Postoperative Coagulopathy Research Articles

Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Activity as First-line Therapy for Coagulopathy in Cardiac Surgery

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Activity (FEIBA) versus Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) as the primary treatment for postoperative coagulopathy in cardiac surgery patients. DesignA retrospective, propensity-matched study. SettingA single, tertiary hospital. ParticipantsPatients who underwent non-coronary open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between 2015 and 2023. InterventionsNone. Measurements and Main ResultsWe stratified patients into two groups based on whether they received intraoperative FFP or FEIBA, while cases using both were excluded. We analyzed 434 cases, with 197 receiving FFP and 237 receiving FEIBA. After propensity-matching, there was no significant difference in the proportion of the patients who required pRBC transfusions (p=0.08). However, of those who required pRBC transfusions, patients in the FEIBA group required significantly less units of pRBC (p<0.001). Significantly less patients in the FEIBA group required platelet (p<0.001) and cryoprecipitate (p<0.001) transfusions. The FEIBA group showed reduced prolonged postoperative intubation (p=0.05), reduced ICU length of stay (p=0.04), and lower 30-day readmission rates (p=0.03). There were no differences in rates of thrombotic complications between the two cohorts. ConclusionsIn the initial treatment of post-cardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathy, FEIBA may be more effective than FFP in reducing blood product transfusions and readmission rates. Further studies are needed to explore the potential routine use of FEIBA as first line agent in this patient population.

Heparin consumption and inflammatory response according to the coating of cardiopulmonary bypass circuits in cardiac surgery: A retrospective analysis.

There are several types of surface treatments (coatings) aimed at improving the biocompatibility of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit. Some coatings appear to require higher doses of heparin to maintain anticoagulation goals, and some of them might induce postoperative coagulopathy. In this study, we compared the amount of heparin required, postoperative bleeding, and inflammatory response according to three types of coatings. We retrospectively included 300 consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB and received one of three coatings (Phisio®, Trillium®, and Xcoating™). Our primary objective was to compare, according to coating, the amount of heparin required to maintain an ACT > 400s during CPB. Our secondary objectives were to compare postoperative bleeding for 48h and CRP rate. Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups except for age and preoperative CRP. We did not find a significant difference between the 3 coatings regarding the amount of heparin reinjected. However, we found less postoperative bleeding with the Xcoating™ circuit compared to the Phisio® circuit (-149mL [-289; -26.5]; p = 0.02) and a lower elevation of CRP with the Phisio® circuit (2.8times higher than preoperative CRP) compared to Trillium® (4.9times higher) and Xcoating™ (6.4times higher); p < 10-3. The choice of coating did not influence the amount of heparin required during CPB; however, the post-CPB inflammatory syndrome may be impacted by this choice.

Off Pump CABG Improves Postoperative Incidence of Coagulopathy Compared with CABG on Pump

Abstract Background Coronary artery bypass grafting remains the standard treatment for patients with extensive coronary artery disease. Coronary surgery without use of cardiopulmonary bypass avoids the deleterious systemic inflammatory effects of the extracorporeal circuit. However there is an ongoing debate surrounding the clinical outcomes after on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass (ONCAB versus OPCAB) grafting surgery. Aim of the Work To compare the incidence of postoperative coagulopathy transfusion of blood product therapy, (Packed RBCs, FFP and platelet concentrate) bleeding (amount of blood in chest tube drains) and reexploration, that occur in adults off pump CABG surgery in comparison to on pump CABG. Patients and Methods We enrolled sixty consecutive adult patients scheduled for isolated CABG surgery (with a median sternotomy) with or without cardiopulmonary bypass pump. The patients are allocated in two groups where thirty patients in each group (group A – On pump – ONCAB- conventional surgery) and (group B – Off pump – OPCAB – beating heart) after obtaining their written informed consent. Results The clinical outcome measure was the incidence of bleeding in group B less than group A. In our study there was highly significant increase in the amount of blood in drains, transfusion requirements and need for re-exploration within twenty four hours after surgery in group A than group B. Conclusion We concluded that off pump cardiac surgery is better than on pump procedure in decreasing risk of bleeding, post-operative transfusion requirements and risk of re-exploration.

