Post-test Research Design Research Articles

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Planned Video-assisted Health Educational Program on Knowledge of Health Hazards and its Prevention Among Selected Sanitary Workers of City Corporation Kalaburagi District of Karnataka State

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a planned video-assisted health educational program on knowledge of health hazards and its prevention among selected sanitary workers of the city corporation Kalaburagi district of Karnataka state.Materials and Methods: This study used quasi-experimental methods. In this study, a single-group pre-test and post-test research design was used. City corporation Kalaburagi district hosted this study. This study has 100 participants. The sample size is 100. The researcher employed basic random sampling in this investigation.Results: Most subjects (50%) were 30–39 years old. The sample was 51% male. Most subjects (40%) were high school graduates. Most sanitary workers were married (65%). Hindus make up 54% of respondents. About 31% had 1–5 years of experience. About 48% of subjects obtain TV info. It also found that 98% of sanitary staff had poor pre-test knowledge. In the post-test, 46% of subjects had enough knowledge of health hazard prevention after the scheduled video-assisted health educational course The respondents’ mean pre-test knowledge scores were 19.43 (38.86%) with a standard deviation of 3.143, indicating poor knowledge. After the planned video-assisted health educational session, respondents’ mean knowledge scores improved to 37.28 (74.56%) with a standard deviation of 2.985. Furthermore, at 0.01 significance, the “t” = 40.378 was bigger than the tablevalue. Age, gender, education, marital status, religion, prior employment experience providing sanitary services, and information source were not significant at the 0.05 levels. There is no significant correlation found between the knowledge level of sanitary workers and the studied factors.Conclusion: It appears that pre- and post-test sanitary workers’ health hazard prevention knowledge differs and program of video-assisted health education on health dangers and preventive for chosen sanitation personnel of City Corporation, Kalaburagi district, Karnataka.

Learning Package Outcome on Sibling Rivalry Management among Parents

Sibling rivalry is one of humanity’s oldest problems. By “sibling rivalry” we mean the antagonism or hostility between brothers or sisters which manifests it in circumstances such as in the common children’s family fights. Therefore, present study aims to assess the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on knowledge regarding sibling rivalry and its management among parents in selected community area. Pre experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was selected to conduct the study. 60 Parents of siblings were selected for this study by using purposive sampling technique. Result revealed that 71.7% parents scored inadequate knowledge, 28.3% moderate knowledge in pre-test while in post-test 21.7% scored adequate knowledge level, 73.3% moderately adequate knowledge and 5% scored inadequate knowledge regarding sibling rivalry and its management. The overall mean percentage of the pre-test and post-test knowledge scores was 41.55%, and 67% respectively and mean difference was 8.650 and ‘t’ value 26.275 was found significant. It shows that learning package was effective in improvement of knowledge level regarding sibling rivalry and its management among parents. Socio demographic variables like age, sex, religion family income, number of children and education were significantly associated with the pretest knowledge score of the parents. Conclusion: The study concluded that learning package was effective in improvement of knowledge level among parents about sibling rivalry.

A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effect of Video-Assisted Teaching on Knowledge Regarding Preventive Measures of AIDS among Adolescents at Selected School of Bhopal (MP)

Adolescence is the second decade of life (13-19 years), and a period of both physical as well as psychological development. This is a phase of experimentation and risk that includes early sexual debut, sexual coercion and violence, trafficking, and substance abuse. Along with these, other factors such as the lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, inaccessibility to health care services and commodities, lack of education and life skills, and early marriage have increased their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Since adolescents comprise a major part of reproductive group, they are likely to play a significant role in determining the future growth pattern of India’s population and economy. Thus, it is crucial that investment in terms of finances, research and development policies be done to improve their well-being. A pre-experimental one group pre-test, post-test research design was selected for this study to gather data from adolescents regarding prevention of AIDS. A sample of 100 adolescents was selected using purposive sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used by the investigator for data collection. Video-assisted teaching was administered to adolescents to improve their knowledge. The structured knowledge questionnaire and video film (video-assisted teaching material) were validated by the experts. Further, pilot study was conducted on 10 samples to assess the reliability of the questionnaire where Karl Pearson correlation co-efficient (r=0.86) proved the reliability. After the pilot study, main study was carried out on 100 adolescents. As a first step pre-test knowledge of adolescents was assessed. Thereafter, video-assisted teaching was provided to the same sample. The same teaching materials were also provided in CD form. Finally, post-test knowledge was taken after 7 days with the same sample. Opinion regarding video film was also taken on day 7. This study revealed that there is significant difference between mean pre-interventional and post-interventional knowledge score on preventive measures of HIV / AIDS among adolescents (mean difference=2.0 and t-value=21.51, significance at 0.05 level). On the basis of its hypothesis H1 was accepted. It signifies that video-assisted teaching is effective in increasing the knowledge of adolescents.

