledge the economic and social legacy of the activities conducted by Igbos both before and during the civil war, identifying the post-war period as a new era disconnected from the past. Due to these arrangements, the Igbos (both ex-combatants and civilians) were subject to systematic suppression during the post-war DDR (demilitarisation, demobilisation and re-integration of ex-combatants) process and their resilience and capacity to settle into the civilian life were substantially diminished. Based on these findings, this study argues that such temporal features of DDR were set by the Nigerian government to perpetuate hierarchies and exclusion against Igbos in post-hostility Nigeria.

From the Psychoanalytic Personal to Cold War Psychwar: Martha Graham’s Modern Dance, Jungian Archetypes, and Allen Dulles’ Central Intelligence Agency

ABSTRACT For the choreographer Martha Graham, the personal became politicised because she used Jungian psychology and its archetypes to reveal and make ‘universal’ what she and Cold Warriors called ‘the soul of mankind’. Graham thereby became useful as pro-Western, and particularly pro-United States (US), propaganda as she and her company toured Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Post-World War II (WWII) networks shared a Jungian approach to psychology seeded by Carl Jung, the first president of the International Psychiatric Association in 1907. During WWII, the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in Switzerland under Allen Dulles relied on Jung’s work. During the postwar period, Graham entered therapy with Jung’s American protégée, Frances Wickes. Dulles became the first civilian director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Because the post-WWII fight against the Soviet Union was ideological, and utilised psychwar strategies, ‘total warfare’ included the consistent US government deployment of psychwar and Martha Graham. Graham’s highly profound, personal works about the inner working of mankind through the Jungian use of archetypes became politicised when they were staged internationally by the US government between 1955 and 1987. The article uses Graham’s letters to Wickes to support the argument.

GAP ANALYSIS IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF SAFE ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES OF UKRAINE

The article rethinks the classical approach to using the GAP analysis method, examines the possibilities of its application in public management of rural areas, and evaluates innovative approaches in accordance with strategic directions for the development of the social sphere. Recommendations for improving existing innovative approaches have been developed and proposed. It has been proven that for the preservation of rural areas in Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war and in the post-war period, an important strategic priority of public management is the development of a safe environment in the rural community ("Safe Community" concept, police stations, electronic services, Zero Waste concept, protecting the environment).

«ЗЕЛЕНИЙ» ОБЛІК В УКРАЇНІ ТА ЗА ЇЇ МЕЖАМИ: НАБУТТЯ ДОСВІДУ

The existent approaches to a «green» account need to examine not only, from the necessity of maintenance of natural resources and guard of environment, but also as a process that integrates life with social aspects, by financial operations and influences on all spheres of economic activity and its safety. Therefore, using experience of foreign countries, it need green account to implement to the different spheres of national economy, applying the wide set of tools of analysis, evaluation, audit, monitoring and digitalization. The purpose of the research is expansion of limits of perception of «green» account in a theory and practice of instrument of management modern socio-economic development as on the level development level of separate business of region and national economy. The object of the research is a process of expansion the traditional account and including for its of instruments of ecology and social responsibility of business. The method of the research became modern methods and principles of scientific cognition, methods and methodologies of realization of audit, instruments of financial and economic analysis, principles of social responsibility of business that will allow to enter the existent approaches a «green account» in a modern theory and practice of traditional account that influences on steady and stability of national economy. The hypothesis of the research became a supposition about possibility of introduction of foreign mechanisms and instruments of «green» account in a theory in practice of traditional account. The statement of basic materials. It is well-proven that the task of «green» account there is harmonization the protection of environment with socio-economic and technological activity with helps by means of account instruments. It is confirmed, that a «green» account becomes the constituent of conception of steady development today, what proclaimed UN, and its main tendencies spread the input of the ecological development systems on all levels of management, using renewable energy, diminishing contamination of air, water, abbreviating the volumes of placing of wastes and so on. It is offered to the existent types of public account to add an ecological audit, which is sent to the search verification of observance of real ecological internals, standards and requirements that is pulled out by society. It is marked that «green» account allows obtaining information about charges and receipts of ecological benefits, which helps administrative composition to control, make decision, report and protect an environment. It is showed the list of benefits reasonable that it is possible to get if input of foreign experience of the using «green» account in the traditional system of account in Ukraine. The originality and practical significance of the research are confirmed by the ground of necessity of the using all elements, instruments and constituents of «green» account at a traditional account. Conclusions and perspectives of further research. It is well-proven that it is necessary to change approaches to «green» account, especially in a post-war period, because «green» account includes the economic, social and evaluation ecological aspects of enterprises activity that should be concerted with the landscape of country and its territories. A «green» account now become control system by all ecological charges that take into attention different general interests for strengthening of ecological state and socio-economic safety of environment. And this situation are allowing the determination of standards, rules and criteria, which should be reasonable and codification on the basis of certain practical experience, with bringing competent domestic and international organizations to forming of the special standards of «green» account for inhibition and normalization of ecological and socio-economic situation in a country and its territories. Further researches will be sent to the input of the special educational programs on the first, second and third educational levels and on the courses of in-plant training all professional directions that are the experience of successful global development of world community.