Postoperative coagulopathy among otherwise healthy pediatric patients undergoing open craniosynostosis repair: a retrospective study.

Significant blood loss and resultant transfusion may lead to coagulopathy. The need for routine transfusion of non-RBC blood products in healthy pediatric patients suffering significant, yet controlled, intra-operative blood loss is controversial. Open craniosynostosis surgery is often associated with significant intra-operative blood loss and transfusion, and routinely preformed on otherwise healthy pediatric patients. Therefore, we found it as a useful model for our study, which aimed to assess the need for routine transfusion of non-RBC blood products in healthy pediatric patients suffering significant intra-operative blood loss. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of otherwise healthy pediatric patients, undergoing open craniosynostosis surgery and transfused solely with packed red blood cells (pRBCs) in a single large-volume tertiary surgical center, between January 2010 and December 2021. Among 457 eligible patients, 34 (7.4%) developed significant postoperative coagulopathy. Median [IQR] intra-operative pRBC transfusion volume was 17.4mlkg-1 [13.3, 23.1]. Patients who developed coagulopathy did not have higher postoperative pRBC transfusion rate (8.8% vs 3.8%, P = 0.16) or volume (median [IQR], 0 [0, 0] vs 0 [0, 0] ml, P = 0.15), nor higher hospital LOS (5 [4, 5] vs 5 [4, 5] days, P = 0.66). ICU LOS was 0.8 [0.7, 1] vs 0.7 [0.6, 0.8] days (P = 0.02), a difference of no clinical significance. Conclusions: The incidence of significant coagulopathy after craniosynostosis surgery was low, and not associated with clinically important complications. In otherwise healthy pediatric patients, even significant intra-operative blood loss can be safely managed solely with intravenous fluids and pRBC transfusion. What is Known: • Significant intra-operative blood loss and resultant transfusion may lead to postoperative coagulopathy. • There are potential deleterious effects from both coagulopathy and administration of blood products. What is New: • Open craniosynostosis corrective surgery is a useful model for studying coagulopathy after significant intra-operative blood loss and transfusion in otherwise healthy children. • Under certain conditions, in otherwise healthy pediatric patients, even significant intra-operative blood loss can be safely treated with intravenous fluids and pRBC transfusion alone, with no clinically significant postoperative coagulopathy or its complications.

Correlations between the Circulating Level of Cell-Derived Microparticles and Surgical Variables in Heart Valve Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Cell-derived microparticles (MPs) as membrane vesicles are procoagulant. They play a role in surgical hemostasis. In this study, the correlations between the circulating level of cell-derived MPs and surgical variables in heart valve surgery were investigated. The present prospective case-series study was conducted in Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center from January through March 2021. Forty patients undergoing heart valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were enrolled. Before the induction of anesthesia and 30 minutes after the administration of protamine sulfate, venous blood samples were collected. After MP isolation, the concentration of MPs was determined via the Bradford method. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine the MP count and phenotype. Intraoperative variables and postoperative routine coagulation tests were defined as surgical variables. Postoperative coagulopathy was defined as an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≥48 seconds or an international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5. The total concentration of MPs and the MP count increased significantly after surgery compared with before surgery. The postoperative concentration of MPs was positively correlated with the CPB time (P=0.030, ρ=0.40). The preoperative concentration of MPs was significantly lower in patients with higher postoperative aPTT and INR (P=0.003, P= -0.50 and P=0.020, P= -0.40, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the preoperative MP concentration (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.01; P=0.017) was considered a risk factor for postoperative coagulopathy. The levels of MPs, especially platelet-derived MPs, rose after surgery, in correlation with the CPB time. Given the role of MPs in the induction of coagulation and inflammation, they can be considered therapeutic goals for preventing postoperative complications. In addition, the preoperative levels of MPs are a risk factor for predicting the occurrence of postoperative coagulopathy in heart valve surgery.

HIPEC as a risk factor for postoperative coagulopathy after cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal metastases.

