Postprandial 2h Blood Glucose Research Articles

The effectiveness of daily humanistic care in pharmaceutical care of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Although the current methods of pharmaceutical care have demonstrably improved pathogenic condition and humanistic health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes, lacking humanistic care limits its reach and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of daily humanistic care reminders in pharmaceutical care of patients with type 2 diabetes.A total of 1200 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. The control group received only pharmaceutical care, whereas the intervention group received extra humanistic care from clinical pharmacists. Biochemical data, levels of quality of life, satisfaction, and self-care behavior and relationships between humanistic care and glycemic control were collected before and after 12-month intervention.Humanistic care increased levels of quality of life, satisfaction, self-efficacy and self-care behavior score, decreased blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood lipid, fasting blood glucose, postprandial 2-h blood glucose (PPG), inflammation, and insulin resistance after 12-month follow up. Humanistic care showed a positive correlation with glycemic control and negative relationship with HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. There was a positive correlation between humanistic care and glycemic control (R = 0.641, P < .01) and a negative relationship between humanistic care and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes (r = −0.482, P < .01).In conclusion, humanistic care could improve the control of overall clinical outcomes and enhanced medication adherences, which play an important role in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes.

A Low-Carbohydrate Diet Realizes Medication Withdrawal: A Possible Opportunity for Effective Glycemic Control.

ObjectiveMultiple studies have confirmed that diet restrictions can effectively realize glycemic control and reduce metabolic risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In 2018, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) stated that individuals can select a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) according to their needs and preferences. Owing to the influence of Chinese traditional eating habits, only a small portion of patients in China have achieved their blood glucose goals. As a result, the Chinese government will incur huge expenditures.MethodThis study recruited 134 T2DM participants and randomly assigned them to the LCD group (n = 67) or the low-fat diet (LFD) group (n = 67). All of the patients had a fixed amount of exercise and were guided by clinicians. After a period of dietary washout, all of the patients received corresponding dietary education according to group. The follow-up time was 6 months. The indicators for anthropometry, glycemic control, and medication application parameters were collected and compared between the two groups.ResultsThere were 121 participants who finally entered the study. The proportions of calories from three major nutrients the participants consumed met the requirements of LCD and LFD. Compared with baseline, the pre-postdifferences of body weight, BMI, and several other indicators were significant except for dosages of insulin used in the LCD group and MES in the LFD group. After the intervention, body weight, body weight index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial 2-h blood glucose (PPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in the LCD group decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with the LFD group. The number of patients using lipid-lowering agents was significant higher in the LCD group and lower in the LFD group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups for antihypertensive, hormone-replacement, and other agents.ConclusionsThe LCD diet can decrease body weight, glycemic levels, MES, and lipid-lowering agents more than the LFD diet, thus decreasing cost burden in Chinese patients with T2DM. Strict diet control and monitoring are the keys to managing diabetes.

Manufacture of the Functional Noodle and its Effects on Postprandial 2h-blood Glucose and Serum Lipid Levels of Subjects with IGT

Background: The earliest determinant of progression to type 2 diabetes is a loss of early insulin secretion, a defect which results in postprandial hyperglycemia and is often believed to reflect insulin resistance. In Asian countries including our country, noodle is the traditional food which has been eaten from ancient times and is taken one or two times a day. The functional noodle is a staple meeting nutritional requirements for the prevention and treatment of Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT). Methods: FNs were prepared using the noodle making machine according to Barak et al. with slight modifications. After giving FNs prepared by three mixing ratios of main materials to the IGT-induced rats for 30 days, the levels of postprandial 2h-blood glucose in all experimental groups and control group were measured to determinate the optimal mixing ratio of FN. After the IGT subjects in experimental group ate 200g of FN (dried weight) in exchange for a lunch for 60 days, the levels of postprandial 2h-blood glucose and of TG and TC in serum were measured to compare with that in the control group who had not undergone control in their diet. Results: After 30 days of experiment, the levels of postprandial 2h-blood glucose in rats of pl group 4 were lowest. The levels of postprandial 2h-blood glucose in the control group that most of them had not undergone control in their diet were increased, but that in experimental group who had taken FN decreased from 30 days of experiment to be significantly different after 60 days. The concentrations of serum TC and TG of IGT subjects in the experimental group were decreased compared with that in the control group, but significance among two groups was achieved only in the concentration of serum TC. Conclusion: FN made in the 4:3:3 ratio of powder of corn, powder of bean cake defatted and powder of peeled whole potato is more effective to decrease the levels of postprandial 2h-blood glucose. FN is a staple type of functional food that could be used for the treatment of IGT.

