Post-test Control Group Design Research Articles

EFFECT PICTURE AND PICTURE MODELS ASSISTED BY PUZZLE ON COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES STUDENT KINGDOM ANIMALIA MATERIAL AT SMPN 20 BENGKULU

The purpose of this research is to ascertain whether or not puzzle media may improve students' cognitive learning results when used in conjunction with the image and picture model. A quasi-experimental study with a pre- and post-test control group design was conducted. Twenty-nine pupils made up the study's sample. They engaged in systematic stumbling in order to sample properly. The 15 multiple-choice questions on the pretest and posttest provided the raw material for this study. The SPSS 26.0 application was used to conduct a t-test analysis in the two groups. The data analysis revealed that the average value of class VII students' cognitive learning outcomes using the picture and picture model assisted by puzzle media was higher than the average value of students' cognitive learning outcomes using the conventional model, coming in at 84 77.34. When the t-test is performed at the 5% level of significance, a result of Sig. (2-tailed) 0.05 or 0.030 0.05 indicates that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. This demonstrates that the cognitive learning results of class VII pupils in the kingdom animalia content at SMPN 20 Bengkulu City are significantly influenced by the use of the image and picture models supplemented by media puzzles.

Pengaruh Pembelajaran diluar Kelas (Outdoor Study) Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA Siswa Kelas IV A SDN Paccinongan Unggulan

This research aims to determine outdoor study on student learning outcomes in Natural Sciences subjects at SDN Paccinongan Unggulan. With the research problem "Is there an influence of outdoor study on the science learning outcomes of Class IV A students at SDN Paccinongan Unggulan?" The method used in this research is an experimental method in the form of pretest posttest control group design. The sample in this study was class IV A students of SDN Paccinongan Unggulan. Data collection techniques use direct observation, tests and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research is a test/T-test data analysis technique where the collected data will be processed and analyzed using a normality test using SPSS version 22.
 The results of this research show that learning that applies outdoor learning has an effect on student learning outcomes in Natural Sciences (Science) subjects. In collecting data, research uses observation, documentation and test techniques. The results of this research show that there is an influence of outdoor study in learning natural sciences. This is proven in the t-test table (Independent Sample Test) with a significance value of 0.54 < 0.05, which means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted or tcount > ttable (26,610 > 2,056).

Kavram Karikatürlerinin İngilizce Öğretimindeki Öğrenci Başarısına, Konuşma Becerisine ve Motivasyonuna Etkisi

Although many different methods of teaching English have been tried, the problem of learning it continues. Concept cartoons that allow dialogic conversation in teaching English will contribute to solving this problem. This study examines the effect of concept cartoons in the sixth-grade English course unit "Yummy Breakfast" on students' achievement, speaking skills, and motivation. The non-equivalent pre-test post-test control group design was adopted in the study. There were 33 sixth-grade students, 18 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. While the experimental group received English instruction supplemented by concept cartoons, the control group received traditional instruction. The study lasted 24 hours, including two hours of pre-testing, 18 hours of treatment, and four hours of post-testing. The results demonstrated that using concept cartoons in the classroom improved students' speaking ability and motivation. However, there was not any significant difference between students’ achievement scores.

The Flipped-Classroom Instructional Procedure Development and Its Implementation Effectiveness in Improving Procedural Knowledge Learning Outcomes at Vocational High Schools

The students’ number limitation in a classroom and the compression of face-to-face time challenge teachers to present practical learning scenarios to achieve learning objectives. This study aims to develop student learning procedures with the flipped classroom (FC) instructional model and determine its use in improving student learning outcomes. The research was conducted at a public information technology vocational high school in Malang, East Java Province, Indonesia. The FC instructional procedure development approach is based on the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) phase. The FC instructional procedure was developed in conjunction with a constructivist instructional strategy, consisting of five primary stages: (1) perception, (2) exploration, (3) restructuring, (4) implementation, and (5) review and evaluation. FC instructional procedure effectiveness was tested using the Randomized Pre-test and Post-test Control Group Design research design. The control and experimental groups consist of 30 students with randomization. The research found that the learning outcomes of the experimental group (EGLO = 70.00) were greater than those of the control group (CGLO = 64.30). The normalized gain index of the experimental groups (g = 0.50) was more significant than the control groups (g = 0.41). The conclusion is that the FC procedures with a constructivist approach have proven more effective in improving student learning outcomes.