War dead, trauma, and care: the differential reintegration of Vietnamese former combatants

This paper explores how Vietnamese former combatants navigate and contest the infrastructure of care and recognition (or lack thereof) for veterans, their families, and the war dead in postwar Vietnam. It examines efforts by veterans to establish their socio-political standing through acts of claim-making, including spiritual care for the dead. We argue that through these acts of claim-making, veterans forge an alternative modality of veteranhood based not simply on state-recognised war contributions, but also on moral commitments to social justice and care for the fallen and their bereaved families in the postwar period.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE

The agricultural sector in Ukraine plays a pivotal role in the country's socio-economic stability and food security. However, the full-scale war with Russia has significantly impacted this sector, necessitating comprehensive organizational and economic transformations to restore and enhance its functionality in the post-war period. This study aims to propose practical recommendations for the organizational and economic transformations required in the agricultural sector of Ukraine during the post-war economic revival period. The research employs a combination of general scientific methods, including abstract-logical reasoning, monographic and terminological analysis, theoretical generalization, economic and statistical analysis, abstraction, and formalization. These methods facilitate the substantiation of theoretical approaches, formation of conceptual frameworks, identification of development trends, and justification of strategic directions for the agricultural sector's transformation. Despite the crisis induced by the war, the agricultural sector in Ukraine has demonstrated financial stability and adaptability. In 2022, agriculture contributed 8.6% to GDP, though this was a decline from previous years. The sector's share in export structure increased, becoming a crucial source of foreign currency inflows despite logistical challenges. The study identifies structural issues such as over-reliance on low-value-added exports, technological dependencies, and economic vulnerabilities tied to the raw material orientation. Recommendations include diversifying production, enhancing value-added processing, fostering technological advancements, and creating investment funds for structural economic reforms. Further research should explore the long-term impacts of proposed transformations, the role of technological integration in agriculture, and the development of policies that balance agricultural productivity with environmental sustainability. Additionally, investigating the effectiveness of investment funds and economic incentives in achieving structural changes will be critical to ensuring the resilience and growth of Ukraine's agricultural sector.

ENHANCING INVESTMENT POTENTIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN UKRAINE

This study aims to justify ways to enhance the investment potential in the context of strengthening and improving the financial security of the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economy. According to the authors of the article, it is important to perform a scientific task that involves presenting a modern theoretical-scientific approach to assessing the investment attractiveness and the efficiency of using the investment potential of the agricultural sector in the regions of Ukraine. Investment potential in the agricultural sector means the ability and prospects for investing capital in the sector with the aim of ensuring financial security. This potential is determined by various indicators that either increase or decrease the sector's attractiveness for investment. The research uses a trend line in forecasting investments, a method of integral rating assessment, and an auxiliary method of normalization used for indicators. This study proposes a theoretical-scientific approach that includes analyzing and compiling a ranking of regions in terms of their investment attractiveness and the efficiency of using investment opportunities in the agricultural sector in the context of ensuring financial security. An algorithm is used to establish the criteria for assessing the investment attractiveness of various regions and to compile a ranking of regions based on indicators of each sphere of investment attractiveness related to the issue of ensuring financial security. Based on the results obtained, strategic decisions regarding ensuring financial security were identified. The authors note that the study has limitations due to considering only the specifics of the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economy. Moreover, due to the state of war, not all regions of the country were considered in the article. Prospects for further research involve assessing the investment potential in the post-war period for all regions of Ukraine.