Association between bladder fibrosis and oxidative stress in elderly diabetic patients

Objective To investigate the association between bladder fibrosis and oxidative stress in elderly diabetic patients. Methods In this study, 30 elderly patients with bladder fibrosis related diabetes treated in our hospital from June 2017 to December 2017 were selected as the research object (observation group, n=30), and the healthy population (control group 1, n=30) and non bladder fibrotic senile diabetes mellitus (control group 2, n=30) in our hospital during the same period were used as control. Fasting blood glucose, postprandial 2H blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were detected. Bladder dysfunction, urodynamic indexes and oxidative stress indexes were compared between the three groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between serum oxidative stress index and bladder fibrosis in elderly diabetic patients. Results The fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin of control group 2 and observation group were higher than those of control group 1 (P 0.05). The incidence of unstable bladder, low compliance bladder and bladder depression in the observation group was higher than that in the control group 1 and the control group 2 (P<0.05). The maximal urine flow rate and detrusor contraction pressure in the observation group were lower than those in the control group 1 and the control group 2, and the residual urine volume was higher than that in the control group 1 and the control 2 group (P<0.05). The maximum bladder volume, initial urinary bladder capacity and average bladder capacity in the observation group were higher than those in the control group 1 and the control group 2 (P<0.05). The expression level of CAT and SOD in the observation group was lower than that of the control group 1 and the control 2 groups (P<0.05). The expression level of MDA was higher than that of the control group and the control group (P<0.05), and the expression level of CAT and SOD in the control group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the level of MDA expression was higher than that of the control group 2 (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the expression levels of CAT, SOD and MDA were correlated with the incidence of bladder fibrosis related senile diabetes mellitus (P<0.05). Conclusions Bladder dysfunction in elderly patients with bladder fibrosis has some obstacles, abnormal urodynamic indexes and abnormal expression of oxidative stress indicators. Key words: Diabetes Mellitus; Aged; Urinary Bladder; Fibrosis; Oxidative Stress

Application of tertiary hospital and community health integrated management model in foot care of patients with diabetes mellitus

Objective To analyze the application value of tertiary hospital and community health integrated management model in the foot care of diabetic patients. Methods A total of 180 cases of patients with diabetes mellitus admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University from January 2018 to June 2018 were selected for the study and were divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 90 cases in each group.Control group was given routine management, and observation group adopted tertiary hospital and community health integrated management model, and they were intervened for 6 months.The episode frequency, hospitalization frequency, hospital stay, hospitalization expenses, and fasting blood glucose(FBG), postprandial 2 h blood glucose(P2BG) and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c), foot care effects [Chinese version of Nottingham assessment of functional foot-care(CNAFF)], self-management ability scale(SDSCA) score, diabetes specific quality of life scale(DSQL) score before and after intervention were recorded in the two groups. Results The episode frequency, hospitalization frequency, hospital stay and hospitalization expenses in observation group were lower than those in control group.The FBG, P2BG, and HbA1c in observation group after intervention were lower than those in control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The good foot care rate at 6 months after intervention in observation group was higher than that in control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The SDSCA scores in observation group were higher than those in control group at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after intervention, while the DSQL score was lower than that in control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions Tertiary hospital and community health integrated management model for patients with diabetes mellitus, and it can significantly improve the blood glucose level, improve the quality of foot care, quality of life and self-management ability.Therefore it is worthy of clinical promotion and practice. Key words: Community health; Integrated management model; Diabetes mellitus; Foot nursing