Effectiveness of an Integrative Empowerment Intervention for Families on Caring and Prevention of Relapse in Schizophrenia Patients

Introduction Patients with schizophrenia require extended treatment and recovery, leaving their families and support systems feeling helpless. Integrative empowerment is a strategy that utilizes outside-in and inside-out empowerment to increase the ability of families to care for their loved ones and prevent relapse. Objective This study aimed to investigate the impact of integrative empowerment intervention on enhancing the family's ability to care for and prevent relapse in patients with schizophrenia. Methods The study employed a quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The research sample was comprised of 70 individuals from nuclear families residing in Semarang, all of whom were responsible for the care of individuals with schizophrenia. The participants were divided into two groups: the treatment group, consisting of 35 individuals, and the control group, also comprising 35 individuals. Participant selection was carried out using purposive sampling. Module and booklet were produced as an intervention tools. The integrative empowerment intervention program spanned a period of 5 weeks, involving one session per week, each lasting approximately 60–90 min. Data analysis was conducted through the utilization of the Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests. The significance level for the study was set at p<.05. Results There was a significant change in the family's ability to care for patients with schizophrenia before and after the integrative empowerment intervention ( p<.001), while there was no change in the control group's ability to care for patients with schizophrenia ( p>.05). Integrative empowerment had a significant impact on increasing the family's ability to care for and prevent relapse in patients with schizophrenia ( p<.001). Conclusions Nurses can help families strengthen their positive caregiving experiences through the home visit program by utilizing integrative empowerment. This study's findings highlight the importance of integrative empowerment in enhancing the family's ability to care for and prevent relapse in patients with schizophrenia.

Effectiveness of upper arm and breathing exercises to improve inflammatory markers in severe COVID-19 patients.

Studies have suggested associations between inflammatory markers with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, exercises that could reduce the level of inflammatory markers might be beneficial. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of upper arm and breathing exercises on inflammatory markers such as ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in severe COVID-19 patients. A quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test control group design was conducted among severe COVID-19 aged 18-70 years old, with or without comorbidities. Baseline data of inflammatory markers (ferritin, LDH, and CRP) were measured before the exercises and repeated post-exercise. The upper arm and breathing exercises were performed for ten days, twice a day (morning and evening) for ten minutes. A paired Student t-test was used to assess the changes in the inflammatory markers' levels. Our data indicated that levels of ferritin and CRP were not significantly different between pre- and post-exercise. However, the level of LDH decreased significantly from 481.35 U/L to 331.80 U/L (p=0.001). This study highlights that pulmonary rehabilitation exercises might be beneficial to enhance the recovery process in severe COVID-19 patients.

Pengaruh gaya belajar dan belajar matematika realistis terhadap hasil belajar Siswa kelas V SDN 11 Lubuk Buaya Padang

This research was conducted because researchers wanted to know the influence of learning styles and the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model on student learning outcomes in fifth grade elementary school mathematics subjects. This research method is quantitative and is a type of Non Equivalent Pre-Test and Post-Test Control Group Design. The research sample for the experimental class was all class V students at SD Negeri 11 Lubuk Buaya, totaling 27 students and the control class was all class V students at SD Negeri 11 Lubuk Buaya, totaling 27 students. The data collection technique is in the form of 20 multiple choice test questions. The Independent Sample T-Test serves to test the hypothesis obtained by Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05. Based on the results, it shows that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. It can be concluded that the application of the Realistic Mathematics Education learning style and learning model has an influence and the learning outcomes of class V students at SD Negeri 11 Lubuk Buaya Padang increase. It is known that the experimental class obtained an average pretest result of 65.25 and the control class pretest average was 65. Meanwhile, the posttest average of the experimental class was higher than the control class, namely 84 > 72.5.

Effects of Computer Animation Instructional Package (CAIP) on Senior Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Geometry in Oyo Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria

This study investigated effects of Computer Animation Instructional Package (CAIP) Senior Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Geometry in Oyo Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. The researchers employed quasi-experimental design of the pretest, posttest, non-randomized and non-equivalent control group design. Purposive sampling technique was used to select one hundred and eighty four (184) senior secondary school students Oyo metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. The experimental group was exposed to computer animation instructional package while the control group was taught geometry using conventional approach. The instrument used for data collection was Geometry Achievement Test (GAT) and two lesson plans with reliability co-efficient of 0.89. The data collected were analysed using mean, standard deviation and t-test statistics. The result of the study revealed that there was a significant difference in the performance of students taught geometry using computer animation and the control, t(117)=7.34,P<. Also, gender has no influence on students’ performance in geometry, t(66)= 0.69, P> 0.05. The study recommended among others that Stakeholders in education and professional bodies should train and retrain teachers on how to use instructional games such as computer animation instructional package for teaching geometry concepts and mathematics as a subject.

