Postmodern Period Research Articles

CONDITIONALITY OF NOTION “COMPLEXITY” IN TERMINOLOGY OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL FORM-GENERATION

Problem statement. As a starting point, the article takes the need for constant revision of basic architectural categories and notions, caused by events associated with the emergence in the 1990s − digital non-linear architecture. As the culmination of the postmodern period, digital architecture continues to enrich its paradigm with a focus on complexity of architectural forms. However, based on the current complexity sciences achievements, digital architecture takes complexity with understanding not encountered previously in architectural design theory. The equivocality of notion definition of «complexity» is accepted as a research problem. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the research is to define notion of «complexity» in the context of contemporary architectural form-generation. Methods. The method of semantic analysis was chosen as the main one. Conclusion. The relationship between the notions of form and complexity is revealed, based on a historical analysis of the notion definitions of «form». The term definition of «architectural form» is given through the connection of form and content, that reviles the key aspects of contemporary architectural form content. Changes in the content of notion definitions of «complexity» are analyzed from the design methodology standpoint and general scientific methods. The meaning of complexity is revealed at three levels of form perception: morphological, symbolic and phenomenological levels. The conditionality of necessity and emergence causes of complexity in contemporary architectural forms as a result of changes in the society value orientations is considered. Examples of the gradual implementation of principles and the influence of complexity science upon the architecture theory are given. Taking into account the considered features of complexity understanding and ideas about complex objects taken from complexity theories, a notion definition that does not cause difficulties in application of «complexity» is formulated. Conclusions with nuances of application and characteristics of the obtained definition are given. The possibilities for the further implementation of relevant systemic ideas about city and urban environment that capable to introduce architecture to a new scientific world picture are determined.

Distance Vocal Training in the Postmodern Period

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that in the 21st century the distance learning of vocal arts is becoming increasingly important in the postmodern period. The article characterizes the role and importance of educational innovations in the development of music education during distance learning. The author indicates the most important tasks, the solution of which involves the use of educational innovations during distance learning vocal art in the postmodern period. Along with this, such main directions of innovation activities as the formation of new content of the educational process, assimilation of new pedagogical technologies, and the creation of new varieties of educational institutions are influencing. The topic of the article is relevant in the international context, since examples of relevant innovations at the university level consider a "universal" approach to teaching vocal methodology (with coverage of "child" and "adult" periods as interrelated components), the use of media technologies to find professional information, the study of priority aspects of singing in distance vocal training in the postmodern period.
 The article presents innovations in vocal arts distance learning in the postmodern era; the use of innovations in vocal arts instruction; the renewal of present-day vocal arts institutions in the postmodern era: the vocal arts distance learning process in the twenty-first century.

Macedonian Literary Reality after the Postmodernism (The Reality as a Future Challenge of the Literary History)

This paper is dedicated to the events of the Macedonian literary scene in the period after postmodernism, with a separate focus on the poetics of the authors born in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. At the same time, the question of the poetic (un) coverage of the authors who debuted in the end and after the end of postmodernism is separately opend, while analyzing whether in the current moment, in the Macedonian literacy area in general, a separate stylistic formation can be recognized, but at the same time, is the postmodernism really over? By tracing the development of Macedonian literature, it is also analyzed whether it is even possible to speak of new literary generations in the sense in which the literary generation was prevously regarded in the Macedonian literary history. With this, the paper builds on the insights of Ala Sheshken in relation to the Macedonian literary history, with that it touches to the period of postmodernism, but then follows a great (future) challenge – how literary science will (can) valorize the current literary reality.

Reflections of the Female Identity Constructions in Animation Movies: An Analysis on of Disney and Hayao Miyazaki Movies

It is observed that women have a series of roles that are positioned within the framework of beautiful and attractive adjectives in the traditional order of social structure and they do not have a life away from home. It has been seen that the identity elements of women have begun to change during the transition to the process of modernism. Within the scope of the study, the changes that the female identity has undergone from the traditional period to the present were analyzed through the female characters in animated films. Twenty posters of Disney and Hayao Miyazaki animated films made between 1984 and 2022 were analyzed by semiotics in the context of female identity construction. The answer to five basic questions were sought, which include the roles identified with women's identity in the posters, the imposition of beauty, the existence of environmental pressure elements on women, as well as the reflections of the change that women's identity has experienced until the postmodern period. According to the research results; over time, the representation of women in Disney animated posters has changed and the characters became more individualized women who pursue their freedom. Additionally, research results showed that Hayao Miyazaki's female characters in animated movies were not subjected to the imposition of beauty, did not need a male hero, and even had an identity structure in which they were positioned in the role of savior.