Postoperative coagulopathy is a poorly investigated condition after Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). This study aims to evaluate the occurrence and risk factors of coagulative disorders after surgery for peritoneal metastases. The records were extracted from a prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients who underwent CRS between January 2018 and September 2020. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee. For each patient, the coagulation profile (CP), which included international normalized ratio (INR), partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and platelets (PLTS) before surgery, intensive care unit admission,1st, 3rd, 5th postoperative day (POD) and the day before discharge was collected. Risk factors for postoperative coagulopathy were identified at multivariate analysis. During the study period, 125 patients were included in the study. Among these, 48 (38.4%) underwent CRS only, and 77 (61.6%) CRS followed by HIPEC. Twenty-one patients (16.8%) developed severe coagulopathy, 5 (10.4%) after CRS and 16 (20.8%) after CRS-HIPEC. At multivariate analysis, HIPEC and blood loss ≥ 500ml represented independent risk factors for severe alteration of INR > 1.5 (p = 0.05, OR 1.2) and PLTS < 75 109/L (p = 0.03, OR 1.3), respectively. HIPEC is an independent risk factor for postoperative coagulopathy after CRS. Further studies are necessary to assess the usefulness of the point-of-care test in patients treated with CRS-HIPEC.

Incidence, Outcome, and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Surgery-Associated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Cardiovascular surgery is highly invasive, with a risk of postoperative coagulopathy due to various factors such as bleeding. Coagulopathy can progress to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which complicates various clinical conditions. However, no study to date has reported on DIC associated with cardiovascular surgery. Therefore, we investigated retrospectively the incidence, outcome, and risk factors of cardiovascular surgery-associated DIC in our institute. All patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery and were admitted to our intensive care unit between January 2016 and December 2017 were included in this study. The Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) DIC score was calculated using our institute’s database at the following time points: preoperatively, postoperative day 1 (POD1), POD3, and POD7. Data regarding surgery, 90-day mortality, and risk factors of DIC were also collected and analyzed by multiple regression. In total, 553 patients were considered eligible for analysis. Median age of eligible patients was 72 years, with a 90-day mortality rate of 1.4%. Patients with DIC at POD7 had higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, preoperative JAAM DIC scores, and a longer anesthesia time than those without DIC. Female sex, preoperative DIC score, and anesthesia time were found to be risk factors for DIC.

Comments of results after surgical replacement of mechanical mitral and aortic valve in children at Hanoi Heart Hospital

Objective: Assessment of early results after surgical treatment of mechanical mitral valve and aortic valve replacement in children at Hanoi Heart Hospital from 2004 to June 2019.&#x0D; Methods: Analysis and evaluation based on data collected from patients undergoing surgery and from the results of follow-up examination.&#x0D; Results: The total number of patients was 50, in which 34 cases of simple mechanical mitral valve replacement, 16 cases of simple mechanical aortic valve replacement. Average age of surgery: 7.58 ± 6.01 years (The lowest age is 7 months, the highest is 15 years). Male: 29 patients (58%), female: 21 patients (42%). Ultrasound before discharge and after 3 months, we found similar results: mean EF: mechanical mitral valve: 56.28 ± 10.67 %; Aortic valve: 54.72 ± 9.66% .Mean pressure : Mitral valve: 3.18 ± 1.25; Aortic valve: 12.12 ± 3.25 mmHg. INR index: mitral valve : 2.58 ± 1.20; Aortic valve: 2.34 ± 0.92. Complications of valve replacement: 2 cases of mitral valve replacement after surgery 3 years and 4 years; There was 1 case of aortic valve 5 years after surgery. Death immediately after surgery: mitral valve: 2 cases (5.88%); aortic valve: 1 case (6.25%); Late death: After 2 years, there was 1 case of death after mitral valve replacement; After 4 years, there was 1 case of death after aortic valve replacement.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of heart valve replacement surgery in children are positive. It is necessary to have better equipment and experience in open heart surgery in low-birth-weight children in order to operate the disease as early and effectively as possible, in which the treatment of complications of heart failure and post-operative coagulopathy should be considered important.