Application of Trinity new model home nursing on continuous control of blood sugar in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Objective To explore the application of Trinity new model home nursing on continuous control of blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Totally 98 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected from January 2016 to December 2017 in our hospital, who were divided into study group and control group by random number table, and there were 49 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional nursing until the hospital was discharged, and the routine follow-up was given after discharge. The study group was given conventional nursing until the hospital was discharged, and the new type of new home nursing mode was given after discharge. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial 2h blood glucose (2h PBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbAc1) were compared between the 2 groups at 1d before discharge, 1 months and 3 months after discharge, and the patients compliance were compared, then the quality of life of patients at discharge and 3 months after discharge were assessed by the diabetes specific quality of life scale (DSQL). Results The levels of FBG, 2h PBG and HbAc1respectively were(7.08±0.58) mmol/L, (10.06±0.72) mmol/L, (6.11±0.40)% of the study group at 1d before discharge, of which the control group respectively were(7.07±0.61) mmol/L, (10.07±0.74) mmol/L, (6.10±0.42)%. The levels of FBG, 2h PBG and HbAc1respectively were(6.13±0.44) mmol/L, (9.51±0.55) mmol/L, (5.51±0.30)% of the study group at 1 months after discharge, of which the control group respectively were (6.58±0.56) mmol/L, (9.75±0.53) mmol/L, (5.82±0.34)%. The levels of FBG, 2h PBG and HbAc1 respectively were(5.69±0.42) mmol/L, (9.03±0.44) mmol/L, (5.22±0.23)% of the study group at 3 months after discharge, of which the control group respectively were (6.17±0.40) mmol/L, (9.46±0.48) mmol/L, (5.51±0.20)%. The levels of FBG, 2h PBG and HbAc1 had significant differences in the interaction between groups and time (F=2.892-5.749, P<0.05). The complete compliance rate of the study group(79.59%, 39/49) was significantly higher than that of the control group (61.22%, 30/49) (χ2=3.967, P=0.046), and then on-compliance rate of the study group (2.04%) was significantly lower than that of the control group (14.29%) (χ2=4.900, P=0.027).The scores of the physiological function, psychology or spirit, social relationship, treatment and DSQL total score of the study group at discharge respectively were (26.62±4.35), (20.21±3.19), (10.36±2.32), (7.42±0.54), (64.61±9.27),of which the control group respectively were(26.49±4.18), (20.17±3.25), (10.45±2.44,(7.35±0.57), (64.46±10.38).The scores of the physiological function, psychology or spirit, social relationship, treatment and DSQL total score of the study group at3 months after discharge respectively were (17.33±3.96), (11.97±2.84), (5.01±1.14), (4.25±0.49), (38.07±7.12), of which the control group respectively were (21.72±3.51), (15.46±3.08), (7.18±1.85), (5.13±0.48), (49.49±8.74).The scores of the physiological function, psychology or spirit, social relationship, treatment and DSQL total score of the 2 groups at 3 months after discharge were significantly lower than those at discharge (t = 6.117-30.432, all P<0.01), and the scores of each dimension and total score of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group at 3 months after discharge (t=5.087-8.981, 7.091, all P<0.01). Conclusion The Trinity new model home nursing can obviously improve the blood sugar indexes of patients with type 2 diabetes after discharge, improve the compliance and the quality of life, which has the value of popularization and application. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Quality of life; Blood glucose; Trinity; New model home nursing

A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare the Effect of Peanuts and Almonds on the Cardio-Metabolic and Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

