Post-test Research Design Research Articles

The Outcomes of the Voice Use Reduction Program on Voice Quality and Vocal Fatigue in Occupational Voice Users

The study aimed to describe the outcomes of the voice use reduction (VUR) program on voice quality and vocal fatigue (VF) in occupational voice users (OVUs). A within-subject, quasi-experimental, pre-test, post-test research design was performed on 30 OVUs. Perceptual and acoustic outcome measures were employed pre-and post-implementation of the VUR, including the GRBASI 4-point rating scale, jitter, shimmer, fundamental frequency ( F0), harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), maximum phonation time (MPT), frequency min and max, intensity min and max, the dysphonia severity index (DSI), and the vocal fatigue index (VFI). The pre-and post-test outcomes revealed significant ( p < .001) decreases in perceptual G (Grade of hoarseness), R (Roughness), A (Asthenia), S (Strain), and I (Instability). Perceptual normality in these areas increased significantly ( p < .001). Acoustic measures revealed significant ( p < .05) decreases in Jitter%, Intensity (dB) Min, and DSI scores as well as significant ( p < .05) increases in MPT /a/, /s/, and /z/, Frequency (Hz) Max, and F0 (Hz) Max, indicating improved voice quality at post-test. The VUR program positively affected and improved OVUs’ perception of VF in the areas of tiredness of voice and physical discomfort. OVUs strongly perceive improvement of VF symptoms with rest regardless of the current level of VF they are experiencing. When approaching OVUs, clinicians are encouraged to use a combination of direct voice therapy and vocal hygiene accompanied by VUR to help develop healthier use of the voice, facilitate healing, and prevent further/future injury or disorder.

Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding worm infestation among mothers of under-five children

Background: Children from low and middle-income nations continue to be primarily affected by worm infections. Development and nutrition may be hampered by an intestinal worm infection. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding worm infestation among mothers of under-five children. Methods: A pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was used for the study. The sample selected were 40 mothers of under-five children in a selected area of Pulwama, Kashmir. A self-structured interview schedule was used to assess the knowledge. Results: The collected data was analysed by SPSS. The study findings revealed that the mean knowledge score of nursing students in the pre-test was 16.97 and mean knowledge score of nursing students in the post test was 29.52, with a mean difference of 12.55. In pre-test, 30 (75%) had poor knowledge, 10 (25%) had average knowledge, whereas in the post-test 8 (20%) had poor knowledge, 25 (62.5% had average knowledge and 7 (17.5%) had good knowledge. The present study revealed that there was no significant association between pre-test knowledge score with the selected socio-demographic variables. Conclusions: The study revealed that mean knowledge score of nursing students in post-test was higher than the mean knowledge score of nursing students in the pre-test. The structured teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge regarding worm infestation among mothers of under-five children.

An Evaluative Study of a Nurse-Led Surgical Information Initiative for Gender Diverse Individuals Seeking Genital Surgery.

To evaluate the impact of nurse-led one-on-one psychoeducation sessions on gender diverse individuals seeking gender-affirming genital surgery. A quasi-experimental, pre- and post-test research design was employed to examine the impact of a nurse-led initiative on improving patients self-perceived knowledge and confidence pertaining to gender affirming genital surgery. The study followed the SQUIRE 2.0 (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines and the COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research) guidelines. The curriculum for the initiative was crafted through literature reviews, expert panel engagements, multidisciplinary team input and was delivered by two specialist gender nurses. The results indicated a statistically significant increase in all participants' self-perceived knowledge and confidence scores. Furthermore, the study increased confidence in the ability to ask questions and plan for the logistical and financial aspects of surgery. Participants reported that the sessions were very useful, and for most, the information did not change their desire to seek surgery but did help them make more informed choices about the procedure, timing and preferred surgeon. The study underscores the imperative role of support networks and recommends interventions to facilitate open communication within families. The study emphasises the importance of customising healthcare approaches to align with the preferences of patients. The study addressed the need for psychoeducation sessions for individuals considering gender-affirming genital surgery. The main findings revealed a significant increase in participants' self-perceived knowledge and confidence, following a nurse-led intervention. The research's impact extends to gender-diverse individuals seeking surgery globally. Four individuals who had undergone gender-affirming surgeries contributed their perspectives to the study design, ensuring that the educational content addressed specific information needs and concerns.