Comparison of intra-articular administration of adenosine, lidocaine and magnesium solution and tranexamic acid for alleviating postoperative inflammation and joint fibrosis in an experimental model of knee arthroplasty

BackgroundDysregulated inflammatory responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of joint stiffness and arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intra-articular (IA) administration of tranexamic acid (TXA), an anti-fibrinolytic commonly used in TKA, and ALM chondroprotective solution on postoperative inflammation and joint tissue healing in a rat model of knee implant surgery.MethodsMale Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 24) were randomly divided into TXA or ALM treatment groups. The right knee of each rat was implanted with titanium (femur) and polyethylene (tibia) implants. An IA bolus (0.1 ml) of TXA or ALM was administered after implantation and capsule closure, and before skin closure. Postoperative coagulopathy, haematology and systemic inflammatory changes were assessed. Inflammatory and fibrotic markers were assessed in joint tissue, 28 days after surgery.ResultsHaemostasis was comparable in animals treated with TXA or ALM after knee implant surgery. In contrast to ALM-treated animals, systemic inflammatory markers remained elevated at day 5 (IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, platelet count) and day 28 (IL-1β, IL-10) following surgery in TXA-treated animals. At day 28 following surgery, the extension range of motion of operated knees was 1.7-fold higher for ALM-treated animals compared to the TXA group. Key inflammatory mediators (NF-κB, IL-12, IL-2), immune cell infiltration (CD68+ cells) and markers of fibrosis (α-SMA, TGF-β) were also lower in capsular tissue of ALM-treated knees at day 28.ConclusionData suggest that IA administration of ALM is superior to TXA for reducing postoperative systemic and joint inflammation and promoting restoration of healthy joint tissue architecture in a rat model of TKA. Further studies are warranted to assess the clinical translational potential of ALM IA solution to improve patient outcomes following arthroplasty.

Risk Factors and Neurologic Outcomes in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury and Coagulopathy Within 72 h After Surgery.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the effect of coagulopathy in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the early postoperative period.MethodsThe baseline characteristics, intraoperative management, and follow-up data of 462 patients with TBI between January 2015 and June 2019 were collected and retrospectively analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Coagulopathy was defined as activated partial thromboplastin time > 40 s, international normalized ratio > 1.4, or platelet counts < 100×109/L.ResultsMultivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on admission, Injury Severity Score (ISS) on admission, pupil mydriasis, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, and intraoperative crystalloid resuscitation were independent risk factors for patients who developed coagulopathy after surgery. There were statistical differences in mortality (p = 0.049), the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GCS-E; p = 0.024), and the modified Rankin Scale (p = 0.043) between the patients with and without coagulopathy 1 week after surgery. Coagulopathy within 72 h after surgery revealed the higher mortality at 1 week (66.7%), 3 months (71.4%), and 6 months (76.2%). Coagulopathy within 72 h after surgery in patients with a TBI predicted worse disease progression and unfavorable neurologic outcomes.ConclusionTaking practical and reasonable measures to manage these risk factors may protect patients with TBI from postoperative coagulopathy.

"The use of bilateral continuous erector spinae plane blocks for postoperative analgesia after right-sided living donor hepatectomy: A feasibility study".

Postoperative pain after living donor hepatectomy is significant. Postoperative coagulopathy may limit the use of epidural analgesia, the gold standard for pain control in abdominal surgery. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is a novel regional anesthesia technique that has been shown to provide effective analgesia in abdominal surgery. In this study, we examined the effect of continuous ESPB, administered via catheters, on perioperative opioid requirements after right living donor hepatectomies for liver transplantation. We performed a retrospective cohort study in patients undergoing right living donor hepatectomy. Twenty-four patients who received preoperative ESPB were compared to 51 historical controls who did not receive regional anesthesia. The primary endpoint was the total amount of oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) required on the day of surgery and postoperative day (POD) 1. Patients in the ESPB group required a lower total amount of OMEs on the day of surgery and POD 1 [141 (107-188) mg] compared the control group [293 (220-380) mg; P<.001]. The use of continuous ESPB significantly reduced opioid consumption following right living donor hepatectomy.

A multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing administration of antithrombin III after liver resection (HiSCO-05 trial)

BackgroundPosthepatectomy liver failure is a poor prognostic factor after hepatectomy. Various preventive treatments have been tried; however, there are no clinical trials that use posthepatectomy liver failure as the primary endpoint, and the clinical effects of posthepatectomy liver failure have not been fully verified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether administration of antithrombin III can prevent posthepatectomy liver failure in patients with coagulopathy after hepatectomy. This study also evaluated the safety of AT-III administration after hepatectomy. MethodsThe current study enrolled 141 patients diagnosed with coagulopathy after hepatectomy between October 2015 and September 2018 at 7 hospitals in Hiroshima, Japan (HiSCO group). Patients were randomized to undergo either administration of antithrombin III (n = 64) or non-administration (n = 77). The primary endpoint was the incidence of posthepatectomy liver failure. This randomized controlled trial was registered with the University Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000018852). ResultsTreatment for postoperative coagulopathy was performed safely without adverse events. The incidence of posthepatectomy liver failure was similar in both treatment groups (nonadministration of antithrombin III group, 28.5%, versus administration of antithrombin III group, 28.1%; P = .953) The rate of morbidity was higher in the administration group than the non-administrated group (17.2% vs 11.7%, P = .351). Following the multivariate analysis of the whole study group, body mass index ≥25, total bilirubin ≥1.5 mg/dL, and the disseminated intravascular coagulation score ≥5 postoperatively were the independent risk factors for posthepatectomy liver failure. ConclusionThis study showed that the administration of antithrombin III resulted in no significant difference in preventing posthepatectomy liver failure, possibly through suppressing coagulopathy.

Коррекция дефицита антитромбина в периоперационном периоде у кардиохирургических пациентов

Введение: В качестве антикоагулянта у пациентов с сочетанием порока митрального клапана (МК) и ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) в периоперационном периоде используется гепарин. Терапевтическая активность гепарина зависит от уровня активности антитромбина (АТ). Дефицит АТ увеличивает риск тромбоза. Цель исследования: оценить эффективность и безопасность препаратной коррекции дефицита АТ в интраоперационном периоде у пациентов с сочетанием по рока МК и ИБС. Материалы и методы: Обследовано 30 доноров и 46 пациентов с ИБС и патологией МК. Измерение аналитов проводили на 3 этапах: до кожного разреза, после ушивания операционной раны, через 24 ч после начала операции. В зависимости от уровня активности АТ (cut-off 60%) пациенты с этапа 2 были разделены на 2 группы. Пациенты обеих групп получали лечение в соответствии со стандартным анестезиологическим протоколом, пациентам группы 2 дополнительно для коррекции дефицита АТ вводили препарат Антитромбин- III (Бакстер АГ, Австрия). Результаты: Не обнаружено разницы между группами по объему послеоперационной кровопотери, продолжительности искусственной вентиляции легких и времени пребывания в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии. Более низкая активность АТ в группе 2 сохранялась на всех этапах исследования. При нормировании снижения уровня АТ в группе 2 обнаружена более выраженная динамика. Аналогичные результаты получены для этапов 2 и 3 при нормировании восстановления активности АТ. Обнаружена умеренная отрицательная корреляция снижения активности АТ и времени пережатия аорты, уровня Д-димера и активности АТ на этапе окончания операции. Заключение: Исходная активность АТ у всех обследованных пациентов была ниже, чем в группе доноров. У пациентов с исходно низким уровнем АТ документирована более выраженная динамика его снижения. Восстановление активности АТ после препаратной коррекции его дефицита происходило значимо эффективнее. Пациентам с сочетанием порока МК и ИБС рекомендуется интраоперационная коррекция Антитромбином при снижении активности &lt; 60% к моменту окончания операции. Применение препарата безопасно и не ведет к увеличению кровопотери. Background: Heparin is used as an anticoagulant perioperatively in patients with combined cardiac pathology. The heparin therapeutic activity depends on the level of antithrombin (AT) activity. AT defi ciency increases the risk of thrombosis. Objectives: to access the effectiveness and safety of drug correction of AT defi ciency in the intraoperative period in patients with combined mitral valve defect (MVD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Patients/Methods: 30 healthy blood donors and 46 patients with IHD and MVD were examined. The analytes were measured at 3 stages: before the skin incision, after suturing the operating wound, and 24 hours after the start of the operation. Depending on the AT activity at the second stage (cut-off 60%) patients were divided into 2 groups. All patients received treatment according to the standard anesthetic protocol; group 2 patients were given Antithrombin III (Baxter AG, Austria) to correct AT defi ciency. Results: There was no difference between the groups in the postoperative blood loss, duration of ventilation and ICU stay. The lower activity of AT in group 2 patients remained at all study stages. When the decrease in AT level was rationed, more pronounced dynamics was found in group 2. Similar results were found at stages 2 and 3 after the AT activity restoration also was rationed. Moderate negative correlation at the stage 2 was found between the drop of AT activity and the time of aortic clamping, and between the D-dimer level and AT activity. Conclusions: The initial AT activity in all examined patients was lower than in the blood donor group. In patients with an initially low AT level a more pronounced dynamic of its decrease was documented. Recovery of AT activity was significantly more effective after drug correction of its defi ciency. For patients with MVD and IHD combination intraoperative correction with Antithrombin is recommended if the activity decreases by &lt; 60% by the end of the operation. The use of the drug is safe and does not lead to increased blood loss.