Effectiveness of Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Essential Oil and Jojoba Carrier Oil through Topical Application on the Relief of Allergies Caused by Aeroallergens

Background: Allergies are one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide. Due to the cost and possible side effects of pharmacologic treatments, aromatherapy, an alternative method in relieving allergies was studied. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Jojoba Oil and 100% Tea Tree Essential Oil combination through topical application as an alternative method for relieving severity and frequency of allergic symptoms triggered by aeroallergens. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test research design was used to determine whether the combination of Tea Tree and Jojoba Oil produced an effect to the respondents’ allergic signs and symptoms. A modified 3-part questionnaire was used to gather data from thirty (30) purposively selected college students. Results: It appeared that the combination oil when applied topically resulted to a reduction in the severity and frequency of the allergic symptoms; specifically watery eyes, nasal congestion, runny nose, nasal itching, sneezing, coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath and phlegm production. The observed alleviation of symptoms is deemed significant with P-values less than 0.05, except for the reduction in the frequency of wheezing (P-value=.101>0.05) and shortness of breath (P-value=.053>0.05) nonetheless. Conclusion: Hence, the combination oil composed of Tea Tree essential oil with 2% dilution and Jojoba carrier oil when applied topically to the hot spots of the body reduces allergic symptoms. Nurses and other public healthcare providers can consider aromatherapy in the treatment regimen of individuals who have allergies but prefers to manage it non-pharmacologically or does not have access to anti-allergy medications.

Laughing for Well-Being: Investigating the Impact of Laughter Therapy on Stress Levels among the Elderly Population

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of laughter therapy on the degree of perceived stress experienced by elderly residents of a particular assisted living facility.Methods: Apre-experimental, one-group, pre-test–post-test research design was employed. The technique of purposeful sampling was applied. A selection of thirty samples was made. The study’s participants were senior citizens living in retirement communities in a designated district.Findings: During the pretest, two samples (6.66%) reported low stress, twelve samples (40%) reported moderate stress, and sixteen samples (53.33%) reported high perceived stress. The mean difference was determined to be 11.7, with the mean pre-test score being 26.4 and the mean post-test score being 14.7. It demonstrates that there was a substantial difference between the mean pre-test and post-test scores. Thus, following the application of laughter therapy, the samples’ perceived stress levels decreased.Conclusion: Laughter therapy is beneficial in lowering stress levels in the elderly population, according to this study. Thus, we can conclude that laughter therapy is beneficial for stress relief.

AI in teaching English as a foreign language: Effectiveness and prospects in Kazakh higher education

The article analyses the implementation and efficacy of artificial intelligence in teaching English to first-year students at the Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University. The present study examined the effects of AI chatbots on students' speaking abilities and overall experiences in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. The participants were 11 EFL teachers and 51 Abai University students, who were randomly assigned into two groups: an experimental cohort and a control cohort. The experimental group, consisting of over 26 students, received instruction through AI-based educational programs, while the control group, comprising over 25 students, received instruction through traditional teaching methods. Employing a pre-and post-test research design, the present study undertook a comparative analysis of students' progress in English speaking skills, both within and between experimental and control groups. The findings of the conducted tests have indicated that both groups exhibited a significant improvement in their oral communicative abilities, as evidenced by their performance in the two speaking tasks, namely reading a text aloud and answering questions. As for the student's proficiency and fluency, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of pronunciation. However, a discernible variation was detected in their intonation and stress patterns during the reading task. The results of this questionnaire offer an analysis of students' attitudes and opinions regarding integrating AI chatbots into language learning. This sheds light on the potential benefits and limitations of utilising such technology in the EFL context. Furthermore, the recent study explores the potential of AI chatbots as an effective tool to facilitate language learning and their future applications in the EFL setting. The implications of the research findings are thoroughly discussed, considering how AI chatbots can potentially enhance language learning and their potential usefulness in EFL education in the future.