THE EFFECT OF CONSUMING YOGHURT ON THE SALIVARY PH OF MILDLY MENTALLY RETARTED CHILDREN

The percentage of people with disabilities in Indonesia is 56% and the prevalence of dental caries in children with disabilities reaches 82.6%. One alternative to prevent dental caries is by consuming probiotic drinks such as yogurt. Yoghurt is sour milk produced by fermenting milk and the group of probiotic products most accepted by children. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of consuming yogurt on the pH of saliva of children with mild deformities SLB Patriot Tasikmalaya City. Methods: The type of research used is a quasi experiment research method with a one group pre-test and post-test research design with a sample of 20 mildly retarded children. The research measuring instrument used a pH meter, and the data was analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Results: Based on the results of the paired sample t-test statistical test, the p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05) means that there is an effect of consuming yogurt on the pH of the saliva of mildly retarded children of SLB Patriot Tasikmalaya City. Conclusion: Consuming yogurt regularly for seven days can increase salivary pH in mildly retarded children.

Development of an artificial intelligence curriculum design for children in Taiwan and its impact on learning outcomes

In the digital age, the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an irreversible trend, with its potential in the field of education being particularly noteworthy. However, there are currently few AI education programs for children in Taiwan, and there is a lack of systematic teaching resources and methods, which poses a major challenge to the promotion of AI education. To address this challenge, this study designed a tailor-made AI curriculum for children in Taiwan, aimed at enhancing their foundational knowledge in the AI field and skills in using generative AI. This study was conducted in Taiwan, involving 30 elementary school students from grades 3 and 4, employing a single-group pre-test and post-test research design. Data were collected and analyzed through pre-and post-tests on AI knowledge quizzes and AI knowledge self-assessment, as well as the expert consensual assessment technique and the pupils’ attitude toward technology survey questionnaire. Research shows that students who participated in the AI course significantly improved their test scores on AI knowledge before and after the course. The students AI knowledge increased by 62.75%, demonstrating the course’s effectiveness and showing a positive attitude towards AI technology. Additionally, the student’s project outcomes demonstrated a high level of creativity. The students exhibited an enhanced interest and positive attitude towards learning AI, expressing a willingness to participate in more AI educational courses. This work provides valuable experience and guidance for the future integration of AI technology in children’s education, offering practical guidelines for teachers and researchers on how to effectively teach AI knowledge, as well as serving as a robust reference for educational policy makers in formulating strategies to promote AI education.

Effect of Blended Music on Social Behaviours of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The study aimed to investigate the effects of blended music on social behaviours of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The study was quantitative with a single group pretest- posttest research design. Children with ASD studying in special education institutes of Rawalpindi and Islamabad were the population of the study. After screening children for High Functioning Autism through the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), twelve children were selected conveniently for the intervention. The Urdu version of the Social Responsiveness Scale (USRS-2) was used to measure the social behaviours of children with ASD. Blended music based on Raga Bilawal and Taal Keharwa was validated by the music experts for use during eight weeks of intervention. The data was collected before and after exposure to blended music. Mean scores for each positive and problematic social behaviour were calculated to decide upon the improvement in behaviour. The number of items showing improvement was calculated to decide upon the effect of blended music. 26% of positive behaviours were improved and 74% of problematic social behaviours were reduced. It was concluded that blended music was found effective in developing positive social behaviours and reducing the problematic social behaviours of children with ASD.

Effect of Kinesthetic Learning on Students’ Interest and Achievement in Mathematics