Continuous erector spinae plane block for pain management in laparoscopic liver resection: case report

Pain after liver resection can be difficult to manage. Epidural anesthesia (EA) isaneffective technique inpain control inthis surgery.&#x0D; However, postoperative coagulopathy and hypotension due to autonomic nervous system block in high-risk patients, may result that the EA is an inadequate analgesic technique in according to enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) recommendations for liver surgery.&#x0D; Regional block techniques have been recommended for liver surgery in ERAS guidelines.&#x0D; Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a recent block described for thoracic and abdominal surgeries and provides both somatic and visceral analgesia.&#x0D; We describe a high-risk patient with cardiac dysfunction and Parkinson’s disease who underwent laparoscopic right liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.&#x0D; Satisfactory intra and postoperative analgesia was achieved by a combined continuous ESP block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP), and oblique subcostal TAP blocks.&#x0D; Surgery and postoperative period was uneventful. No opioids were administered during hospitalization.&#x0D; A combined of thoracic and abdominal wall blocks can be an effective approach for intra and postoperative analgesia in highrisk patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection.&#x0D; Further clinical research is recommended to establish the effectiveness of the ESP block as an analgesic technique in this surgery.

Clinical Significance of Soluble Fibrin in Coagulopathy Caused by Highly Invasive Surgery

Background The clinical use of soluble fibrin (SF) as a coagulation marker is increasing. However, its diagnostic role in critical coagulopathy during invasive abdominal surgery has not been examined. Methods In the present study we evaluated changes in SF and other conventional markers, and we performed statistical examination of risk factors in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). A total of 44 highly invasive surgeries (segmental hepatectomy or more, 28; pancreaticoduodenectomy, 9; distal pancreatectomy, 5; and splenectomy, 2) were included. After excluding 7 patients who did not develop DIC, 37 patients were classified into 2 groups: the SIRS-associated coagulopathy (SAC) group, in which SAC remained after surgery (n = 16), and the DIC group, which developed DIC (n = 21). All patients received a diagnosis of SAC on postoperative day 1 (POD1) and DIC on POD2. Results Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences only in the SF level and fibrinogen degradation product (FDP; odds ratios, 14.4 and 7.8). A prediction formula was then prepared based on the β value: P = 1 / [1 + exp {–(2.665 × SF + 2.049 × FDP – 1.309)}]. The sensitivity and specificity of the prediction formula were 71% and 94%, respectively. Conclusions These results showed that the risk factors in the DIC group were SF and FDP on POD1, with SF being the stronger risk factor. Operative stress can be quantified using the SF level on POD1, enabling more specific perioperative management from the perspective of postoperative coagulopathy control.