Effects of Meditative Practices on Academic Stress and Resilience of Ninth-graders

ABSTRACT Context: Rising stress levels among students in the current era of cutthroat competition are a cause of concern, and one of the major reasons for this rising stress is to excel in academics. Academic stress negatively impacts the lives of students, which raises an utmost need to control this stress among students. With a decrease in stress, there is also a necessity to make them able to bear stress up to some extent, i.e. to make them resilient. Meditative practices are considered effective in reducing stress among students, and these also led to improvements in resilience among practitioners. These studies served as a base for executing meditative practices as an intervention for the current study. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of meditative practices on the academic stress and resilience of ninth-graders. Settings and Design: A nonequivalent pretest–posttest control group design was used. The school was chosen using purposive sampling, and the experiment was conducted on ninth-class students; the intact sections of the class were randomly assigned as the experimental and control groups for the purpose. Materials and Methods: The Academic Stress Scale by Chavhan and the Resilience Scale by Kaur were administered for the assessment of academic stress and resilience. Statistical Analysis Used: The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the gain scores of the experimental and control groups for academic stress and resilience. The rank biserial correlation was done to calculate the effect sizes. Results: Academic stress was significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group at the time of the posttest; however, no significant improvements were observed on the scale of resilience among the students of the intervention group compared to the control group at the time of the posttest. Conclusions: Meditative practices can be appraised as a valuable tool for the reduction of academic stress among students and that does not cost a penny. More intensive and long practices may be needed for the improvement of resilience among ninth-class students.

The effect of group art therapy on the stress coping ability of Chinese international students in South Korea: using the person-in-the-rain test.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group therapy on the stress coping skills of Chinese students in Korea using a pre-test post-test control group design. Thirty participants were randomly placed into an experimental group (EG; n = 15) and a control group (CG; n = 15). The EG completed eight 120-min sessions of group art therapy. The Person-in-the-Rain (PITR) drawing test was conducted with both groups before and after the EG completed art therapy. The test revealed that EG members demonstrated lower stress and significantly higher stress resources and coping abilities than the CG members after the intervention. The group art therapy program improved the EG participants' ability to deal with stress. This study's findings may offer insights useful for determining how best to provide psychological and emotional support to international students who have left their home countries and are continuing their academic journeys abroad.

Effect of E-Module on the Academic Achievement of Chemistry Students at Secondary Level

An experimental study was designed to find the effect of e-module on the academic achievement of chemistry students at secondary level. This study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest non-equivalent control group design. All female science students of 10th class of public school were the population of the study. A sample of 67 female students of 10th class was selected from a public school GGHS Sheikhpur, in the rural area. Two groups were named after the conduction of pretest as experimental group and control group. E-module was designed to teach experimental group. Module and instrument were piloted and validated through expert opinion. Data were collected through pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed through inferential statistics with the help of independent sample t-test. The findings of the study were significant as academic achievement of students of experimental group was enhanced in chemistry through teaching with e-module as compared to control group in the area of Understanding and Application. It is recommended that to minimize the use of traditional teaching methods in science subjects and to enhance the area of understanding and Application, teaching with e-module may be encouraged at the secondary level.

Pengaruh Pijat Endorphin dan Hipnoterapi Terhadap Skala Nyeri Pasien Paska Operasi Apendiktomi

The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the effectiveness of endorphin massage and hypnotherapy on the pain scale after appendectomy surgery in the Surgical Inpatient Room at R. Syamsudin Hospital, SH Sukabumi City. Quantitative research method with an experimental research design, in the form of a pretest posttest control group design. The analysis in this research uses the dependent T test. The research results showed that there was a change in the pain scale with the difference in the mean of respondents in the hypnotherapy group before and after the hypnotherapy intervention of 3.1 with a P value of 0.000. There was a change in the pain scale with a difference in the mean of respondents in the endorphin massage group before and after of 3.0 with a P value of 0.000. In conclusion, there were changes in the pain scale before and after hypnotherapy and endorphin massage interventions
 
 Keywords: Hypnotherapy, Endorphin Massage, Pain Scale

The benefit of a four-week range of motion exercise on hand muscle strength in children with Down Syndrome