A META-ANALYSIS IN DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT DIMENSIONS INCLUDING CONSUMER BEHAVIORS INTENDED FOR SYMBOLIC CONSUMPTION

Today, it is seen that the meaning attributed to consumption has changed. In the past, while consumption within the needs came to the fore, consumption lost its rational meanings with the modern period; pleasure, status, vanity, etc. purposes can be seen. Today, consumption has become a prominent concept in the social, psychological and cultural processes of societies. Symbolic consumption is a form of consumption in which the symbolic values attributed to the products or brands that are the subject of consumption are considered in demand. In this form of consumption, which is based on the ready-made meanings that products offer to consumers, which is seen as a necessity of the postmodern period, it is necessary to gain consumer status, to determine their social class, to define their own existence, etc. may be directed towards consumption. The meaning in the consumed object is transferred directly to the consumer. This study takes into account the academic studies in Turkey and the world between the years 2021-2022; It is based on the meta-analysis of academic studies that are determined by scanning databases through the online libraries of national and international universities such as YÖK National Thesis Center, Pubmed, EBSCOhost, Web Of Science and Google Academic.

Мистецтво лікування в епоху постмодерну

The article deals with the peculiarities of the development of the mankind, medicine, the art of healing in different periods (pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial) of the pre-modern, modern, postmodern epochs. Particular attention is paid to the postmodern period the appearance of which is connected with the disturbance of a human to adapt to the extraordinary acceleration of the pace of scientific development as well as development of technology, biomedical technologies, the increase in the number of crises and catastrophes. The features of the postmodern period in which the mankind is are under consideration: dehumanization of society, culture, medicine; identity crisis of an individual, patient, doctor; transformation of medicine into a service sector; a gap between the achievements of the life sciences, modern biotechnologies and a disappearing art of healing. The problems of the post-COVID world, the nearest future of the mankind are discussed.

A post-factual society

In 2016 Oxford Dictionaries declared “post-truth” as its international word of the year, and in the last years our vocabulary has enlarged with words and expressions such as alternative facts, disinformation, misinformation, fake news, etc.. Media and social media have undertaken factcheck mechanisms, and several academics have engaged in research on conspiracy theories. One seems to live in a post-factual society, with crucial implications concerning our democratic regimes. This paper aims to address this problem, adopting a philosophic-political approach. Firstly, I consider the emergence of Modernity and its relation to scientific revolutions and the inception of science as a vital arrangement of this historical period. For two centuries we had a strong consensus on the value of science as a tool to describe, understand and control nature and reality – and the notion of fact was central to that consensus. Furthermore, liberal democracy was developed from the conviction that, albeit our different opinions concerning political values, one’s discussion would be confined by facts that were not disputable. That old world seems to have disappeared as a new period has emerged since the 1960s, usually designated as postmodernity. Therefore, secondly, I address the rise of the postmodern period. Obsessed with language and identity, postmodernity has gradually made the ideas of truth and fact vulnerable – even obsolescent. Which consequences result in Western societies and liberal democracies? May democracies survive the assault on truth, science, and the very idea of fact? Or are we condemned to the next stage of government, according to Plato: authoritarianism?