Brain Computed Tomography Scan Findings in Children with Neurological Impairment During the Early Postoperative Period of Open-Heart Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives: We evaluated the brain computed tomography (CT) scan findings of children with abnormal neurologic recovery during the postoperative period for corrective/palliative congenital heart surgery. Methods: This study was conducted at a referral educational pediatric hospital from May 2015 to May 2016. We included patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) who underwent corrective/palliative cardiac surgery presenting with abnormal neurologic recovery in the early postoperative period. We recorded the demographic data, past medical history, surgery details, type of neurological disorders leading to a brain CT scan, and postoperative coagulopathy. Results: From among 734 cardiac surgeries from May 2015 to May 2016, 40 (5.44) patients with abnormal neurologic recovery were assessed by brain CT scans. Among them, 55 were male and 45 were female with a mean age of 14.6 months. The most frequent heart anomaly was the transposition of great arteries (27.5), which is known as the most common cause of cardiac surgery in the first month of life. Seizure (67.5) was the most common neurologic manifestation and had the highest predictive value for the presence of an abnormal finding in the brain CT scan (91.3). Intracranial hemorrhage, specifically subarachnoid hemorrhage, was the most frequent underlying pathology in brain CT scans of patients presenting with seizure. The most common findings in brain CT scans included subarachnoid hemorrhage (82.6), intraparenchymal hemorrhage (26.08), and ischemic infarction (17.39). Data showed that a bypass time of over 180 min could significantly increase the probability of abnormal brain CT scan findings (P value = 0.03), particularly intra-parenchymal hemorrhage (P value = 0.016). The presence of coagulopathy concomitant with seizure would significantly increase the possibility of abnormal brain CT scan findings due to an acute neurologic event (P value = 0.049). Conclusions: This study showed seizure as the most common neurologic manifestation in the early postoperative period of cardiac surgery and the intracranial hemorrhage as the most common underlying pathology in patients with neurologic symptoms. Seizure in patients with coagulopathy should be considered as a great concern for physicians to evaluate acute neurologic events more precisely. © 2020, Author(s).

Enhanced recovery after surgery in liver resection: current concepts and controversies.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) attenuates the stress response to surgery in the perioperative period and hastens recovery. Liver resection is a complex surgical procedure where the enhanced recovery program has been shown to be safe and effective in terms of postoperative outcomes. ERAS programs have been shown to be associated with lower morbidity, shortened postoperative stay, and reduced cost with no difference in mortality and readmission rates. However, there are challenges that are unique to hepatic resection such as safety after epidural catheterization and postoperative coagulopathy, intraoperative fluids and postoperative organ dysfunction, need for low central venous pressure to reduce blood loss, and non-lactate containing intravenous fluids. This narrative review briefly discusses these concerns and controversies and suggests revisiting some of the strong recommendations made by the ERAS society in light of the recent evidence.

Thromboelastography-Directed Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery: Impact on Postoperative Outcomes