Background and Study Aim. Down syndrome is linked to motor disorders, leading to reduced physical activity and fitness, including diminished aerobic endurance and muscle strength. Study Aim - to investigate the efficacy of range of motion exercises in enhancing hand muscle strength in children with Down syndrome. Material and Methods. This research employed a true experimental approach with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The study sample consisted of 18 children with Down syndrome, aged between 10 to 12 years. The selected participants underwent range of motion exercises, which were systematically conducted 3 times a week over a span of 4 weeks. To assess the efficacy of the exercises, hand muscle strength was gauged both before and after the intervention. The measurement tool utilized was a Handgrip Strength (HGS) test, executed with the aid of a Takei dynamometer, ensuring accuracy and consistency in the results. For the statistical analysis of the collected data, a paired sample t-test was employed. The threshold for statistical significance was set at a p-value of less than 0.05 or 5%. Results. The range of motion exercise, when carried out for 4 weeks, has been shown to increase hand muscle strength in children with Down syndrome. Based on the results of statistical analysis of hand muscle strength pretest and posttest in the control group (CtrG) (6.06 ± 2.11 vs. 6.13 ± 2.23 kg, p ≥ 0.05), and the experimental group (ExpG) (6.10 ± 2.68 vs. 8.95 ± 2.69 kg, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions. These exercises play a pivotal role in boosting muscle strength in children with Down syndrome. Emphasizing their physical health, especially muscle strength, is vital for their current educational pursuits and future well-being.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA MATERI LINGKARAN KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 3 TONDANO

The purpose of this study was to determine the average mathematics learning outcomes of students of SMP Negeri 3 Tondano the circle material with the application of Discovery Learning. The research design was using post-test Control Group Design. The samples taken were students of grade VIII B as an experimental class and class VIII C as a control class at SMP Negeri 3 Tondano with a total of 28 and 26 students respectively. The results of the study in the post-test obtained an average experimental class of 79, 44 and the control class of 74.32. Based on the results of the statistical test of student learning results (t-test) obtained acalculated t value = 3.165 > ttable = 2.016. it can be concluded that student learning outcomes in circle material mathematics subjects taught using the discovery learning model are increased and better than the direct learning model

Education intervention model on clean and healthy living habits among mothers having children less than 2 years of age border in remote areas, Indonesia

Background: Stunting in toddlers reflects a failure to grow due to nutritional deficiencies. Repeated exposure to fecal pathogens, especially prevalent in areas where open defecation practices exist, can lead to diarrhea, hindered growth, health issues, and irreversible developmental impairments.Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of Agamis Sistematis Interaktif Kreatif/ASIK (Religious, Systematic, Interactive, Creative) education model (focusing on water, sanitation, and hygiene) on clean and healthy living habit (CHLH) among toddlers at risk of stunting in the remote border areas of Enggano Island, Bengkulu Province in 2023.Method: The researcher employed a non-equivalent control group design, also known as a pre-test post-test control group design, for the experimental and control groups. This research involved a sample of 60 mothers having children less than 2 years of age, comprising 30 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group. Data collection utilized a questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate data analysis was conducted using the paired t-test statistical analysis. The results of this study revealed a difference in the mean values between the experimental and control groups concerning WAZ (weight-for-age z-scores), with values in the experimental group pre=72.7000, post=75.2667, and the control group pre=76.8167, post=78.4167.Results: The research findings indicated a difference in CHLH between the treatment and control groups (ρ=0.000, ρ<0.05). The ASIK education model on CHLH among toddlers at risk of stunting is effectively applicable in the remote border areas of Enggano Island, Bengkulu Province in 2023.Conclusion: Government support in the form of budget allocation is crucial for the sustainability of continuous education aimed at stunting prevention in village communities.

The Impact of Sexual Health Education Course on University Students' Sexual Myths and Sexual Health Knowledge

This research was conducted to determine the impact of sexual health education course on university students' sexual myths and sexual health knowledge. The intervention group of the experimental study, using a pre-test post-test control group design, consisted of 149 university students who had a sexual health education course in their curriculum. The control group, on the other hand, consisted of 156 participants who did not have a sexual health education course in their curriculum. Participants in the intervention group received 2 hours of sexual health education per week for 15 weeks as part of the course curriculum, while no intervention was provided to the control group. Pre-tests and post-tests were administered simultaneously to both the intervention and control groups. Data collection instruments included a Personal Information Form, Sexual Myths Scale (SMS), and Sexual Health Knowledge Test (SHKT). The study data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 software. In addition to descriptive statistical methods, Pearson Chi-Square test, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation analysis, and tests for the significance of differences between two means for dependent and independent groups were used to test intergroup differences. The results were evaluated at a significance level of p

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Resilience and Coping Psychosocial Intervention Delivered to Families Experiencing Covid-19 Related Psychosocial Stress in Kampala city