Efficacy of a Hands-on Training OSCE Workshop on Advanced Nursing Skills at Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India

Nurses are expected to achieve a specific level of clinical competence upon completion of their nursing programme. While various methods, such as bedside practical examinations exist for assessing the competence, the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) stands out as the gold standard. It provides a comprehensive, reliable, and valid assessment by multiple examiners across different stations, evaluating various aspects of clinical competence. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of OSCE in enhancing advanced nursing skills among both nursing faculty and students. Using a one-group pre-test post-test research design with a quantitative approach, a convenient sampling method was employed. A structured questionnaire consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions was utilised to assess participants’ knowledge of OSCE on various advanced nursing skills stations. The oneday programmme encompassed theory and demonstrations of OSCE stations on selected procedures from gastroenterology, nephrology and oncology nursing. A paired sample t-test, revealed a significant increase in knowledge scores from pre-test to post-test (t=4.806, p = 0.000). To conclude, OSCE serves as an effective approach for teaching advanced nursing skills, highlighting the importance of sensitising and training nursing students, faculty, and clinical nurses in this methodology.

EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS RESIDING IN URBAN SLUMS

Adolescence is defined by the World Health Organization as the period of time between the ages of 10 and 19. Five millionof these young people live in poor countries. Adolescence is a substantial stage of human development and maturation where there are unique changes and many adult bodies are high of the overall population, teenage girls make up 22% and figures indicate that by the time they enter menarche, approximately 25-50 percent of girls become anaemic.A quasi experimental one group pre-test, post-test research design was appliedto determine the effectiveness of educational intervention regarding iron deficiency anaemia among 50 adolescent girls by purposive sampling technique.The data was collected through structured knowledge questionnaire. An educational intervention was administered to the adolescent girls.Statistical analysis used: the paired t-test was used to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention regarding iron deficiency anaemia among adolescent girls.The researcher found that the calculated value was significantly higher than the tabulated value i.e. t- value i.e., 5.52 and calculated value i.e., 2.44 which showed the effectiveness of educational programme regarding iron deficiency anaemia. Hence, the intervention was effective in terms of knowledge.The study concluded that the educational intervention was effective in improving the level of knowledge regarding iron deficiency anaemia.

A Study to Assess Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge on Knowledge of Menopausal Symptoms and Its Management among Middle Aged Women in Selected Rural Areas in Valsad, Gujrat, India

Nature does not allow a child to bring a baby into the world and similarly avoids a baby having a mother who is beyond middle age. Menopause is the physiological cessation of menses associated with declining ovarian function. An evaluative approach with pre-experimental one group pretest posttest research design was adopted for this study. A total of 100 middle aged women were selected by convenient sampling method Data were collected by using structured interview schedule. Impacted knowledge to middle aged women by using structured teaching program.

The Effect of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) on the Knowledge and Attitudes of Integrated Healthcare Center Cadres

This study aims to determine the effect of Infant and young child feeding training on the knowledge and attitudes of Integrated Healthcare Center cadres in Teluk Lingga, East Kutai Regency. The research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest (one group pretest-postest) research design conducted in March 2023 in the working area of the Teluk Lingga Health Center, East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A total of 51 cadres were involved as respondents by setting inclusion and exclusion criteria. IYCF variables are carried out by delivering material, counselors, and practices. The variables of knowledge and attitude were obtained using questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability. The data is then collected and then analyzed with the Paired-Sample T-Test. The difference in the level of knowledge of Integrated Healthcare Center cadres before and after being given IYCF training was 62.61 to 83.67 and obtained a p-value of 0.000. This means that there is an influence of IYCF training on the knowledge of Integrated Healthcare Center cadres. The attitude showed a difference in the attitude of Integrated Healthcare Center cadres before and after being given IYCF training with an average of 35.53, an increase of 42.96, and obtained a p-value of 0.000, which means that there is a significant difference between the average score on the pre-test and post-test. IYCF training has a significant effect on increasing the knowledge and attitudes of Integrated Healthcare Center cadres. We hope that this training will be carried out continuously.