One of the pertinent reasons for poor academic achievement in Mathematics is fundamentally linked to the application of ineffective teaching methods by teachers to impact knowledge to learners. This study adopts a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test research design to examine the efficacy of kinesthetic learning on interest and achievement in Mathematics. Four research questions were raised to guide the study and four hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The sample comprises 101 Junior Secondary School students drawn from two secondary schools in Bekwarra Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Two intact classes were randomly selected from each school and assigned to experimental and control group. Data for the study were sourced using a modified Mathematics Interest Inventory (MII) and mathematics achievement test designed by the researchers tagged Students’ Mathematics Achievement Test (SMAT). Data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings revealed a high post-test interest cluster mean of 3.10 (above the decision benchmark of 2.50) and also a higher post-test mean achievement score with (Mean = 20.82; Standard Deviation = 3.63) for students in the experimental group compared to the control group. The result also indicated that both male and female students taught mathematics using kinesthetic learning in the experimental group had positive interest and achievement after exposure to the treatment. The test of the hypotheses indicated that there is significant difference in interest and achievement between students taught mathematics using kinesthetic learning and conventional method, whereas there is no significant difference on the interest and achievement of male and female students taught mathematics using kinesthetic learning. The study concluded that kinesthetic learning has a positive effect on interest and achievement in mathematics; and that gender is not a sole determinant of good academic performance or interest in mathematics but teaching method. The study recommended that mathematics teachers should adopt kinesthetic learning or play way method in teaching because of its relevance in improving learners’ interest and achievement.

Effect of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Preconception Care among Reproductive women under Mukalmua Block PHC, Nalbari district, Assam

Background: Preconception care is a set of interventions that aim to identify and modify biomedical, behavioral, and social risks to a woman’s health or pregnancy outcome through prevention and management. The main goal of preconception care is to provide health promotion, screening and interventions for women of reproductive age to reduce the risk factor that might affect future pregnancies. Methodology: The research approach used for the study was quantitative evaluative research approach. The conceptual framework for the study was based on ‘General Systems Theory’ developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and modified by JW Kenny. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test research design was used to evaluate the knowledge regarding preconception care among reproductive women. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select 60 reproductive women. Structured interview schedule was used to evaluate the knowledge regarding preconception care among reproductive women. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the study data. Result: Findings revealed that out of 60 reproductive women; in the pre-test, majority 39(65%) of the participants had moderately adequate knowledge; 16(26.7%) of the participants had inadequate knowledge and only 5(8.3%) of the participants had adequate knowledge whereas in post-test, majority 53(88.3%) of the participants had adequate knowledge, only 7 (11.7%) had moderately adequate knowledge and none of them had inadequate knowledge regarding preconception care. The mean posttest knowledge scores 18.40 was significantly higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score 8.37 with mean difference 10.03 and 't' value 26.69 for df 59 at p< 0.05 level of significance. Socio-demographic variables such as educational status and use of contraceptive methods were found to be statistically significant at p<0.05 with pre-test level of knowledge regarding preconception care among reproductive women.

Effect of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) on Academic Achievement of Students in the Subject of Chinese Language

The study was primarily focused on investigating the effect of self-regulated learning (SRL) on the academic achievement of Chinese language learners among non-native learners. It was a true experimental research methodology based on pre-test and post-test research design. It was conducted at the University of Central Punjab (UCP) Lahore by selecting 70 students. After conducting the pre-test it was randomly allocated into dual groupings. One is the experimental while the other is the control group. After 16 weeks of treatment, a post-test was conducted. The results showed that the higher the achievement of learners of the experimental group than the learners alienated into the control group of the Chinese language post-test although all students performed equally in the pre-test which exhibited that all students had the same knowledge about the Chinese language before conducting research. It is also recommended that teachers should be conscious of employing the stratagem that initiates self-regulating learning in accordance with the contents of the textbook. Foregoing the above, it is suggested that the developers responsible for implementing the curriculum should also design the courses to inspire students to boost self-regulating-learning skills among them. Refresher-Courses for the professional-cum-novice instructors should be conducted to include the significance of self-regulating learning for students as well. The present research study was focused on the behavioral domain of self-regulating learning with respect to academic achievement of students learning the Chinese language at the university level and more is appreciated to fill the gap.