Covid-19 related psychosocial stress, both in Uganda and internationally, is known to be a major public health burden at many levels including the family [1]. This study explores the effectiveness of the Family Resilience and Coping Intervention (fRCI) in Kampala city in Uganda. The study employed a two-group randomized, matched subjects, pre-test post-test control group design, investigatorblind, with a baseline, midline and end line spells that lasted for 3 months. Randomization was by family unit, using a 1: 1 allocation. The experimental group received the fRCI and the control group did not. There were 81 participants in the control and 92 in the intervention group. Instruments included a questionnaire that assessed demographic; coping, strengths and difficulties, depression, generalized anxiety, hope, and general family functioning. Evaluation of fRCI, and session feedback was assessed using forms. Data was analyzed using factor analysis, t-test, panel regression and thematic analysis. Across the baseline, mid and end line, results showed that the fRCI was effective in reducing family psychosocial stress. Significant predictors of family psychosocial stress included age, education and coping strategy. The youths, parents and counselors positively evaluated the fRCI and its sessions. It was recommended that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Disaster Preparedness adopt the fRCI. Teachers and community leaders and health and disaster workers be trained in implementing the fRCI so that they can help individuals and communities impacted by pandemics like Covid-19.

THE EFFECTS OF SRSD WITH MNEMONIC TRAP ON EFL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION SKILL

This paper examines the impact of a Self-Regulated Strategy Development using the mnemonic TRAP on the teaching of English reading comprehension skills. The primary goal of the research is to figure out whether: 1) SRSD with mnemonic TRAP is insightful in enhancing students' reading comprehension skills, and 2) the effects size of SRSD with mnemonic TRAP on students' reading comprehension skills. The research utilizes a quasi-experimental design using a pretest and posttest control group design. As of now, the research has been conducted on fifth semester college students in Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia. This research involves 70 students, with 35 assigned to the experimental group obtaining SRSD with the mnemonic TRAP and 35 assigned to the control group obtaining the RAP method - common strategy. There are significance differences in reading comprehension between students taught using SRSD with the mnemonic TRAP and those taught using the RAP strategy, confirming the results of a paired sample t-test. Students' reading comprehension improves significantly after utilizing the SRSD with the mnemonic TRAP, with an 80% contribution.

Effectiveness of Aloe Vera-Based Topical Therapy Products on Breastfeeding Mothers with Milk Scratches in Hamparan Perak Village

In Indonesia, a study revealed that approximately 86.4% of breastfeeding mothers encounter nipple issues such as blisters, dryness, and pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that chafed nipples contribute to substantial pain, discomfort, and diminished milk production among nursing mothers, thereby posing a hindrance to exclusive breastfeeding initiatives. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an aloe vera-based topical therapy product in reducing nipple chafing in breastfeeding mothers in Hamparan Perak District. Conducted as an experimental study with a pre-test and post-test control group design, the research transpired in Hamparan Perak village. The study enlisted breastfeeding mothers experiencing sore nipples, with 20 individuals in the intervention group receiving aloe vera-based topical therapy in gel form, and 20 individuals in the control group receiving a placebo. The assessment of effectiveness centered on measuring blister occurrence and nipple pain scores both before and after the intervention, employing the Mann-Whitney test for data analysis. Bivariate analysis utilizing the Mann-Whitney U-test yielded a significant P-value of 0.001. Consequently, it can be inferred that aloe vera gel demonstrably influences nipple pain, with aloe vera gel proving to be 5,537 times more effective in pain reduction. Future research could incorporate objective measures, such as clinical assessments or laboratory analyses, to validate the reported outcomes.

Field Trip Learning Method to Improve the Ability of Writing Descriptive Paragraph in Elementary School Students

Students from elementary school are expected to have good language skills because language is the most critical human capital. Speaking is an act carried out by every human being in togetherness with other humans to communicate. Language as a means of communication can be in the form of spoken language or written language. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the field trip method on elementary school student's ability to write descriptive paragraphs. The research carried out in this research is quantitative research. The method used in the research was quasi-experimental with a nonequivalent research design (pretest and posttest) control group design. The research sample consisted of 62 students consisting of 31 class IIIA students as the control class and 31 class IIIB students as the experimental class. Data was collected using test sheets to determine student learning outcomes. The data analysis used was a t-test analysis with a significance level of 5%. The research results show significant effectiveness in the ability to write descriptive paragraphs. Field trips for elementary school children can be used to expand the information obtained in class, providing experience regarding existing realities. Thus, the field trip method is effectively used to learn to write descriptive paragraphs and can be a solution for teachers experiencing similar learning obstacles.