Postprandial Blood Lipid Research Articles

Influence of Obesity and Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Serum Ferritin and Insulin Levels in Young Adults

Aim: Obesity and family history of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus are the major risk factors for the development of type 2 Diabetes mellitus in youth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between serum ferritin and insulin resistance in healthy young obese with and without family history of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Kambipura, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, for eight months period in the year 2012. Material and Methods: A small group study was undertaken in 90 students who were in the age group of 17-22 years. The study population was divided into two groups based on body mass index, Group I /non-obese group (n=46) and Group II/ overweight & obese group (n=44). Fasting and postprandial blood glucose, Serum ferritin, serum insulin and lipid parameters were estimated and Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated for all the ninety students. Results: Statistically significant differences in Total cholesterol (p=0.05), Triglycerides (p=0.05), serum insulin (p<0.01) and HOMA (p<0.01) were observed between the two groups. Mean serum ferritin values were increased in group II (overweight/obese) but not statistically significant. Serum insulin and serum ferritin showed a significant correlation Original Research article Shetty et al.; IBRR, Article no. IBRR.2014.4.003 169 with BMI for the whole study group. Serum ferritin and insulin levels significantly correlated with waist to hip ratio in students with family history of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus as against individuals without family history. 59% of the obese students with family history of Diabetes mellitus had insulin resistance. Conclusion: Our study has shown that a significant proportion of obese students with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus had insulin resistance and elevated levels of ferritin, highlighting the importance of early screening for obesity associated co morbidities like metabolic syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in these individuals.

Dietary Anthocyanin-rich Haskap Phytochemicals Inhibit Postprandial Hyperlipidemia and Hyperglycemia in Rats

Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) fruit contains some bioactive phenolic phytochemicals, mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside (cy3-glc) and chlorogenic acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanin-rich phenolic phytochemical (containing 13.2% anthocyanin) purified from a Haskap fruit (named Haskap phytochemical) on postprandial serum triglyceride and blood glucose levels. The Haskap phytochemical (containing cy 3-glc at 300 mg/kg of body weight) was administered orally to rats fasted for 24 h and 30 min later, a corn oil emulsion was administered to these rats. After the administration, serum triglyceride concentration was measured. An increase in serum triglyceride concentration and the AUC significantly lowered in the Haskap phytochemical-administered group than in the saline-administered group. To evaluate the effect of serum glucose levels, the Haskap phytochemical was orally administered to rats fasted for 24 h and sucrose solution (2 g/kg of body weight) was administered to these rats after 30 min. After the administration, blood glucose level was measured. The Haskap phytochemical significantly reduced the increase in blood glucose levels and AUC in the Haskap phytochemical-administered group than in the saline-administered group. Furthermore, to investigate the long-term effects of Haskap phytochemical intake, high-fat diet (HF diet) with 1.5% or 3.0% Haskap phytochemical was administered to rats for four weeks. The investigation of chronological changes in the serum components of the rats fed HF diets in addition to the administration of Haskap phytochemical showed that the increase in serum triglyceride concentrations, total cholesterol concentrations and blood glucose were significantly suppressed compared to the HF diet-fed control (HF-control). These results suggest that the decrease in postprandial blood lipids and blood glucose by short or long-term Haskap phytochemical ingestion is due to anthocyanin and other polyphenols contained in the Haskap phytochemical.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young Patients of Coronary Artery Disease: Differences over a Decade.

Introduction: Studies evaluating temporal trends of Coronary artery disease (CAD) in young patients, from the India, are still lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate temporal differences in risk factors of young patients of CAD over a decade. Methods: This is a single centre retrospective study performed in a tertiary care teaching institution in North India. Case records of young patients (≤40 years) with acute coronary syndrome between January 2000 to December 2001 and January 2009 to December 2010 were obtained. Records were sought for active smoking, family history, waist size, blood pressure, hypertension, fasting and postprandial blood sugar and lipid profile for both groups and analyzed using SPSS v.17. For the purpose of the study, p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Medical records of a total of 79 and 83 patients with young CAD (≤40 years) were obtained for 2000-01 and 2009-10 period respectively. An increase in proportion of female patients, hypertension (p=0.004), dysglycemia (p<0.001), family history (p=0.01), metabolic syndrome (p<0.001), low high density lipoprotein (HDL) (p=0.07) and mean waist size (0.03) was noted over the years. Among males, increase in number of dysglycemics (p=0.0002), positive family history (p<0.0001) and mean waist size (0.032) was statistically significant. Conclusion: Over a decade the patients with young CAD in our study, there was an increase in proportion of patients with metabolic syndrome, dysglycemia and low HDL.