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on the Knowledge Regarding Health Services among Eligible Couples in Selected Community Area in Bangalore

Health services available to eligible couples in India are not only to aid in curtailing the ever-growing population of the country but also to improve the women’s and child health as well as their reproductive health. The need for continuing mass education and increase in awareness in this regard is thus of utmost priority. To assess the level of knowledge regarding the health services among eligible couples. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme in terms of gain in for eligible couples regarding health care services. To find out an association between knowledge scores with selected socio-demographic variable. The research design adopted for the study was quantitative research design, quasi-experimental with one group pre-test and post-test research design. A total of 60 eligible couples were selected using simple random sampling technique. The tools used to collect the data consisted of structured questionnaire, the reliability score was obtained with the help of Spearman-Brown prophecy. During pretest out of 60 participants, 49 (81.67%) had inadequate knowledge and 11(18.33%) had moderately adequate knowledge. Whereas in post-test only 3 (5%) had inadequate knowledge scores, 10 (16.67%) had moderately adequate knowledge scores and rest 47 (78.33%) Participants had adequate knowledge scores. The null hypothesis stated was rejected and re-stating that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding healthcare services available to the eligible couples. It was found statistically that there is no significant association between demographic variables and level of knowledge. The above results point out to the fact that the Structured Teaching Programme is highly effective in increasing the knowledge about healthcare services among eligible couples in the specific community area.

Effectiveness of Power Point Presentation on Knowledge regarding impact of social networking on lifestyle among Adolescence of selected college

Introduction: The present study was aimed to assess the “Effectiveness of PowerPoint presentation on knowledge regarding impact of social networking on lifestyle among adolescence of selected college”. Objectives: In view of the nature of the problem under study and to accomplish the objectives of the study, A quasi experimental one group pre-test post-test research design is used. The main objective of the study was evaluating the effectiveness of power point presentation on impact of social networking on lifestyle among adolescence. Material and Methods: Total 100 adolescence were selected as sample for study by using simple random sampling technique. The data was collected by using structured knowledge questionnaires. The Power point presentation was also administered on the same day following the pre-test. Findings: The comparisons of the pretest and post-test means of the knowledge regarding impact of social networking on lifestyle among adolescence of selected college in selected area were done by the paired t-‘test. The test was conducted at 5% level of significance. The pretest average score was 10.64 with standard deviation of 3.37 The post-test average score was 17.14 with standard deviation of 2.98. The chi square test was used to see the association between pre-test and post-test knowledge score of adolescence regarding impact of social networking on lifestyle at selected college. Conclusion: The study concludes that the Power point presentation was effective in imparting knowledge of Impact of Social Networking on Lifestyle. And as seen adolescence was not fully aware about impact social networking so it is important to guide them by providing knowledge on social networking.

Bimbingan Kelompok Berbasis Cerita Rakyat: Menemukan Identitas Diri Remaja di Tengah Gelombang K-Pop

The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of folklore-based group guidance in developing students' self-identity. This research uses quantitative experimental research methods with a one group pretest posttest research design. The research sample consisted of 9 students taken using purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a Likert scale model, which was then analyzed using the normality test and the Wilcoxon test. In general, the research findings explain that folklore-based group guidance is effective in developing junior high school students' self-identity. Specifically: 1) Students' self-identity before being given folklore-based group guidance based on data processing results obtained an average score of 55.4 so that based on the pre-test results it can be seen that students' level of self-identity tends to be moderate. 2). Students' self-identity after being given folklore-based group guidance based on the results of data processing obtained an average score of 77.1 so that based on the post-test results it can be seen that the level of students' self-identity tends to be high. It is hoped that the research results can contribute to subsequent research and provide an overview of the research series.

Improvement Student Learning Outcomes Through Online Learning Using Nearpod

This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a one group pretest posttest research design. The population in this study were 61 public high school students in East Jakarta, and the sample used was 72 students. The data collection technique is to do a pretest and posttest using multiple choice questions that have been validated as many as 21 questions with options A, B, C, D and E. The results of data analysis, namely the hypothesis test paired sample test using SPSS 24, the results are ttable=1.66 < tcount =7.35 for df=71 indicates that the alternative hypothesis is accepted with sig.0.00 (<0.05), thus an increase in student chemistry learning outcomes in online learning using nearpod, with paired sample t test. Further analysis using gain test obtained a gain score of 0.22 low category, this is possible because students are still in the system adjustment stage learning from full offline to full online.