A low carbohydrate diet (LCD), with some staple food being replaced with nuts, has been shown to reduce weight, improve blood glucose, and regulate blood lipid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These nuts include tree nuts and ground nuts. Tree nut consumption is associated with improved cardio-vascular and inflammatory parameters. However, the consumption of tree nuts is difficult to promote in patients with diabetes because of their high cost. As the main ground nut, peanuts contain a large number of beneficial nutrients, are widely planted, and are affordable for most patients. However, whether peanuts and tree nuts in combination with LCD have similar benefits in patients with T2DM remains unknown; although almonds are the most consumed and studied tree nut. This study sought to compare the effect of peanuts and almonds, incorporated into a LCD, on cardio-metabolic and inflammatory measures in patients with T2DM. Of the 32 T2DM patients that were recruited, 17 were randomly allocated to the Peanut group (n = 17) and 15 to the Almond group (n = 15) in a parallel design. The patients consumed a LCD with part of the starchy staple food being replaced with peanuts (Peanut group) or almonds (Almond group). The follow-up duration was three months. The indicators for glycemic control, other cardio-metabolic, and inflammatory parameters were collected and compared between the two groups. Twenty-five patients completed the study. There were no significant differences in the self-reported dietary compliance between the two groups. Compared with the baseline, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial 2-h blood glucose (PPG) decreased in both the Peanut and Almond groups (p < 0.05). After the intervention, no statistically significant differences were found between the Peanut group and the Almond group with respect to the FBG and PPG levels. A decrease in the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level from the baseline in the Almond group was found (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to the HbA1c level at the third month. The peanut and almond consumption did not increase the body mass index (BMI) and had no effect on the blood lipid profile or interleukin-6 (IL-6).In conclusion, incorporated into a LCD, almonds and peanuts have a similar effect on improving fasting and postprandial blood glucose among patients with T2DM. However, more studies are required to fully establish the effect of almond on the improvement of HbA1c.

Application of ritodrine hydrochloride combined with magnesium sulfate in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnant women with threatened premature labor

Objective To explore the effect of ritodrine hydrochloride combined with magnesium sulfate in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnant women with threatened premature labor. Methods 74 gestational diabetes mellitus pregnant women with threatened premature labor were selected as the research subjects.According to the digital table, they were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 37 cases in each group.The control group was treated with magnesium sulfate, the observation group was treated with ritodrine hydrochloride combined with magnesium sulfate.During treatment and after drug withdrawal 3 days, the fasting blood glucose levels and postprandial 2h blood glucose levels during pregnancy, prolonged time, complications and neonatal conditions in the two groups were recorded. Results The total effective rate of the observation group was 97.30%, which was significantly higher than 83.78% of the control group, the difference was statistically significant between the two groups(u=2.336, P=0.019). The fasting blood glucose and 2h postprandial blood glucose levels were higher than before treatment in the two groups, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups(t=1.904, P=0.060; t=1.698, P=0.093). After stopping the drug, the fasting blood glucose and 2h postprandial blood glucose of the two groups were reduced to the pre-treatment levels, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups(t=0.953, P=0.343; t=0.749, P=0.456). The average gestation duration prolonged time of the observation group was (22.59±2.84)d, which was significantly longer than that of the control group(t=11.737, P=0.000). The neonatal birth weight and Apgar score of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(t=12.746, P=0.000; t=10.159, P=0.000). The neonatal survival rate of the observation group was 97.30%, which of the control group was 93.78%, the difference was statistically significant between the two groups(χ2=3.944, P=0.047). Conclusion Ritodrine hydrochloride combined with magnesium sulfate in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus pregnant women with threatened premature labor has good results, and can prolong pregnancy, and has less complications. Key words: Diabetes, gestational; Abortion, threatened; Ritodrine; Magnesium sulfate

Efficacy of standardized diabetes self-management education program

Objective To explore the efficacy of standardized diabetes self-management education program. Methods A total of 200 cases of diabetes patients were divided into experimental group and control group with 100 cases each by random digits table method. For experimental group, the patients received standardized diabetes self-management education, for control group, traditional management and occasional telephone follow-up, for 6 months. Blood glucose metabolism, lipid, diabetes self-management ability were evaluated. Results The score in diet control, exercise therapy, medication, self-blood glucose monitoring, complication prevention and self-management ability of experimental group were (20.56±1.23), (15.57±1.62), (13.95±1. 85), (14.62±6.81), (31.65±1.95), (96.52±1.28) points, and the score of control group were (19.74±1.36), (13.67±3.82), (12.66±1.03), (12.26±2.29), (29.56±1.76), (90.36±1.94) points. Compliance of two group was improved, and experimental group much better (t=3.53-5.82, all P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose, postprandial 2h blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol of experimental group were (5.52±1.32) mmol/L, (7.69±3.62) mmol/L, (6.22±4.21)%, (1.42±1.28) mmol/Land (4.36±1.27) mmol/L, and those of control group were (6.56±1.23) mmol/L, (8.78±5.42) mmol/L, (7.12±4.29)%, (1.78±1.49) mmol/L and (4.71±2.14) mmol/L. Metabolism of two group was improved, and experimental group much better (t=4.93-6.78, all P<0.05). Conclusions Standardized diabetes self-management education is better than traditional management. It is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Health education; Self-management

