Post-test Control Group Design Research Articles

Influence of STEM Student Worksheets to Improve Learning Outcomes and Student interest in Reaction Rate

This study aims to determine the effect of LKPD STEM using Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on reaction rate material. This research was conducted at SMAN 8 Medan in the 2022/2023 school year. This type of research is a quasi experiment with pretest posttest control group design. The population in this study were all XI MIPA classes at SMAN 8 Medan. The research sample was XI MIPA 4 class as an experimental class taught with STEM LKPD using Problem Based Learning (PBL) model and XI MIPA 1 class as a control taught using Problem Based Learning (PBL) model without STEM LKPD. The instruments used in this study were 20 multiple choice questions that had been tested for validity, reliability, difficulty level and differentiation, and 25 items of questionnaire statements of learning interest. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of STEM LKPD using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on learning outcomes with hypothesis testing sig. 0,001 < α (0,05). In addition, there is an effect of STEM LKPD using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on learning interest with a hypothesis test sig. 0,000 < α (0,05).

Uncovering The Effectiveness of the Project-Based Learning Model and Ecological Intelligence: Impact on Environmental Problem-Solving Ability in Senior High School

Equipping students with proficient environmental problem-solving skills is critical in the 21st century to address pressing global problems. This research explores the effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) combined with ecological intelligence as a strategy to increase students' cognitive understanding and environmental awareness. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group design was used. The participants were class XI IPS (Class XI IPS) students from SMA Negeri 1 Karangrejo (n = 5 classes). Purposive sampling resulted in an experimental class that was exposed to PjBL and a control class that followed traditional learning. Data collection was carried out through descriptive tests and observations that were validated and reliable. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed a significant positive effect (p less than 0.05) between PjBL and ecological intelligence on students' environmental problem solving abilities. Interestingly, no significant interaction effects (p greater than 0.05) were detected, indicating the potential dominance of the PjBL structured learning environment. These findings highlight the potential of PjBL as a pedagogical tool to foster environmental literacy and problem solving in geography education

Journeying Through Inquiry-Based Learning: A Focus on Science Process Skills

This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest posttest control group design. This study aims to determine the influence of the guided inquiry learning model on the science process skills of students in class XI MIPA on motion systems material. This research was carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Kodeoha, Southeast Sulawesi in 2022/2023 academic year. The study took XI MIPA 1 as experimental class and XI MIPA as the control class. Each class consisted of 30 students. Sample selection was done by random sampling. In the experimental class, the guided inquiry learning model was applied while in the control class was implemented direct instruction model. The results of the science process skills test using the t-test obtained t-count of 2.6837 and t-table at a significant level (α = 0.05) of 2.0484, so t-count > t-table. It can be concluded that there is an influence of the guided inquiry learning model on the science process skills of XI MIPA class students on motion systems material at SMA Negeri 1 Kodeoha, Southeast Sulawesi.

The Effect Of Sensory-Motor Virtual Reality On Balance In Children With Clinical Down Syndrome

Introduction: Down syndrome affects approximately one in every 800 live births and leads to musculoskeletal disorders and motor skill delays. Children with Down syndrome experience persistent deficits in balance and coordination. Virtual Reality (VR) offers an interactive and immersive approach to therapy and has gained popularity in rehabilitation. This study explores the effect of sensory-motor virtual reality (VR SenMor) on static and dynamic balance in children with clinical Down syndrome.Methods: A randomized controlled trial with a pre and post-test control group design was conducted with 20 children diagnosed with Down syndrome. Treatment group (n = 10) received VR SenMor therapy twice a week for four weeks, while the control group (n = 10) received no treatment. Balance assessments were conducted using the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test before and after the intervention.Results: There were no significant differences in age, gender, or BMI between the intervention and control groups. The VR SenMor therapy resulted in significant improvements in the PBS and TUG test scores in the intervention group compared to the control group.Discussion: VR SenMor therapy enhanced balance in children with Down syndrome, with no confounding effects from age and gender. The VR system's sensory integration feedback and neuroplasticity mechanisms contributed to the improvements. The treatment's positive outcomes make it a promising approach for balance training at home.Conclusion: Sensory-motor virtual reality therapy shows promise in enhancing static and dynamic balance in children with clinical Down syndrome.Keywords: sensory-motor virtual reality; down syndrome