Особенности положения Калининской и Кашинской епархии перед началом хрущевских гонений (1954–1957 гг.)

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of church life in the Kalinin and Kashin diocese for three years before the start of Khrushchev’s “thaw”. Until 1954, taking into account the consequences of the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church in the 1930s, a series of church and administrative transformations of the Kalinin diocese in the last years of the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period, determined by the needs of the Church, as well as the activities of diocesan bishops in 1935–1953, Church life in the Kalinin region was in decline. The revival of the Kalinin and Kashin diocese was initiated by Patriarch Alexy I (Simansky). By appointing as diocesan bishop an outstanding hierarch from the widowed clergy, who had an academic theological education and was imprisoned in the Solovetsky camp for special purposes, Bishop Barsanuphius (Grinevich), the patriarch, with the assistance of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, ensured non-interference in the activities of the bishop authorized by the Council for the Kalinin Region V.I. Hebronov, who was distinguished by his irreconcilable position towards the Church. In such conditions, Bishop Barsanuphius managed to achieve outstanding results in the revival of the diocese in three years: to increase the number of registered churches, to resume services in churches remote from Kalinin, where services had not been held for a long time, to increase the number of parish clergy, to stabilize the state of their morality, to ensure remote rural churches by clergy, to carry out repairs in them. Considering that the population of the Kalinin region was recognized as religious, the events of 1954–1957. were characterized by the patriarch, clergy, believers of the Kalinin region and even the authorized Hebronov as a revival.

Modern trends in the formation of sports and recreational complexes

Today, in the context of the demographic and environmental crisis in Ukraine caused by military actions, it is extremely important to consider the trend of formation of sports infrastructure facilities as those subjects of the urban recreational network that will take the main position in the post-war period in the task of rehabilitation of the population. The nature of the urban structure makes us look at the modern sports complex as an integrated entity of the general recreational network. As a result, the problem of interconnection of the sports function with other functions in the structure of a single multifunctional complex is becoming more relevant. The article highlights the problems of formation of sports and recreational complexes in modern conditions. The factors that influence the modification of the form of SRC and the vectors of further development of the typology of this type of buildings and structures are identified. The design of sports infrastructure facilities should include a generalisation of modern experience and the application of the method of prospective analysis to determine trends in the development of the form of the SRC. This involves analysing current needs and forecasting future requirements for sports and recreational facilities, taking into account changes in public attitudes, demographic trends and the impact of technological innovations. The study is based on a systematic approach where sports and recreational complexes are considered as an element of the socio-cultural space. The use of a holistic architectural approach involved the application of methods for generalising modern experience in the design of facilities of this type and the method of prospective analysis, which will help to identify trends in the development of the form of sports and recreation complexes. The results of the study can be used to develop and adjust the existing architectural research base and the strategy for the reconstruction of Ukraine. They will contribute to the creation of an effective, modern and sustainable sports infrastructure in modern Ukrainian cities.

The legal basis of innovative activities in the conditions of military conflict and in the period of continuous economic recovery

The conditions for the formation of the legal basis for the implementation of innovative activities of economic entities in Ukraine in the conditions of a military conflict have been studied. The factors of the legal field of innovative activity of economic entities are defined, which include: internal factors of the legal basis of innovative activity of economic entities, which combine the legal consequences of the choice of the legal form of the organization of economic entities and a set of regulatory and legal acts of an internal nature and external factors the legal basis of the innovative activity of business entities, which are based on a complex of normative and regulatory acts of the national and international level, which determine the possibilities and limitations of making and implementing management decisions in the field of innovative activity. The high dynamics of transformations of the legal field of innovative activity of economic entities became a prerequisite for the development of a mechanism for monitoring the influence of legal factors on the course of innovative activity, the advantage of which is the possibility of adjusting management decisions based on monitoring data and controlling the effectiveness of adaptive management decisions in the field of innovation activity. The shortcomings of the existing system of regulatory and legal regulation of innovation activities in Ukraine are characterized and it is substantiated that in the post-war period, during the period of economic recovery, the tools of state regulation of the innovation sphere and the mechanisms of state support for innovative projects can be implemented for the accelerated reproduction of the production sector and the recovery of the socio-economic sphere of Ukraine. It was determined that the need to ensure a safe legal field for innovative and investment activity in Ukraine determines the need to improve the system of normative and legal regulation of innovative activity, create conditions for fair competition for innovative enterprises, and create guarantees for the protection of the interests of national and foreign investors.