Study on the mechanism of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus of blood glucose fluctuation and oxidative stress

Objective To study the mechanism of diabetic nephropathy(DN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus of blood glucose fluctuation and oxidative stress. Methods 90 patients with type 2 DN were selected, included 30 cases of the normal albuminuria (DM group), 30 cases of microalbuminuria (NA group), 30 cases of the mass albuminuria (MA group), and during the same period, 30 healthy persons in our hospital for medical examination were selected as the control group(NC group). The blood glucose, blood lipid, blood glucose fluctuation and oxidative stress were compared among the 4 groups. Results The blood glucose(FBG), postprandial 2h blood glucose(2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) levels had statistically significantly differences among the 4 groups(F=23.088, 24.356, 43.553, all P 0.05). The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions(MAGE), mean absolute value of blood glucose(MODD), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels in the 4 groups had statistically significant differences(F=37.350, 216.899, 21.003, 93.211, all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that in patients with type 2 DN, negative correlation was observed between SOD and MAGE and MODD(r=-0.430, -0.523, all P<0.05), MDA and MAGE, MODD was positively correlated(r=0.534, 0.624, all P<0.05). Conclusion Blood glucose fluctuation is involved in the occurrence and development of DN, the mechanism may be correlated with oxidative stress. Key words: Diabetic nephropathies; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Blood glucose; Oxidative stress

Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of glimepiride treatment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective To evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of glimepiride treatment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Methods A total of 26 elderly patients who had encountered incidents of hypoglycemia were treated with glimepiride.Fasting and postprandial 2 h blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin(HbAlc), hypoglycemia(blood glucose<3.9 mmol/L), liver and kidney function, blood lipids, routine blood and urine tests were analyzed. Results After switch to glimepiride, patients' fasting and postprandial 2h blood glucose, HbAlc and the safety indexes(weight, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, heart rate, liver and kidney function, blood lipids, routine blood and urine tests)had no obvious difference, compared with levels before treatment(P> 0.05). There was a marked difference in hypoglycemic events before and after treatment with glimepiride(39 vs.9 events, P<0.01). Conclusions Glimepiride is safe and effective in blood glucose control with low incidents of hypoglycemia and is a good choice for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Key words: Glimepiride; Diabetes mellitus, type 2

Correlation study between vitamin D level and glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, early secretory function of pancreatic islets in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes

Objective To investigate correlation between vitamin D and glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, early secretory function of pancreatic islets in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Methods 115 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes were selected as observation group.115 postmenopausal women without type 2 diabetes were selected in hospital at same period as control group.All patients received detection of vitamin D, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, early secretory function of pancreatic islets.Correlation between vitamin D and glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, early secretory function of pancreatic islets were analyzed. Results Fasting blood glucose, postprandial 2h blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance index in the observation group were higher than the control group[(8.5±1.2)mmol/L vs (5.1±0.6)mmol/L, (13.4±1.5)mmol/L vs (7.8±0.7)mmol/L, (8.7±1.1)% vs (5.6±0.5)%, (25.7±1.0)kg/m2 vs (22.3±0.4)kg/m2, (5.6±0.7)mmol/L vs (4.5±0.4)mmol/L, (2.3±0.5)mmol/L vs (1.7±0.3)mmol/L, (3.5±0.6)mmol/L vs (2.2±0.4)mmol/L, (3.6±0.5) vs (2.5±0.4), t=9.667, 10.179, 8.535, 4.524, 5.443, 6.529, 8.909, 7.406, all P<0.05]. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin first secretion phase peak factor, pancreatic islet βcell function index, fasting insulin, vitamin D in the observation group were lower than the control group[(1.0±0.2)mmol/L vs (1.2±0.3)mmol/L, (5.2±1.3) vs (8.4±1.6), (135.8±11.7) vs (194.3±19.2), (4.1±0.9)IU/mL vs (10.8±0.6)IU/mL, (10.8±2.1)ng/L vs (27.4±3.8)ng/L, t=5.087, 9.153, 7.370, 10.414, 18.371, all P<0.05]. Vitamin D was significantly negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose, postprandial 2h blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance index(r=-0.537, -0.512, -0.469, -0.387, -0.325, -0.316, -0.372, -0.457, all P<0.05). Vitamin D were significantly positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin first secretion phase peak factor, pancreatic islet β cell function index, fasting insulin(r=0.351, 0.418, 0.674, 0.316, all P<0.05). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes may be involved in glucose-lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, but also may be one of the reasons leading to decreasing of early secretory function of pancreatic β cells. Key words: Diabetes, type 2; Vitamin D; Glucose-lipid metabolism; Insulin resistance; Early pancreatic secretion function; Correlation