The Impact of a Mobile Application (Dr. Electron) on Science Attitudes and Self-Efficacy among Eighth-Grade Students

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an enrichment mobile application based on the gamification approach (Dr. Electron) on the attitudes towards science and self-efficacy of eighth-grade students in the Sultanate of Oman amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A quasi-experimental design was employed, utilizing both pre-test and post-test control group designs. The study sample comprised 63 students, with 33 assigned to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. The study used Measurement instruments including a science attitude scale with a reliability coefficient of 0.86 and a self-efficacy scale with a reliability coefficient of 0.93. Results indicated statistically significant differences in the post-test application between the control and experimental groups, favoring the teaching method employed for the experimental group in both the science attitude and self-efficacy scales. The study found no statistically significant interaction effect between the teaching method and gender in the post-test application of the science attitude scale. However, a slight interaction was observed between the teaching method and gender in the self-efficacy scale. The study recommends that science educators emphasize the importance of designing and implementing enrichment applications based on gamification principles to foster positive attitudes towards science and enhance students' self-efficacy. Keywords: Gamification Approach, Attitudes towards Science, Self-efficacy, COVID-19 Pandemic, Digital enrichment, Mobile application, (Dr. Electron

Effect of whitening toothpaste and toothpowder on nanofiller composite resin discoloration after immersion in black tea

Background: One of the factors of discoloration on composite resin is extrinsic factors, such as black tea. Various ways are used to restore the color of composite resin, for example, toothpaste or toothpowder with whitening ingredients. Adding whitening ingredients such as activated charcoal or pearl essence in toothpaste or toothpowder can remove pigments, chromophores, and stains on composite resin with an abrasion effect on the composite surface.Method: This research was an experimental laboratory with a pretest and post-test control group design. This study used 12 samples of nanofiller composite resin (Palfique LX5 B1) in a cylindrical shape with 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness. The research was conducted by immersing the samples in black tea for 4 hours with repetition for 13 days. After immersing, the samples were divided into 3 groups: group I was brushed with charcoal toothpaste, group II was brushed with whitening toothpowder, and group III was brushed with non-whitening toothpaste. Brushing was done for 3 minutes with repetition for 13 days. The color parameters were measured using VITA Easyshade V 3 times.Result: The Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed the data normally distributed (p>0,05). The repeated ANOVA test showed no significant color change (p>0,05).Conclusion: Charcoal toothpaste, whitening toothpowder, and non-whitening toothpaste affect the color change of nanofiller composite resin, but there is no significant color change between the three kinds of toothpaste.

The Effect of Imbibition on Immersion Hydrocolloid Irreversible Alginate Sodium Hypochlorite Disinfectant Solution and Red Betel Leaf (Pipper Crocatum) Extract

Background: impressing the patient's oral cavity in dentistry can pose a risk of cross infection between doctor and patient. Therefore it is necessary to disinfect the impression material to remove bacteria that stick to the impression material. Disinfection that can be used besides sodium hypochlorite can also extract red betel leaves. Purpose: to find out the difference of imbibition on immersion hydrocolloid irreversible alginate in sodium hypochlorite 1% and red betel leaf extract 100%. Method: this research is experimental with pretest and posttest control group design with 4 treatment groups, 2 groups were immersed in sodium hypochlorite 1% and 2 groups were immersed in red betel leaf extract 100%. Immersing time is 5 and 10 minutes. Each repetition is done 6 times. Negative molds are measured before and after immersion. Data were analyzed using the OneWay Anova Test. Results: The effects of alginate mold imbibition on sodium hypochlorite immersion were greater than immersion in red betel leaf extract. Conclusion: There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the imbibition of the printed hydrocolloid irreversible alginate soaked in sodium hypochlorite 1% and red betel leaf extract 100% for 5 minutes, and 10 minutes