CLIMATIC RISKS AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DEFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between deforestation and climate change, with particular emphasis on the impact of military actions on the reduction of forest ecosystems. The research utilized general scientific methods (data analysis and synthesis), retrospective and comparative analysis, analytical-synthetic methods (study of scientific and statistical data, archival materials, etc.), and remote sensing techniques. The aim of the study was to identify the main causes of the reduction in forested areas in Ukraine and their role in the context of global climate change, as well as their significance for the socio-economic development of the country during wartime and the post-war period. The role of forest ecosystems as a source of a wide range of ecosystem services and as a significant component of the socio-economic status of the Ukrainian Polissya region is analyzed. Special attention is given to the interaction between the reduction of forest-covered areas and the intensification of climate change. The main factors contributing to the reduction of Ukraine’s forest ecosystems are presented, with a particular focus on forest fires, including those caused by military actions. It was established that from April 2023 to April 2024, the highest number of forest fires occurred in the eastern and southern parts of the country, where active military actions are ongoing. An automated methodology for decoding satellite images to detect areas of Scots pine dieback due to infestation by the pine shoot beetle was developed, resulting in a map of the study area showing the boundaries of forestry districts, the grid of forest compartments, the contours of damaged forest areas, and new dieback hotspots. The study demonstrates that forest ecosystems are essential for mitigating climate change and ensuring sustainable regional development. This is particularly true for the Ukrainian Polissya region, especially Zhytomyr Oblast, which has the highest forest cover in the country but also leads in the loss of forest-covered areas.

Search of opportunities for digitalization of infrastructure and establishment of industry 5.0 based on the application of artificial intelligence: regional aspect of digital transformation

The consistent practice of digitalization shows the ‘emergence’ of a new quality of work of development institutes, businesses. The further development of the infrastructure, taking into account innovations and ‘digits’, will make it possible to fulfill important tasks in the partial implementation of the directions of progressive digital development of the regions of Ukraine outlined by the government in the post-war period. The purpose of the article is research and data analysis in terms of sub-indices of digital transformation of the regions of Ukraine with the aim of finding opportunities for digitization of infrastructure and working business processes. The authors consider three stages of the development of artificial intelligence through the prism of digitalization of the economy and virtual reality, namely: basic artificial intelligence, universal artificial intelligence, artificial super intelligence. The article attempts to present the opportunities created as a result of industry digital transformation, the development of the Internet, the penetration of basic e-services, the introduction of a paperless regime, and the development of centers for the provision of administrative services. The sub-index ‘Penetration of basic e-services’ shows positive dynamics. Improvement of this sub-index indicates an improvement in terms of connection to the Unified Information System of the Social Sphere; availability in all departments of the State Registration of Civil Status Acts, maternity hospitals e-Malyatko; connecting the Technical Inventory Bureau to the State Register of Property Rights. It was concluded that the new virtual reality in combination with the ever-present application of the latest information and communication technologies is the driving force behind the formation of Industry 5.0, innovations are ‘born’, and new types of digital services appear. The IoT, big data analytics, AI, communicativeness and networking of interactions, diffusion of innovations and Internet technologies become the impetus for digital and innovative changes in all sectors of the economy.

The changing faces of racism: Tracing the racial state through mixed-race categories in South Korea

This paper examines the emergence and development of mixed-race categories in South Korea in the context of the shift in the state's governing practices from the postwar period to the present. In particular, “mixed-race” serves as a conceptual framework for tracing the formation of Korea's racial state with respect to the distinct categories of Amerasians and the children of multicultural families. Drawing on theoretical approaches to racism, racial state, and biopower, I examine the treatment of mixed-race individuals in the regulation of the Korean population since the middle of the previous century. I document a shift in the subject-positions of these individuals from the status of homo sacer to that of homo economicus, each of which is associated with distinct modes of racism. The findings presented here have implications for critical mixed-race studies in Korea and East Asia more broadly and for expanding the understanding of the nexus of race, state, and power.