Application of the improved abdominal rotation card method in insulin injection

Objective To explore the effect of the improved abdominal rotation card method in insulin injection. Methods A total of 100 hospitalized diabetes patients were randomly divided into control group (n=50) and observational group (n=50) according to the random number method. In the control group, insulin was injected to the subcutaneous tissue of abdomen with traditional method annular rotating method. Insulin was injected using improved abdominal rotation card method in the observational group. Compare accuracy and mastery rate of injection site rotation between the two groups. Compare fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial 2H blood glucose (PBG), HbA1c, the incidence of hypoglycemia and endermic induration between the two groups after three months. Results The nurses in the observation group had higher accuracy rate of the injection site rotation compared to the control group [98.6% (690/700) vs. 38.6% (270/700), χ2=584.66, P < 0.01]. Mastery rate of the injection site rotation for the patients in the observation group were significantly higher than the control group [70.0% (35/50) vs. 20.0% (10/50), χ2=25.74, P < 0.01]. The incidence of endermic induration were significantly lower in observation group compared to the control group [2.0% (1/50) vs.16.0% (8/50), χ2=5.98, P < 0.01]. The incidence of hypoglycemia were significantly lower in observation group compared to the control group [4.0% (2/50) vs. 16.0% (8/50), χ2=4.00, P < 0.01]. Conclusions The new abdominal rotation method in insulin injection can be a safe and effective therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Insulin; Hypodermic injection; The new abdominal rotation method in insulin injection

Survey on the relationship between dietarytherapy compliance of diabetes mellitus patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and glycemic control

Objective To investigate the relationship between dietarytherapy compliance of diabetes mellitus patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and glycemic control. Methods According to the three levels(good, medial and bad) of dietary therapy compliance, 136 diabetesmellituspatients with pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into three groups signed by group 1 (good compliance), 2 (medial compliance) and 3 (bad compliance). Questionnaire survey was appliedto respectively investigate the blood glucose level, body mass index, the sputum negative conversion rate and foci absorption rate of the patients in those groups. Results Of the 136 patients, group 1 had 32 (23.5%) patients, while group 2 had 62 (45.6%) patients,group 3 had 42 (30.9%) patients. Among these three groups, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) was(8.36±1.62) mmol/L, the postprandial 2h blood glucose (PBG) was (10.43±1.69) mmol/L, the HbA1c was(8.15±0.99)%, the body mass index (BMI) was (20.46±1.68) kg/m2, the sputum negative conversion rate was 55.9% (76/136), foci absorption rate was 46.3% (63/136). The comparisons of the three groups on FBG(F=34.01,P<0.01), PBG (F=30.77,P<0.01), HbA1c (F=32.35,P<0.01), BMI (F= 16.29,P<0.01),the sputum negative conversion rate(χ2=10.49,P<0.05), foci absorption rate(χ2=7.47,P<0.05) had statistical significance. Thecourse of diabetes (χ2=18.14,P<0.01) and patients' literacy (χ2=21.04,P<0.01) were both influence factors of dietarytherapy compliance. Conclusions Dietarytherapy compliance of diabetes mellitus patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is low and the glycemic control of those patients is poor. The situation of glycemic control and the therapeutic effect, the education about health to patients should be enhanced to make the dietarytherapy compliance better. Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Tuberculosis, pulmonary; Dietary therapy, Compliance; Disease control