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE MEDIA AS FAMILY ASSISTANCE TO PREGNANT WOMEN IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE

Background: Pregnancy is a physiological or natural condition that can occur physical and emotional changes. One way to improve the quality of life (QOL) is with family assistance. Interactive learning media is a learning method based on information and communication technology. Objective:To analyze the quality of life of pregnant women who are given interactive media as family assistance. Method: Quasi Experimental research design with Non-equivalent pre-test and post-test control group design. The quality of life instrument used in this study uses WHOQOL-Bref which consists of 26 questions with a Likert scale. Samples were taken by purposive sampling as many as 108 pregnant women who were divided into 2 intervention and control groups spread across at works area of Sleman Primary Health Centre. Results: The average increase in QOL for pregnant women in the intervention group was 1.74 and in the control group the average increase in QOL for pregnant women was 0.65. Mann-Whitney statistical test 0.025 (<0.05) which means there is a difference in the increase in QOL of pregnant women in the group of mothers who were given interactive media in the form of learning videos and those who were not given videos. Conclusion: Theres a significant difference in increasing the Quality of Life for pregnant women before and after providing interactive media in the form of learning videos. Health workers are advised to make interactive media as a form of promotive and preventive efforts for maternal and child health services. Keywords: Quality of Life, Interactive Media, Pregnant Women

Effectiveness of AI-Based Personalised Reading Platforms in Enhancing Reading Comprehension

This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of microlearning in higher education. The sample consisted of first-year MBA students, and a post-test control group design was used to assess the effectiveness of a microlearning module. The results indicated that the use of microlearning was significantly related to learning performance and participants' reactions to the module. Moreover, the microlearning group scored significantly higher than the control group. The findings suggest that microlearning has the potential to improve learning outcomes and enhance participant engagement. However, the study has certain limitations, and future research is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the optimal design and delivery of microlearning modules. The study supports the use of microlearning in higher education as an effective instructional strategy.

Microlearning and Learning Performance in Higher Education: A Post-Test Control Group Study

This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of microlearning in higher education. The sample consisted of first-year MBA students, and a post-test control group design was used to assess the effectiveness of a microlearning module. The results indicated that the use of microlearning was significantly related to learning performance and participants' reactions to the module. Moreover, the microlearning group scored significantly higher than the control group. The findings suggest that microlearning has the potential to improve learning outcomes and enhance participant engagement. However, the study has certain limitations, and future research is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the optimal design and delivery of microlearning modules. The study supports the use of microlearning in higher education as an effective instructional strategy.

The Application of the Discovery Learning Model in Improving Religious Understanding of Students in the Lessons of the Book of Sulam Al-Taufīq

Background: Understanding of the material of the book is difficult, it is not surprising to question whether the understanding of the material has become neglected. Therefore, the religious understanding of students must be developed by the ustāẓ in the Islamic boarding school through the learning process. This can be done using the formulation of the discovery learning model which contains a comprehensive learning procedure design.
 Purpose:. This study aims to determine the application of the discovery learning model, and the religious understanding of students using discovery learning and non-discovery learning models, as well as increasing the religious understanding of students after using discovery learning and non-discovery learning models in Class 1 Aliyah Darul Falah Islamic Boarding School and Al-Mukhtariyah Islamic Boarding School West Bandung
 Method:. The research approach used is an experimental study with a quasi-experimental type in the form of a nonequivalent pre-test and post-test control group design. The research population was students of Class 1 Aliyah Darul Falah Islamic Boarding School and Al-Mukhtariyah Islamic Boarding School, West Bandung with a sample of 106 students consisting of experimental and control classes. The research instrument used was a 38-item questionnaire, providing 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 description questions. Data were analyzed using statistical tests
 Results: The results of the research show that the discovery learning model is very suitable to be applied to the Al-Taufīq Sulam Book lesson, at the Darul Falah Islamic boarding school it got an average score of 93.65% which shows a very good interpretation value, and at the Al-Mukhtariyah Islamic boarding school, it got an average score of 93.65%. an average of 90.42% which shows a very good interpretation value. The religious understanding of students using the discovery learning model at the Darul Falah Islamic boarding school is at high criteria with an average pretest score of 52.39 and posttest 82.85 which has increased by 30.46%, at Al-Mukhtariyah Islamic boarding school it is at sufficient criteria. The average pretest score was 43.57 and posttest 75.87, which was an increase of 32.3%.
 Conclusion: Meanwhile, non-discovery learning at the Darul Falah Islamic boarding school is at sufficient criteria with an average pretest score of 58.44 and posttest of 70.22, an increase of 11.78%, at the Al-Mukhtariyah Islamic boarding school it is at sufficient criteria with an average score -average pretest 51.22 and posttest 60.65, an increase of 9.43%