Effectiveness of Using BRAILLPOPAL Media and MOSIPEDALY Media in Improving Toothbrushing Skill in The Visually Impaired

Health has a major impact on the quality of life of children, one of which is with children with disabilities such as blind children, which is a term for individuals who experience impairment in their vision, whether it is total blind (total blindness) or low vision (there is still some vision left). The visually impaired are slower to detect early symptoms of poor oral health. The use of BRAILLPOPAL (Braille Pop Up Dental) and MOSIPEDALY (Modified Panthom Dental Study) media is an effort to improve tooth brushing skills in the blind. Poor oral hygiene in blind students of SLB N 1 Bantul. To know the effectiveness of BRAILLPOPAL and MOSIPEDALY media in improving tooth brushing skills in the blind at SLB N 1 Bantul. Type of research Quasi Experiment with Pre-test and Post-test Design research design using total sampling with research subjects as many as 30 students. The study showed that there was a significant increase in tooth brushing skills in the blind after being given counseling with BRAILLPOPAL media and MOSIPEDALY media. The use of BRAILLPOPAL media is more effective than MOSIPEDALY media in improving tooth brushing skills in the blind at SLB N 1 Bantul with an average increase of 18.80. Conclusion: Education using BRAILLPOPAL media and MOSIPEDALY media shows that there is an effectiveness in improving tooth brushing skills in blind students of SLB N 1 Bantu.

SIGNS: A Tool in Enhancing the Skills of Grade 7 Students on Operation of Integers

One of the most problematic areas of mathematics over the years has been the operation of integers; students' problem-solving skills regarding the application of positive and negative signs on integers still need extra support in order to become proficient in it. The following action research was carried out to verify the efficacy of SIGNS in developing a solving capability among Grade 7 learners in studying operations of integers under the theme of feeling no good at math, specifically using a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pre-test and post-test research design. Grade size of the 40 students, who were purposefully selected from diagnostic test scores for participating in the study. The results of this study also showed that there was a significant gain in the solving skills of the learners, which could be observed from the computed mean and standard deviation. This is why there was such a big difference in the mean pre-test and post-test scores of these participants. Results also demonstrated that the intervention had a massive effect on participants' performance. With this, it is further suggested that mathematics teachers utilize SIGNS in teaching operations of integers as well as encourage school administrators to collaborate with the SIGNS team for resource development, such as guided notes and simulations supported by guided inquiry-based materials contextualized according to curricular standards and intended learner performances regarding solving of integer operations. Additionally, it is also advised that a study of the same type but more extensive in range be performed to improve SIGNS.

The Effects of Augmented Reality Geometry Learning Applications on Spatial Visualization Ability for Primary School Pupils

Geometry is considered a fundamental component to be mastered in the elementary school mathematics curriculum. Lower primary school pupils frequently experience obstacles because of the abstract nature of geometric concepts and the requirement for spatial visualization skills, which are necessary for strengthening their conceptual understanding. Augmented reality (AR) technology offers a promising solution by providing visual representations of geometric shapes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of AR technology in primary school education on pupils’ spatial visualization abilities in geometry. Employing a quasiexperimental pre- and post-test research design, this study involved 61 second-grade pupils from two Northern Malaysian primary schools. The selection of schools followed cluster sampling techniques, while intact groups were utilized to select samples. Data were collected from two groups: an experimental group that utilized the LearnGeoAR applications and a control group that employed conventional teaching methods to learn geometric shapes. This study used the spatial visualization ability test (SVAT) instrument, grounded in Van Hiele’s theory of geometric thinking. The findings revealed that the experimental group, which utilized AR applications, exhibited a higher mean score in pupils’ spatial visualization ability in geometry compared to the control group. Additionally, the experiment demonstrated a moderate effect on both groups. This finding highlights the potential of AR technology in enhancing pupils’ spatial visualization skills in geometry instruction, providing valuable insights for instructional methodologies.