Transfusion of allogenic blood products is associated with substantial morbidity and increased risk of mortality. Thrombelastography (TEG) to direct transfusion management during and immediately after cardiothoracic surgery reduced blood product usage in our institution. The goal of this study was to quantify the impact of TEG on postoperative outcomes. All patients who underwent cardiac surgical procedures before and after implementation of TEG were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics, blood product administration, and length of stay (LOS) were compared. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the impact of TEG on the odds of reoperation, LOS, and 6-month mortality. Included in analysis were 367 patients in the pre-TEG period and 310 patients in the post-TEG period. Baseline characteristics did not vary between periods. Exposure to blood products was significantly reduced after implementation of TEG (p < 0.001). The incidence of reoperation was lower in the post-TEG period (7.1% versus 3.5%, p= 0.04). Controlling for related factors on multivariate analysis, TEG was associated with reduction in postoperative LOS (11.3 versus 9.9 days, p= 0.04) and 6-month mortality (odds ratio 2.98, 95% confidence limits: 1.13 and 7.85). The use of TEG to guide blood product administration substantially affected patient outcomes, including LOS, odds of reoperation, and short-term mortality. The impacts appreciated may be due to the reduced use of allogenic blood products and the ability to distinguish between postoperative coagulopathy and surgical bleeding with the use of this point-of-care test.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Coagulation Profile Derangement After Liver Surgery: Implications for the Use of Epidural Analgesia-A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Hepatic surgery is a major abdominal surgery. Epidural analgesia may decrease the incidence of postoperative morbidities. Hemostatic disorders frequently occur after hepatic resection. Insertion or withdrawal (whether accidental or not) of an epidural catheter during coagulopathic state may cause an epidural hematoma. The aim of the study is to determine the incidence of coagulopathy after hepatectomy, interfering with epidural catheter removal, and to identify the risk factors related to coagulopathy. We performed a retrospective review of a prospective, multicenter, observational database including patients over 18 years old with a history of liver resection. Main collected data were the following: age, preexisting cirrhosis, Child-Pugh class, preoperative and postoperative coagulation profiles, extent of liver resection, blood loss, blood products transfused during surgery. International normalized ratio (INR) ≥1.5 and/or platelet count <80,000/mm defined coagulopathy according to the neuraxial anesthesia guidelines. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between selected factors and a coagulopathic state after hepatic resection. One thousand three hundred seventy-one patients were assessed. Seven hundred fifty-nine patients had data available about postoperative coagulopathy, which was observed in 53.5% [95% confidence interval, 50.0-57.1]. Maximum derangement in INR occurred on the first postoperative day, and platelet count reached a trough peak on postoperative days 2 and 3. In the multivariable analysis, preexisting hepatic cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.49 [1.38-4.51]; P = .003), preoperative INR ≥1.3 (OR = 2.39 [1.10-5.17]; P = .027), preoperative platelet count <150 G/L (OR = 3.03 [1.77-5.20]; P = .004), major hepatectomy (OR = 2.96 [2.07-4.23]; P < .001), and estimated intraoperative blood loss ≥1000 mL (OR = 1.85 [1.08-3.18]; P = .025) were associated with postoperative coagulopathy. Coagulopathy is frequent (53.5% [95% confidence interval, 50.0-57.1]) after liver resection. Epidural analgesia seems safe in patients undergoing minor hepatic resection without preexisting hepatic cirrhosis, showing a normal preoperative INR and platelet count.

Comparison of postoperative coagulation profiles and outcome for sugammadex versus pyridostigmine in 992 living donors after living-donor hepatectomy.

Donor safety is the major concern in living donor liver transplantation, although hepatic resection may be associated with postoperative coagulopathy. Recently, the use of sugammadex has been gradually increased, but sugammadex is known to prolong prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). We compared the postoperative coagulation profiles and outcomes of sugammadex versus pyridostigmine group in donors receiving living donor hepatectomy.Consecutive donor hepatectomy performed between September 2013 and August 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. For reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade, donors received sugammadex 4 mg/kg or pyridostigmine 0.25 mg/kg. The primary end-points were laboratory findings (PT, aPTT, hemoglobin, platelet count) and clinically evaluated postoperative bleeding (relaparotomy for bleeding, cumulative volume collected in drains). Secondary outcomes were anesthesia time, postoperative hospital day.Of 992 donors, 383 treated with sugammadex and 609 treated with pyridostigmine for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade. There were no significant differences between both groups for drop in hemoglobin and platelet, prolongation in PT, aPTT, and the amount of 24-h drain volume. Bleeding events within 24 h were reported in 2 (0.3%) for pyridostigmine group and 0 (0%) for sugammadex group (P = .262). Anesthesia time was significantly longer in pyridostigmine group than that in sugammadex group (438.8 ± 71.4 vs. 421.3 ± 62.3, P < .001). Postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in pyridostigmine group than that in sugammadex group (P = .002).Sugammadex 4 mg/kg was not associated with increased bleeding tendency, but associated with reduced anesthesia time and hospital stay. Therefore, sugammadex may be safely used and will decrease morbidity in donor undergoing living-donor hepatectomy.