The Effect of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) Model based on an Integrated STEM Approach with Entrepreneurial Character on Students' Creative Thinking Ability

This research aims to measure students' creative thinking abilities using the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model based on an integrated STEM approach with entrepreneurial character in dynamic electrical material. This type of research is quasi-experimental with a none-equivalent pre-test and post-test control group design research model. The population in this study was all students in class XII phase F, with a total of 8 classes. The sampling was taken using cluster random sampling. Class F4 is an experimental class with 35 people, and class F3 is a control class with 35 people. The experimental class implemented STEM-based PjBL integrated entrepreneurial character and the control class with conventional learning. The instrument used was a 4 question description test to measure creative thinking. Based on the t-test, it was found that the initial abilities in both classes were the same in terms of creative thinking skills. The average post-test score for the experimental class and control class. Based on the t-test, there is a significant difference, which means there is an influence of STEM-based PjBL integrated with entrepreneurial character on creative thinking skills.

The Potential of Purple Sweet Potato-based Food Bar as an Immunomodulator and Hepatoprotector Against Diethylnitrosamine-induced Mice

The food bar’s effect as an immunomodulator and hepatoprotector in vivo was tested on male BALB/c mice induced with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). The experimental animals were treated using the Post-test Control Group Design method. Six groups of 30 mice each made up the sample: The negative control group of healthy mice fed with a normal diet (P0); the group of healthy mice given the food bar (P1); the positive control group of mice induced with DEN and given a normal diet (P2); the group of mice induced with DEN and given a normal diet + food bar at 11,700 mg/kg (P3); the group of mice induced with DEN and given a normal diet + food bar at 23,400 mg/kg (P4); and the group of mice induced with DEN given the food bar (P5). The observations conducted included the spleen, which was used for the analysis of immunomodulators on T CD4+CD25+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells with cytokines TNF-α, IFN-Ɣ, and IL-10, blood serum for the analysis of SGPT and SGOT, and liver organ for the analysis of SOD, MDA, and histopathology. The results of the immunomodulator testing showed that the administration of the food bar (P5) significantly (p < 0.05) resulted in the highest percentage of CD4+ T cells at 2.93 % and CD8+ T cells at 5.30 %, a lower percentage of CD8+ T cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α at 0.27 % and IFN-γ at 0.29 %), a higher percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD25+, and CD25+ T cells expressing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) at 2.83 %. This group also exhibited the lowest levels of SGPT and SGOT, a higher percentage of SOD, and a lower percentage of MDA compared to other groups. The food bar, based on the mix of purple sweet potato, mung beans, moringa leaves, and strawberries, also reduced liver damage, as demonstrated through histopathological testing. HIGHLIGHTS Food bar demonstrated effectiveness as an immunomodulator by increasing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations, enhancing CD4+ T-cells expressing CD25+, elevating CD25+ expressing anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and reducing CD8+ T-cells suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) in the spleens of DEN-induced mice The provision of the food bar as the main diet resulted in reduced levels of SGPT, SGOT, and hepatic MDA in DEN-induced mice and increased SOD activity in mice induced with 50 mg/kg of DEN Food bar based on purple sweet potato, green beans, moringa leaves, and strawberries was able to protect and reduce liver cell damage caused by DEN, as demonstrated by histopathology tests GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Pengaruh Problem Based Learning terhadap Kemampuan Bernalar Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar

One of the ways to enhance students’ critical reasoning skills is by using the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model. It can help students improve critical reasoning skills in mathematics. The research aims to determine the effect of PBL on the critical reasoning abilities of MI Tarbiyatul Huda students. This research employed quantitative research using an experimental approach with a quasi-experimental. This research used a Pre-test and Post-test Control Group Design. The method used to obtain data is using test. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used was hypothesis testing analysis using SPSS Statistics ver. 2.6. Based on the results of the analysis, it is found that the F test shows that the F value = 0.466 with a probability significance level of 0.761 > 0.05. It can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. It means that the hypothesis is accepted. It means that there is a significant influence of the PBL model in statistical material on the critical reasoning abilities of class VI MI Tarbiyatul Huda students.

EFFECT OF QUADRICEPS ISOMETRIC EXERCISE ON REDUCING PAIN IN ELDERLY COMMUNITIES WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS

Background: It is necessary to make innovations that make it easier for osteoarthritis sufferers to do exercises independently at home. Patients can apply proper self-management, such as doing pain-reducing quadriceps muscle exercises. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effect of quadriceps isometrics on pain intensity in the elderly community with knee osteoarthritis. Method: This study uses a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test control group design. The sample was selected using a consecutive sampling technique, which consisted of 30 older people divided into 15 older people for each intervention and control group. The intervention group sample was given a treatment of quadriceps isometric for weeks with a frequency of twice a week, and then the control group was given education. The analysis used is a statistical test paired sample T-test and an independent T-test. Result: The paired sample statistics obtained the average pain result in the pre-intervention category with a scale of 6.2, while after the intervention, it was 5.2with a p-value < 0.05. In the paired sample statistics, the average pain result in the category before education was 7.28, while after education, it was 8.03 with a p-value < 0.05. In the independent T-test for the intervention and control groups, the results obtained were a p-value of 0.039 < 0.05. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the average intervention and control groups of quadriceps isometric exercise in reducing pain intensity in elderly patients.

The Effect of Adding Propolis to Formula Milk on The Streptococcus Sobrinus Inhibition Zone (In Vitro)

Background: Caries is one of the dental and oral health problems that are often suffered by children. One of the main causes is the habit of children consuming formula milk as it contains sucrose. Streptococcus sobrinus is an oral pathogenic bacteria that has a role in the initial process of dental caries. One of the natural ingredients that function as anti-caries is propolis. Objective: Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of adding propolis to formula milk on the inhibition zone of Streptococcus sobrinus bacteria. Methods: This type of research is a Laboratory Experiment with a Post-Test control Group Design. It consists of 4 groups, namely the formula milk group without propolis as a negative control, the formula milk treatment group with propolis concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20% carried out with 7 replications of each group. The sample is a pure isolate of Streptococcus sobrinus bacteria. Results: The results showed the average inhibition zone was the formula milk group without propolis was 0.00±0.00 mm, the formula milk group with propolis concentration of 5% was 12.87±1.18 mm, the formula milk group with propolis concentration of 10% was 16.65±1.51 mm, and the formula milk group with propolis concentration of 20% was 24.87±0.39 mm. Conclusion: It means the addition of propolis to formula milk has been proven to be effective in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus sobrinus bacteria.