Nutrigenomic Engineering in Children Under Five With Infectious Diseases After the Covid-19 Pandemic

It is estimated that about 3 million children worldwide each year exhibit xerophthalmia, i.e. they are clinically deficient in vitamin A and are at risk of blindness. In addition, about 250 million more children under five are estimated to have sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency and are at risk of severe morbidity and premature death. Zinc is a vital element for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. This mineral is needed in the formation of eye tissue so that it can remain seeing in the dark, the formation of white blood cells in the immune system, gastric function, skin health, growth and function of the reproductive system, fetal growth and the central nervous system. Zinc also helps in the activity of immune function. The purpose of this study is to determine nutrigenomic intake (Vit A, Zinc, Fe iron) in toddlers with infectious diseases during the pandemic. Research Method using Pre n post test Research Design. One month before the intervention, blood sampling levels of Vitamin A, Zinc, and Iron (Fe) were asked about infectious diseases. (How many times in the last 1 month). One month after the intervention, blood samples were taken again, levels of Vitamin A, Zinc, and Iron (Fe) were asked again infectious diseases. The results of the analysis showed that vitamin A intake was low compared to the RDA of 4.39 (CI 1.62-4.89) times in children whose parents had low socioeconomic status, while according to age 1.01 (CI 0.98-1.18) times. While iron intake is lower than the RDA of 2.52 (CI_), according to age 1.07 (CI 1.01-1.14). Zinc intake was lower than the RDA of 91.6 (CI 0.11-756.3). Food intake of zinc, iron and vitamin A for children 24-60 months in Indonesia is still unable to meet the needs and is far below the Daily Value (RDA).

Impact of a Structured Training Program Regarding Care of Patients with Chest Tube Drainage in Terms of Knowledge and Practices of Nurses Working in a Tertiary Care Cancer Center in North India

Introduction: A chest tube (hollow, flexible drainage tube) placement is a procedure in which a tube is inserted by an aseptic technique through the side of the chest wall into the pleural space. The complication rate in patients with ICD has been found high, resulting from inadequate knowledge of thoracic anatomy or/and insufficient clinical training and experience. Objective: Assessing the efficacy of a structured Clinical training program regarding the care of patients with chest tube drainage, assessing existing and gained knowledge and practices level, and finding the association between the sociodemographic variables and knowledge and practices. Material and Methods: In this Prospective study, 200 nurses participated in the study; pre-test and Post-test research designs were applied in this study. Data collection was done by using of probability random sampling technique. Result: The Pre-test Mean knowledge score was 8.77 with a standard deviation of 2.08 and the Mean practical knowledge score was 7.6 with a standard deviation of 2. When participants' knowledge and practices were checked before the training program, 58 % (116) subjects had Good Knowledge, 22.5 % (45) had average knowledge, 17.5 % (35) had excellent knowledge, and 2 % (4) had poor knowledge scores. When participants' practical knowledge was checked before the training program, 49 % (98) subjects had good practice scores, 43 % (86) had average practice scores, 5.5 % (11) had excellent practice scores, and 2.5 % (5) had poor practice scores. Posttest mean knowledge score was 10.56 with a standard deviation of 1.86. Posttest mean Practical knowledge score was 10.57 with a standard deviation of 2.26. After the structured clinical training program, 57.5 % (23) had an adequate knowledge score, 40 % (16) had a moderate level of knowledge score, and 2.5 % (1) had inadequate knowledge. After the structured clinical training program, 50 % (100) had an excellent practice score and 42 % (84) had a good practice score, and 8 % (16) had an average practice score. An association was found between existing knowledge score and marital status, between post-test knowledge and Religion as calculated p-values of the Fisher Exact test that is 0.036, 0.017 is smaller than the alpha value 0.05. In the Practical Knowledge score, an association between pre-test practice scores and the number of previous ICD training was found, as the calculated p-value of the fisher Exact test 0.04 was smaller than the alpha value of 0.05. Conclusions: In the care of a patient who has an Inter-costal chest tube, need much attention as comparing other, because the handling of the ICD tube and bag, emptying of a bag, and transportation of the ICD patient need careful action. In our study, we found that existing knowledge and Practice of ICD care procedures are not satisfactory with the traditional teaching approach, bedside clinical training is a beneficial approach that will significantly improve the Knowledge and Knowledge in practice. Keywords: ICD Care, Intercostal drainage, Chest tube care, Thoracic tube care

The Effectiveness of Video-Based Education on the Knowledge of Oral Health Maintenance and Tooth-Brushing Behavior Among the Students of the STM IX in Lurah Jambi