Effects of the sea tangle‐added patty on postprandial blood glucose and lipid profiles in borderline‐hyperlipidemic adults

Sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) has been well known to have a hypolipidemic effect in human as well as in animals. We found that the sea tangle‐added patty decreased postprandial plasma glucose and lipids levels in adults with normal blood lipid profiles in the previous study. In this study, we intended to evaluate the effects of the sea tangle‐added patty on postprandial blood glucose and lipid profiles in borderline‐hyperlipidemic (cholesterol≥200 mg/dL and/or triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL) adults. Fourteen subjects voluntarily participated and each subject provided written consent. Experimental patty (E) was made by adding 2.25 g of sea tangle powder instead of eliminating 1.125 g each of pork and chicken. Two hundred gram of Control patty (C) was provided with water to each subject who was in empty stomach for more than 12 hours and 4 mL of blood was collected intermittently at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minute after consuming the patty. After one week, the same amount of E patty was supplied and blood sampling was done as the first time. Before taking each patty, all subjects consumed the same meal for three days. E patty made blood glucose level increased less than C patty at 30 min, but there was no difference in serum C–peptide concentration. E patty also made serum total cholesterol concentration reduced more at 120 min and LDL‐C concentration lessened more at 120 min than C patty. However, HDL‐C level was maintained higher at 30 min, but kept lower at 180 min when consuming E patty than C patty. There was no significant difference in triglyceride concentration. The results indicate that the sea tangle‐added patty may improve postprandial plasma glucose and lipids profiles in borderline‐hyperlipidemic adults. (Supported by a grant from Chonnam National University, Korea)

Efficacy of Purple Passion Fruit Peel Extract in Lowering Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

The clinical efficacy of purple passion fruit peel extract (a flavonoid-rich dietary supplement) in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in adult type 2 diabetic subjects was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-one subjects were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of purple passion fruit (220 mg) or a matched placebo for 16 weeks. Body mass index, blood pressure, fasting and postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile were determined at baseline and at monthly intervals. A significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose was observed following administration of purple passion fruit ( P &lt; .05). Purple passion fruit was well tolerated, and no adverse events were reported. These data suggest that purple passion fruit supplementation for 16 weeks in type 2 diabetics results in a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose, indicating that purple passion fruit is safe and well tolerated by diabetics.

Relationship between HbA1c levels and coronary artery severity in nondiabetic acute coronary syndrome patients

In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between HbA1c levels and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without diabetes mellitus. In this study, we included 65 patients (11 females, mean age: 57±11.42 years; 54 males, mean age: 54.56±8.51 years) who were diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction without diabetes mellitus. During hospitalization, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and HbA1C were measured in each patient. Gensini score was used to assess the severity of coronary artery disease. Twenty patients (30.8%) had hypertension, 15 (23.1%) had impaired fasting glucose, 10 (15.3%) had combined impaired fasting and postprandial glucose, 28 had a low HDL cholesterol (45%), and 30 (46%) had abdominal obesity. Coronary angiography revealed one-vessel disease in 13 patients (20%), and two- and three-vessel disease in 52 patients (80%). There were no significant differences in terms of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total cholesterol, fasting glucose, and postprandial glucose (0.068, 0.974, 0.178, 0.677, respectively). There was no significant relation between the Gensini score and HbA1c levels (p=0.299), but there was a significant relation between the Gensini score and obesity (p=0.024). In our study, no significant relationship could be determined between the Gensini score and HbA1C, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, lipid profile, and hs-CRP levels in patients with nondiabetic ACSs.