The Effect of Non-pharmacological Therapy with Soy Milk on the Reduction of Primary Dysmenorrhea Pain in Adolescent Girls

Dysmenorrhea is a detrimental condition for many women, significantly impacting the health-related quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as warm compress, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest, play a crucial role as strategies. Particularly, the consumption of high-calcium foods, such as soy, is recognized as an effective solution. This research adopts a Quasi-Experimental design with a Pretest Posttest approach and Control Group Design, involving 10 female students in each group. Statistical analysis employs Paired Sample T-Test and Independent T-test. The research findings reveal a p-value of 0.000, rejecting the null hypothesis (H0), indicating a significant difference in the reduction of dysmenorrhea pain scale after the administration of soy milk and health education intervention (HEI) in adolescent girls at MA Walisongo, North Lampung. The discussion emphasizes the role of calcium in alleviating muscle tension, including the uterine muscles, and the presence of isoflavones in soy that can reduce dysmenorrhea. In conclusion, soy milk has a positive influence on reducing primary dysmenorrhea pain in adolescent girls at MA Walisongo, North Lampung.

PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING ON THE ABILITIES OF WRITING ARGUMENTATION COMMUNICATIONS OF MALAY-INDONESIA DEPARTEMENT STUDENTS HANKUK UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES SOUTH KOREA

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of the problem-based learning model on the ability to write argumentative essays of Malay-Indonesian study program students in the 4th semester audio visual course. In this research, this research used a quasi-experimental method by conducting a pre-test and post-test in two groups. This type of experimental research method uses a nonequivalent control group design, where the experimental class is treated and the control class is not treated. This nonequivalent control group design is almost the same as the pretest and posttest control group design, only in this design the experimental and control groups are not chosen randomly. Data collection techniques use tests. Data analysis techniques start from the normality test, homogeneity test, and continue with hypothesis testing.research data,So that post-test or final test data was obtained which was then analyzed using a two-sided T test, giving results that students who were given problem-based learning model learning treatment experienced more improvement compared to students who were not given problem-based learning strategies. This means that it is in accordance with the proposed hypothesis and it can be concluded that there is a difference in the ability to write argumentative essays between students who are given a problem-based learning model and students who are not given a problem-based learning model.

The Effectiveness of Virtual Tour Museums on Student Engagement in Social Studies Learning in Elementary Schools

During the era of digital transformation, the integration of technology into the field of education through teaching methods has become a necessity. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of museum virtual tour media on increasing student involvement in social studies learning in elementary schools. Research design uses quasi-experiment with pre-test and post-test control-group design. The research sample consisted of 64 students in the fifth grade. The dimensions and indicators used in the questionnaire are sourced from The Student Engagement in School Questionnaire (SESQ). The data used in this research comes from questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The N-gain Score test was chosen to analyse the data, comparing the average scores between the experimental and control groups. The findings show that there is a disparity in the average engagement results between students who use virtual museum tour media and students who use traditional textbooks. The experimental class obtained an n-gain score of 0.683 which indicated an increase in student involvement in the high category, while the control class obtained an n-gain score of 0.193 which indicated an increase in student involvement in the low category. Thus, the use of virtual museum tour media is proven to be able to make a significant contribution in increasing student involvement, encouraging cultural appreciation, and strengthening students' sense of nationalism in elementary schools.

Smartphone Application for Self-Care in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Contextual Learning Model

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an emergency problem that can cause death and disability worldwide. By using contextual learning models, smartphone applications can be an innovative solution for improving self-care and health condition management. This research aims to know the effectiveness of smartphone applications for self-care in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with contextual learning models. Pre-test and post-test control group design was used by researchers. The study was conducted in the period October 2nd, 2023 - January 2nd, 2024. The number of samples collected using the G Power formula was 110 intervention groups and 110 control groups. To select samples, researchers used a purposive sampling method. This research involved T2DM patients treated at nine Health Centers in Kediri, Indonesia. In the smartphone application educational intervention group with the contextual learning model, there was an increase in self-care from a mean of 43,03 to 81,53, and a p-value result of 0,008 was obtained. In the control group using the booklet, there was an increase in self-care from a mean of 37,19 to 52,62, and a p-value result of 0,000 was obtained. Smartphone applications with contextual learning models are more effective in improving self-care than education using booklets; however, both types of education can improve self-care in T2DM.