Effects evaluation of extended care after "one-day care" for delivery women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective To explore the effects evaluation of extended after one-day care for delivery women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods From May to September 2013 in Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Peking University First Hospital, a total of 354 GDM pregnant women participated one-day care and then they were divided into experimental group (171 cases) and control group(183 cases) according to whether attended the extended care. Using repeated variance analysis measurement, the fasting blood glucose and postprandial 2h blood glucose values were compared whether the values had statistical significance between two groups at different visit time. Results The uterine-incision rates were 48.55%(83/171) and 49.7%(91/183) in the experimental group and control group respectively, and the incidence of giant babies were 9.4%(16/171) and 12.0%(22/183) respectively in the experimental group and control group (P>0.05). The time point of before visit, during visit and last visit in the experimental group, the fasting blood glucose and postprandial 2 h blood glucose were lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions One-day care for GDM can reduce the blood glucose level of GDM delivery women, but it has not significant effects on the control of gestation′s body weight and to decline the uterine-incision rate and incidence of giant babies. Key words: Gestational diabetes mellitus; Delivery outcome; Extended care; Blood glucose level; Delivery woman

A systematic review and meta-analysis of type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment based on the “three-typed syndrome differentiation” theory in Chinese medicine

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of "Three-Typed Syndrome Differentiation" (TTSD) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis was done based on the clinical diabetes treatment literature of the "TTSD". Overseas databases like the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, and China databases like China Biology Medicine Disc (CBM), Chinese national Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, and VIP database, without limitation on language, were included with the time limitation from Jan 1982 to Dec 2012 by retrieval of relative original clinical research articles. Nineteen articles where contains 1,840 diabetes patients were obtained, in which no adverse reactions were reported. Of these, 14 literatures involved the effect of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 10 involved that of postprandial 2-h blood glucose (P2hBG), and 19 involved the overall efficacy based on the national Chinese medicine (CM) diagnosis and treatment standard of diabetes. All the meta-analysis results prefer to the "TTSD" groups (CM+Western medicine Based on TTSD). The results show that, beside the efficacy of Western medicine, the concentrations of FBG and P2hBG in "TTSD" groups continue to drop with statistical significance. For "TTSD" groups, the FBG subsequently dropped 1.03 mmol/L, 95%CI [1.24,0.82] P <0.00001), the P2hBG subsequently dropped 1.09 mmol/L, 95% CI [1.61, 0.57] (P <0.0001), and the overall efficacies benefit 3.46 times those of Western medicine alone, 95% CI [2.67,4.48] (P <0.00001). The CM by the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes based on TTSD might be safe and effective, and could better improve both blood glucose and the overall status of patients, including symptoms.

Intensive insulin therapy reduces the urinary intercellular adhesion molecule-1 excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

To observe the change of urinary intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) excretion in the patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to normal control group, and to investigate the effect and significance of insulin intensive therapy on the urinary ICAM-1 excretion. We examined the urinary ICAM-1 and creatinine (Cr) of random urine in 20 patients with T2DM and 20 normal subjects using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All diabetics were given intensive insulin therapy for 2 weeks, urinary ICAM- 1 and Cr was examined once again at the end of observation. Compared with the normal control group, not only the fasting blood glucose (FBG), post-prandial 2-h blood glucose (P2hBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), but also the urinary ICAM-1 to urinary Cr ratio in patients with T2DM increased significantly (p<0.01). The urinary ICAM-1/urinary Cr ratio of diabetics had a positive correlation with FBG (r=0.51, p<0.01), P2hBG (r=0.496, p<0.01), and HbA1c (r=0.478, p<0.05), respectively. After 2 weeks of intensive insulin therapy in Type 2 diabetics, both the level of blood glucose and the level of urinary ICAM-1/urinary Cr ratio had a remarkable decrease compared with the basal values (p<0.01). Intensive insulin therapy is capable of alleviating the enhanced local inflammation reaction of renal tissue under hyperglycemia state with the reduction of urinary ICAM-1 excretion.