Effect of low dose mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone on glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adult males

Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) activation is involved in blood pressure regulation and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiac fibrosis, vascular inflammation and arterial aging. Recent investigations suggest a role for MR activation in metabolic dysregulation. ObjectiveTo test the effect of MR blockade on basal and postprandial glucose and lipid levels after a meal high in fat and glucose in healthy males. Subjects and methodsA prospective, self-controlled study was performed in 13 healthy adult males aged 18–45years. Blood was drawn before, 2h, and 4h after a high fat/high glucose meal (50g fat, 75g glucose), followed by low-dose eplerenone treatment (50mg daily) for 14days. Subjects returned for a second high fat/high glucose meal after the medication period. Basal and postprandial blood glucose and lipid levels were compared before and after eplerenone treatment. ResultsEplerenone treatment affected neither basal nor postprandial glucose and lipid levels in our study population. ConclusionOur results suggest that low-dose, non-blood pressure-affecting, MR blockade does not alter postprandial lipid and glucose homeostasis in healthy adult subjects.

Effects of a soybean nutrition bar on the postprandial blood glucose and lipid levels in patients with diabetes mellitus

We investigated the influence of a soybean nutrition bar made from whole soy powder on the blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels in comparison with a test cookie with the same amount of energy in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the cross-over designed study, meal tolerance tests using the soybean nutrition bar and test cookie were performed. Two kinds of test meals were used: Study 1 80 kcal, Study 2 592 kcal. The blood glucose response was significantly lower in the soybean nutrition bar trial than in the cookie trial (Studies 1 and 2, p < 0.001). The blood insulin response was also significantly lower in the soybean nutrition bar trial than in the cookie trial (Study 2, p < 0.001). The blood triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid responses were not significantly different between the two trials, nor were the changes in breath H2 enrichment (Study 2). The soybean nutrition bar did not induce postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients unlike the isoenergetic test cookies.

Cardiometabolic risk profile of rural South Indians undergoing coronary interventions

BackgroundAccording to projected estimates, India will bear 60% of the world's cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden by the year 2020. CVD mortality rates are high in South India compared with the...

Association study between G-protein β3 subunit gene polymorphism and antipsychotic agent-induced obesity

Objective To explore the relationship between G-protein β3 subunit (GNB3) gene C825T polymorphism and antipsychotic agent-induced obesity.Methods 126 schizophrenic inpatients with long-term antipsychotics treatment were collected.According to body mass index ( BMI),patients were divided into obesity group ( n =62) and non-obesity group ( n =64).The GNB3 gene C825T polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing technique.Levels of fasting blood glucose,2-hour postprandial blood glucose,blood lipids and blood uric acid of all patients were routinely measured.Results (1)The GNB3 gene C825T polymorphism were found in obesity group and non-obesity group respectively,and the distribution of genotypes in two groups were both consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.(2)There was no significant difference in genotype frequencies between obesity group ( CC 17.75％,CT 58.06％,TT 24.19％ ) and non-obesity group( CC 18.75％,CT 62.50％,T T 18.75％ )( x2 =0.59,P ＞ 0.05 ).There was also no significant difference in allele frequencies between obesity group ( C 46.77％,T 53.23 ％ ) and non-obesity group ( C 50％,T 50％ ) ( x2 =0.26,P ＞ 0.05 ).(3)No significant differences were observed in BMI,fasting blood glucose,2-hour postprandial blood glucose,blood lipids and blood uric acid among different genotype groups (all P ＞ 0.05 ).Also no significant differences were observed in BMI,fasting blood glucose,2-hour postprandial blood glucose,blood lipids and blood uric acid between Tallele carrier (TT and CT genotypes) and T-allele non-carrier( CC genotype) ( all P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion The GNB3 gene C825T polymorphism may not be a genetic risk factor for antipsychotic agent-induced obesity. Key words: G-protein β3 subunit ; Genetics; Polymorphism; Antipsychotic agents; Obesity

C-Peptide and its Correlation to Parameters of Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome

The progress of metabolic syndrome (MetS) continues with the onset of type-2 diabetes mellitus (Type-2 DM) along with linkage to other disorders such as neurodegenerative, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), via oxidative stress and low grade systemic inflammatory process. Type-2 DM and AD are health disorders of priority research. The treatment for an individual suffering with Type- 2 DM and/or AD requires monitoring by clinicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of C-peptide and its correlation to insulin resistance, body mass index (BMI), β cell function, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The study was designed to include 96 Type-2 DM individuals from India. 58.3% males and 41.7% females were selected and fasting blood samples were collected for estimation of fasting C-peptide, fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), HbA1c and lipid profile. Analysis was done on Hitachi912 and Elecsys 2010 using Roche reagents and standard controls. Anthropometries to calculate BMI and β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and insulin resistance were obtained. The statistical tool ANOVA, followed by calculation of p-value and r � value were applied for investigating correlation of C-peptide levels to those of high density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGL), HbA1c, β cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. Highly significant positive correlations were observed in different quantiles of C-peptide levels to the studied parameters of MetS, BMI and % β cell function. Lower HDL-C level was found to be significantly related to higher C-peptide levels. Similarly, TGL and C-peptide levels displayed a significant positive correlation. A significant negative correlation was observed between C-peptide quantiles and % sensitivity. Thus, insulin resistance showed a positive correlation until the fourth quantile. No significant correlation was observed between C-peptide and HbA1c levels. This study demonstrates that assessment of C-peptide levels is a useful tool to monitor the progress of MetS among patients suffering from Type-2 DM and AD, as these disorders are intertwined to each other by common metabolic pathways. Assessment of C-peptide levels, along with HDL-C levels, in patients can be used to monitor insulin resistance.

Circulating leptin and insulin in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: Relation to ghrelin and oxidative stress

AimThis case control study aimed to investigate relationship between appetite hormones (ghrelin and leptin) and body mass index (BMI), insulin and oxidative stress in simple obese and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) obese patients. MethodsThirty healthy controls; 30 simple obese and 30 T2DM obese patients were enrolled. Demographic and clinical data of all participants were reported. Serum levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), lipid peroxide (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by chemical methods while, insulin, leptin and ghrelin by ELISA kits. ResultsSerum levels of insulin, leptin, LPO were significantly higher while, ghrelin was significantly lower in simple obese and obese patients with diabetes versus controls. Insulin resistance was found in 76.67% simple obese and 93.33% obese patients with diabetes. Ghrelin showed a positive correlation with PBG in controls; but negative correlation with BMI in simple obese and with NO in obese patients with diabetes. Positive correlations were found between LPO and FBG, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and between leptin and FBG in obese patients with diabetes. ConclusionsOur results suggested that hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia may be most important mechanisms in decreasing ghrelin and inducing oxidative stress in simple obese and T2DM obese patients.

Investigation of early change of endothelial function and related factors in individuals with hyperglycemia

ObjectiveTo evaluate early change of endothelial function by color Doppler ultrasound and pulse wave velocity in hyperglycemia people, and probe the effect of related factors. MethodsFrom March to December 2009, 115 subjects (40 subjects with type 2 diabetes, 45 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and 30 healthy individuals) aged 35–45 without cardio-cerebral-vascular disease and other disease were recruited into the study. Height, weight, blood pressure were measured, and fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, adiponectin, endothelin and lipid profile were tested. Then, pulse wave velocity and color Doppler ultrasound test was processed in all subjects. ResultsThe abnormality of pulse wave velocity and endothelium-dependent dilatation was found both in impaired glucose tolerance stage and early stage of type 2 diabetes. Systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, endothelin, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose were positively correlated with pulse wave velocity and endothelium-dependent dilatation. Whereas, adiponetin was negatively correlated with pulse wave velocity and endothelium-dependent dilatation. ConclusionEndothelial dysfunction exits in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance as well as in type 2 diabetes. Pulse wave velocity and endothelium-dependent dilatation are associated with adiponectin and endothelin.