PENGARUH PENYULUHAN METODE SOKRATIK DAN DIDAKTIK DENGAN MEDIA FRUVEBLE CARD TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP KONSUMSI BUAH DAN SAYUR PADA ANAK

Obesity and the incidence of fruit and vegetable consumption are experienced by many elementary school children. The lack of consumption of fruits and vegetables is related to the poor metabolic processes in the body, causing obesity and even obesity in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the consumption of fruits and vegetables in elementary school children, the influence of socratic and didactic methods using fruveble card media on knowledge and attitudes about fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary school children. This study used an experimental design with a two-group pre-test post-test research design. The population was 178,196 people with the intervention group of SDN 18 totaling 33 people and the control group of SDN 34 totaling 33 people. Sampling using the total sampling technique. Analyzed through wilcoxon and mann whitney tests. The results of this study also showed that there was an influence on increasing the knowledge score and attitudes of students who were given socratic and didactic method counseling with p value = 0.000 < 0.05. It is hoped that this research can be developed again with a combination of innovative learning methods that arouse more interest in learning so that the knowledge and attitudes of elementary school children about fruit and vegetable consumption can increase. Keywords: Socratic & Didactic, Consumption, Knowledge, Attitude, Fruveble Card

WORDWALL GAMES BASED MEDIA TO IMPROVE STUDENTS ' LEARNING OUTCOMES

Low learning outcomes are one of the big problems in the learning process, this can be caused by various factors including a lack of innovation in choosing learning media which can make learning less interesting and result in reduced student motivation. In this digital era, the application of wordwall games-based media will improve student learning outcomes in Civics learning. However, there are no empirical studies that show that this can increase students' learning motivation so that it can influence learning outcomes. There were 30 participants in this research who were class X students at SMAN 15 Garut. This research uses a pre-experimental method with a One Group Pre-Test and Post-Test Design research design. The research instruments used were pre - test, post - test and questionnaire. The research results show that (1) Implementation wordwall games - based learning media for class _ (2) There is an increase in student learning outcomes before (pretest) and after ( post - test ) the application of wordwall games -based learning media This research also shows that there is a difference in improvement in the achievement of student learning outcomes after implementing wordwall games . With the average value of the normalized gain score being 0.75, the interpretation is classified as high. (3) The relationship between the application of wordwall games- based learning media to student learning outcomes in Civics learning in Class X11 SMAN 15 Garut is obtained . The Sig (2-tailed) value is 0.000 <0.05, which means there is a significant correlation between variables X and Y. Furthermore, it is known that the calculated r value for the relationship between variables X and Y is 0.804 > r table 0.361 . By interpreting the assessment, the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.804 , which is included in the " Very Strong Close Relationship " category.

The Effectiveness of Leaflet and Video Educational Media Toward the Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

This study aims to know the effectiveness of leaflets and video educational media in the knowledge of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the inpatient room of RSUD Beriman Balikpapan. The methodology used is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest research design with control group. The intervention group used video media and the control group used leaflet media. The results obtained were that the average patient knowledge increased in the experimental group, which was 50.90, ± 8,228 SD before the intervention, increasing to 81.37, ± 9,615 SD after the intervention. In the control group, the mean knowledge of patients before the intervention was 55.75, ± 7,036 SD, increasing after the intervention to 84.18, ± 9,895 SD. The P-Value value is 0.000 < 0.05 from the results of the analysis of the difference in knowledge between the experimental group and the control group after the intervention shows that there is a significant difference between the two; so that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. This means that nutritional counseling using video and leaflet media can increase knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus and video media is more effective than leaflet media. The providing nutritional counseling using video media was more effective than using leaflet media in increasing the knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus patients in the inpatient ward of the Beriman Balikpapan Regional Hospital.

Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension By Using the Orthographic Method for Elementary Students’

Unfortunately, many people experience reading difficulties, affecting their educational attainment and overall quality of life. Addressing this challenge has been a focus of researchers, educators and policymakers for decades. This research aims to determine the impact of the orthographic method on the development of reading comprehension in grade 4 students. The research design used was a pre-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test research design. Researchers used quantitative research methods with a pre-experimental planning strategy to determine the influence of the Orthographic Method on students' inspiration to learn English comprehension. A total of 40 sample students were selected as the sample for this research. The main components of data collection techniques are tests that are used to evaluate students' progress towards learning goals and their abilities can be seen as an evaluation tool in this context. The researchers used a research method called one-group pre-tested posttest design and compared the differences between the pretest and posttest. The results of this research there is a significant improvement in teaching using the orthographic method on students' reading comprehension in test subjects. This means that the Orthographic method activates students' existing knowledge about the topic, provides opportunities for the topic and gives students the opportunity to engage with the topic