Adolescents are one of the groups with health problems. Based on the results of the Basic Health Research of the Ministry of Health (Riskesdas) in 2018, based on the presence of dental and oral health problems in the age group 15-24 (51.9%) and only those handled by health workers (8.7%), the data also shows, The prevalence of caries in the age group 15-24 years was (75.3%) with caries and (61.1%) with root caries. Video-based counseling can increase students' knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of video media on dental and oral health knowledge and tooth brushing behavior in students of STM IX Lurah Jambi in 2022.The type of research was Quasi-Experimental with a one-group pre-test and post-test design—research measuring instrument using a questionnaire. The sample is class XI STM IX Lurah Jambi. The sampling technique used the total sampling method with the number of respondents 20 people. This study uses the paired t-test hypothesis test.The results showed that the level of knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance before counseling had low criteria (10%), moderate (80%), and (10%) high, and after counseling had high criteria (100%). At the same time, the level of tooth brushing behavior before counseling had low criteria. (5%), moderate (85%) and (10%) high, and after counseling, the criteria were high (100%). There is a significant difference between the level of knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance and tooth brushing behavior before and after being given counseling using video media with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). 
 Keywords: Video, Knowledge, Behavior, Brushing teeth

The Effect of Avocado Leaf Decoction on Lowering Blood Pressure in Elderly People with Hypertension in Mongolato Village

Hypertension is a condition where there is an increase in blood pressure that can affect the function of other organs, such as the heart and kidneys, and even cause death. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of avocado leaf decoction on the elderly. This type of research is quantitative research using a quasi-experimental two-group pretest – post-test research design with a control design. The sample size of 20 respondents consisted of 10 experimental groups and 10 control group respondents determined by purposive sampling techniques. The research instruments used are a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, observation sheet, food recall sheet, and SOP. The statistical test used is the paired t-test. The results showed a decrease in blood pressure in the intervention group with P value = 0.000 in systolic and diastolic blood pressure which means there was a decrease in blood pressure. The experimental group was given a decoction of avocado leaves 1 time a day for 5 days in the morning. It can be concluded that there is an effect of avocado leaf decoction on lowering blood pressure. It is recommended that people plant avocado trees so that the leaves can be used as traditional medicine to lower blood pressure. And the fruit can be used for other needs.

Application of the Lok-R Learning Strategy to Science Literacy

This study aims to determine whether or not there is an influence of LOK-R (Literacy, Orientation, Collaboration, Reflection) learning strategies on scientific literacy skills. This type of research includes pre-experimental research with a one-group pre-test and post-test research design. This research was conducted at MI Islamiyah Kalimukti with a sample of 15 students. Data were collected by conducting a pre-test to determine students' initial scientific literacy skills and a post-test to determine the increase in students' scientific literacy abilities after implementing the LOK-R learning strategy. Research data were analyzed using descriptive and quantitative analysis. The n-gain study showed an increase in the average pretest and posttest results. Before implementing the LOK-R learning strategy, the average pretest of students was 56.47; then, it increased to 81.33 in the posttest results of students after implementing the LOK-R learning strategy. Likewise, the paired sample test results obtained a significant value of 0.000 <0.05, which means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. This shows that applying the LOK-R learning strategy increases students' scientific literacy skills. Therefore, the LOK-R learning strategy can be an alternative in science learning activities on heat material and its transfer.

Effect of Training Using Pullbuoy on Breaststroke Swimming Speed in Club RD Athletes

Speed in swimming is very important because it affects the results of matches and the athlete's efficiency. Optimal speed results in shorter journey times, providing a competitive advantage. This study aims to determine the effect of the pull buoy training method on the breaststroke swimming speed of RD Rejang Lebong club athletes. This type of research is experimental research using a one group pre-test and post-test research design. The population in this study was the RD Rejang Lebong club, totaling 90 athletes and the sampling technique used purposive sampling with certain considerations totaling 30 athletes. The tool used to measure breaststroke swimming speed is the 50 meters swimming test. Data analysis used a paired t-test. The research results obtained t = 0.0002 t table = 1.699 at a significance level = 0.05 and the correlation test results were 49.10%. It can be concluded that there is no significant influence of the training method using a pull buoy on the 50 meters breaststroke swimming speed of RD Rejang Lebong club athletes. This is of concern to researchers and the study conducted regarding the research results is that there are several factors that make the research unsuccessful or the independent variables do not have a significant effect on attachment variables such as the level of physical readiness of athletes in carrying out training, increasing the number of training from the frequency of training per week before. and quite serious training from athletes even though in the end the research results showed insignificant results for this training.