Acute metabolic responses to butter, margarine, and a monoglyceride gel-structured spread

Cardiovascular and metabolic health concerns have led to interest in development of saturated- and trans fat-free margarines, spreads, and other foods. We have recently characterized a novel monoglyceride gel (MAG GEL) that can structure liquid oil into a semi-plastic solid consistency in the absence of saturated and trans fats. Consumption of this MAG GEL resulted in tempered postprandial metabolic responses compared to those resulting from consumption of a compositionally equivalent but unstructured oil suspension, suggesting a structure-dependent metabolic response. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that postprandial blood lipid and metabolite responses to MAG GEL would be tempered compared to the responses after ingestion of butter and tub-margarine of equal total fat content. Indeed, blood triglyceride response was tempered in MAG GEL compared to butter, margarine, and unstructured oil trials, all of which produced similar triglyceride responses. The blood free fatty acid, glucose, and insulin responses were not different in MAG GEL compared to butter or margarine trials; and interestingly, there were no differences between butter and margarine trials for any of the metabolic response variables. The MAG GEL is a useful structure for many applications, and produces salubrious postprandial metabolic effects compared to other spreadable fats.

HMW-Adiponectin Associates with Triglyceride Concentrations in Type 1 Diabetic Patients

The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between serum high molecular weight (HMW)-adiponectin concentration and fasting and postprandial blood glycemic and lipid parameters in type 1 diabetic patients. Type 1 diabetic patients treated with short-acting insulin analogs and healthy volunteers were recruited. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the mean HMW-adiponectin value of 12.2 mg/L: low HMW-adiponectin (men/women=7/2) and high HMW-adiponectin (men/women=3/8). Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast, and 30180 min after consuming white bread (B) or white bread with butter (BB). Type 1 diabetic patients with high HMW-adiponectin had lower triglyceride and remnant like particle (RLP)-triglyceride concentrations than those with low HMW-adiponectin (p<0.01), and had a higher lipoprotein lipase mass (p<0.01) than healthy subjects (men/women=8/6). After B and BB meals, type 1 diabetic patients with high HMW-adiponectin consistently had lower triglyceride and RLP-triglyceride concentrations for up to 180 min than those with low HMW-adiponectin (p<0.01); however, apoB48 did not differ between these two groups. Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose were higher in both diabetic groups than in healthy subjects (p<0.001), with no significant difference between patient groups. HMW-adiponectin is more strongly associated with very low density lipoprotein remnant metabolism than glucose utilization in type 1 diabetic patients receiving short-acting insulin analogs.

Effect of Tang No.1 granule (糖1号方) in treating patients with impaired glucose tolerance

To observe the therapeutic effect of Tang No.1 granule (1, T1G) in treating patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). One hundred and forty patients with IGT and with Pi-Wei dampness-heat syndrome type were assigned randomly according to their visiting sequence into two equal groups. The control group received only general knowledge about IGT, but to the treated group, based on current knowledge available, T1G was given additionally for 6 months. Changes in related laboratory indexes, including fasting plasma glucose and insulin (FPG and FINS), plasma glucose 2 h after meal (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), were observed. The levels of FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, FINS, TG and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased after treatment in the treated group, showing a significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.01). Among them, HbA1c decreased from 7.08+or-1.41% to 6.56+or-1.29% in the treated group, while in the control group, it decreased from 7.02+or-1.37% to 6.93+or-1.31%. The level of LDL was also reduced in the treated group after treatment (P<0.05). In the treated group, 13 out of 68 patients (19.12%) had their glucose tolerance reversed to normal, while in the control group, only 2/64 (3.1%) got it reverse; a comparison between the two groups in terms of reversion rate showed a significant difference (P<0.01). No severe adverse reaction was found in the therapeutic course. T1G has good clinical effect as a treatment intervention for IGT, as it could improve glycometabolism, significantly depress the levels of post-prandial blood sugar and blood lipids, alleviate clinical symptoms of patients, and effectively cut-off and reverse the yielding and development of diabetes mellitus.