The Effectiveness of Role Play in Teaching Speaking Skill of The Eleventh Grade Students at SMAN 19 Makassar

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of role-playing in teaching speaking skills to students of class XI 19 Senior High School Makassar, and whether there is a significant difference between students who are trained in speaking skills using conventional methods and students who use role-playing techniques. This study uses a quantitative approach, namely experimental research with a pre-test and post-test research design and the sample of this study is 60 students. Researchers used two clasess and experimental class using role-playing techiquess and a control class using concetional methods. Meanwhile, in the last stage, the researcher gave a post-test in the same class to find out whether the role-playing techiquess was effective in teaching students speaking skills in the experimental class. The results of this study show the average pre-test in the experimental class (59.87%) and the control class (60.93%). The post-test average of the experimental class (84.40%) was higher than that of the control class (64.53%). This means that there is a difference between students who use role-playing techniquess abd students who uses conventional techniquess. Thus, teaching speaking using role-playing techniquess has a significant effect on improving students speaking skills. Therefore, it is suggested that the role-playing techniquess can be applied as an affective learning method for teachers to teach speaking skills anf for future researchers to use the same type of research under different conditions.

Data on self-esteem among adolescents in India.

A person's total perception of his or her value or worth is referred to as self-esteem. It may serve as a proxy for how much a person "values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes [him or herself]". The study's major goals were to assess adolescents' levels of self-esteem and examine the impact assertiveness training had on those adolescents' self-esteem. The research design selected for the study was pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design". Anon-probability convenience sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 60 adolescents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was the study's primary instrument, a 10-item questionnaire that a person fills out and scores on a 0-3 scale, containing both positive and negative items, is used to measure one's degree of self-esteem. In this case, questions 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 had lower scores than questions 1,3,4,7 and 10. The Likert scale looks like this: Strongly disagree, strongly agree, agree, and disagree. The mean Self-Esteem score prior to the test was 11.33 with a standard deviation of 1.28, whereas the mean Self-Esteem score after the test was 21.16 with a standard deviation of 1.94. The mean difference of 9.83 is significant at 0.001 levels. The 't' value of 33.4 was higher than the table value. This study provides evidence of adolescents' self-esteem has been improved through assertiveness training.

The Effect of SEKAR (Sumber Edukasi Anemia yang Relevan) Card-Based Nutrition Education on Knowledge and Iron Intake in Pregnant Women

Anemia in pregnant women is one of the most common public health emergencies, especially in low- and middle-income countries, such as Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of SEKAR (Sumber Edukasi Anemia yang Relevan) card-based nutrition education on knowledge and iron intake in pregnant women at the Mangkupalas Samarinda Health Center. The type of research used is an experimental study with a pre-test and post-test research design with the control group. A total of 36 pregnant women were taken into samples divided into 2 groups, namely 18 interventions and 18 controls based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Nutrition education variables were obtained using SEKAR cards and leaflets containing information about anemia. The knowledge was obtained using a structured questionnaire that had been validated and a pregnant woman's iron intake was obtained using a 24-hour in-depth food recall interview. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Results show that the effect of nutrition education using SEKAR on the knowledge of pregnant women (p = 0.003), and iron intake (p = 0.031). Leaflet media did not affect knowledge (p = 0.072) and iron intake (p = 0.078). There was a significant difference between SEKAR cards and leaflets on knowledge improvement (p = 0.001) and there was no significant difference between the use of SEKAR card media and leaflets on iron intake (p = 0.516). Media SEKAR is superior and effective was used in this study. It is hoped that there will be continuous nutrition education

The Effect of Distant Reiki Applied to Individuals with Extremity Amputation on Pain Level and Holistic Well-Being: A Quasi-experimental Study

BackgroundPain felt in an amputated limb is quite common. Phantom pain affects the lives of individuals in many ways and can negatively affect the holistic well-being of individuals. Distant Reiki can be used in the management of these problems. AimThis study was conducted to examine the effect of distant Reiki applied to individuals with extremity amputation on pain level and holistic well-being. MethodThis a quasi-experimental single group pre-test. Post-test design research was conducted between September 2022 and April 2023 and included 25 individuals with extremity amputation. Then, according to Classical Usui Reiki, distant Reiki application has been performed for 20 minutes every day for 10 days. Data were collected at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 10th day. The data were obtained using an Introductory Information Form, the Visual Analog Scale for Pain, and Holistic Well-Being Scale. ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 51.32 ± 16.65 years. There was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test pain levels of the participants (p < .05) and HWBS subscale scores (p < .05). Accordingly, it was determined that after 20-minute distant Reiki sessions for 10 consecutive days, the pain levels of the individuals were significantly reduced and their holistic well-being improved. ConclusionDistant Reiki has been found to be easy to administer, inexpensive, non-pharmacological, and appropriate for independent nursing practice to be effective in reducing phantom pain levels and increasing holistic well-being in people with limb amputation.