中鎖脂肪を用いたビスケットの単回摂取による血中脂質・血糖値の動向

The effects of dietary biscuits containing medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) on the post-prandial blood lipid and glucose levels in healthy humans were investigated. Seven volunteers ingested biscuits containing 33g of MCT or 33g of long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs) and functional saccharide sweeteners. The two test biscuits were given with a seven-day interval between. Blood samples were immediately collected, and 2 and 4 hours after ingestion.The serum triacylglycerol (TG) level significantly increased after ingesting the LCT biscuit, but not after the MCT biscuit. The serum remnant-like particle cholesterol (RemL-C) level also significantly increased after ingesting the LCT biscuit, but not after the MCT biscuit. RLP-C showed the same tendency. These data suggest that the MCT biscuit may have suppressed the post-prandial elevation of RemL-C that is thought to develop or progress with arteriosclerosis. Moreover, the blood glucose level was significantly lower after ingesting the MCT biscuit than after the LCT biscuit. However, ketones significantly increased after ingesting the MCT biscuit.The overall results suggest that the MCT biscuit may endow a lower risk of post-prandial lipemia and hyperglycemia than the LCT biscuit, although more extensive trials are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Postprandial Blood Lipid Responses to Aerobic Exercise and Niacin Therapy in Men with Metabolic Syndrome

Postprandial Blood Lipid Responses to Aerobic Exercise and Niacin Therapy in Men with Metabolic Syndrome

Effects of Training on Postprandial Flow Mediated Dilation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if regular endurance training (≊3-6 years) has a protective effect on vascular endothelial function following the consumption of a high-fat meal. METHODS: Healthy, young males (21 ±2 years) were classified as trained (n=10, 75±5 ml/kg/min) or untrained (n=10, 47±7 ml/kg/min) as determined by oxygen consumption. Body composition was measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine fat-free mass and fat mass. Flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery following reactive hyperemia was determined before, 2-, and 4-hours after the consumption of high-fat meal using Doppler ultrasound. Blood was drawn to determine fasting and postprandial blood lipid levels. The high fat meal was a commercially available fast-food breakfast meal composed of 1050 calories, 66 gfat, 21.5 g saturated fat, and 330 mg cholesterol. RESULTS: FMD prior to the high fat meal (≊9%) was not significantly different between groups (p=0.398). FMD was significantly reduced at 2- (35% and 36% for trained and untrained, respectively; p<0.001) and 4-hours (21% and 36% for trained and untrained, respectively; p<0.001) postprandial compared to baseline. The FMD response was not significantly different between groups after the meal at either time point (p=0.119). Serum TG increased at 2- (45% and 79% for trained and untrained, respectively; p<0.001) and 4-hours (55% and 92% for trained and untrained, respectively; p<0.001) from baseline in both groups. LDL-C was reduced at 4-hours (6%; p=0.05) in trained subjects, and 2- and 4-hours (19% and 11%, respectively; p≤0.01) in untrained subjects from baseline. HDL-C was reduced at 2-hours (1.6% and 4.9% in trained and untrained, respectively; p=0.024) in both groups but returned back to baseline levels by 4-hours. No significant differences were found between groups on any lipid marker at any time point. FMD was not significantly correlated to the blood lipid levels at baseline, 2-, or 4-hours. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a HFM significantly reduced FMD for up to four-hours in trained and untrained individuals. Consistent endurance training did not prevent the transient reductions in vascular function after the ingestion of a single high-fat meal.

The impact of EPA and DHA on blood lipids and lipoprotein metabolism: influence of apoE genotype

Fish and fish oil-rich sources of long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been shown to be cardio-protective, through a multitude of different pathways including effects on arrhythmias, endothelial function, inflammation and thrombosis, as well as modulation of both the fasting and postprandial blood lipid profile. To date the majority of studies have examined the impact of EPA and DHA fed simultaneously as fish or fish oil supplements. However, a number of recent studies have compared the relative biopotency of EPA v. DHA in relation to their effect on blood lipid levels. Although many beneficial effects of fish oils have been demonstrated, concern exists about the potential deleterious impact of EPA and DHA on LDL-cholesterol, with a highly-heterogenous response of this lipid fraction reported in the literature. Recent evidence suggests that apoE genotype may be in part responsible. In the present review the impact of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk and the blood lipoprotein profile will be considered, with a focus on the apoE gene locus as a possible determinant of lipid responsiveness to fish oil intervention.