Mockumentary Genre as a Cinematic Phenomenon of the Postmodern Age

The purpose of the research is to analyze the forms of artistic embodiment of mockumentary as a cinematic phenomenon of the postmodern era. By the purpose, the following tasks are set: to analyze the relatively new genre of mockumentary for the field of cinematography; to study the prerequisites for the formation of the genre, to determine the formal genre characteristics and specific tools of mockumentary filmmakers; to analyze stylistic and functional evolution of mockumentary films during the second half of the twentieth – early twenty-first century; to establish the factors that ensured the growth of the genre’s popularity in the postmodern era. The research methodology consists in the application of the following theoretical methods: analysis of the mockumentary phenomenon to determine the basic characteristics of the genre; a method of comparison regarding the functions of feature and non-feature films; a method of generalizing the processes and trends common to all spheres of the postmodern period culture; a method of abstraction about artistic means, which are equally characteristic of both documentary cinema and the mockumentary film genre. A systemic principle, namely a structural-functional approach, was also used to examine individual elements of the mockumentary genre and their relationship as constituent parts within the genre. The scientific novelty is caused primarily by addressing the phenomenon of mockumentary precisely in the context of postmodernism and conducting a detailed analysis of characteristic genre features. Also, the research singles out the reasons for the emergence of a new genre and the growth of its popularity. Conclusions. The article analyzes the reasons for the emergence of the mockumentary genre and the growth of its popularity during the second half of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century. By analyzing individual samples of the genre, its characteristic stylistic and technical features have been revealed, and subcategories of the genre and the tools of mockumentary filmmakers have been formulated. The role of the mockumentary genre in the development of contemporary cinema has been determined.

Cultural-historical models of verification the effectiveness of psychotherapy

The article analyses the leading trends and methods used in studies on the efficiency of psychotherapy from the cultural-historical perspective. The article stresses that experimental-examining methods are applied for verification of psycho­therapeutic effects within the classical approach; this approach is represented by meta-analyzes, i.e. a statistical combination of data from several studies. The main effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy were confirmed by this way. During the crisis of modernism, hermeneutic methods and the non-classical approaches to evaluate the psychotherapy results became popular; they were used primarily for psychodynamic therapies. During the early postmodern period, the post-non-classical approach to psychotherapy evaluation was developed; here, existential-phenomenological analysis of psychotherapeutic cases was used. The linguistic turn in late postmodern psychotherapy was based on various discursive analyses and, first of all, the intent-analysis. In addition, narrative analysis could be presented as a verbalized triangular model that takes into account deep intentions and the social context of a client’s life. The latest era of meta-modernism proposes a new turn to performance in psychotherapy, when quantitative and qualitative methods testing psychotherapy efficiency are united and used flexibly, as well as the methods of artistic and aesthetic development of reality are applied in the form of art therapy and involved into result evaluation.

Robert Venturi’nin ‘Las Vegas’ın Öğrettikleri’ Kitabı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

The aim of this study is to analyze; academician, architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi’s groundbreaking books in the world of architecture;’Learning from Las Vegas’ and ‘Re-Learning from Las Vegas’, in terms of postmodern urban design. For this purpose, the study focuses onthe different dynamics of architecture and tries to reveal the effects and contributions of the local context to thearchitectural concept and urban design with the contradictions and complexities it creates. The study that dealswith the dynamics of architecture, apart from the space, in terms of local context via Las Vegas Boulevard; examines dynamics such as communication / symbolic / non-architect architecture. Hence, while referring to post-modernism, a period of pivotal architecture, he particularly focuses on ; Learning from Las Vegas; to explain how the Everyday urban landscape of Venturi’s Las Vegas Strip, emerged eclectically and quickly. In the article, the architecture of Las Vegas Strip, which was the beginning of post-modernism in the 1960s, has been discussed in terms of urban design and urban landscape, focusing on the reflections of symbolic (sign) architecture and eclecticism. The everyday design philosophy of the boulevard is examined. While discussing Venturi’s discourse on ‘what we need to learn from Las Vegas’, it is also intended to reveal why he actually praises everyday architecture. Venturi, who is a member of the advisory board of Princeton University's School of Architecture and Urban Design, clearly demonstrated the philosophy of architecture in the book "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" presented in 1966; Again for the first time in this work, he responded to Mies Van Der Rohe, who is known with the phrase "Less is more", with "Less is bore" (less
 boring). Therefore, in the study, the understanding of urban design that emerged in the post-modern period has been investigated through Venturi’s interpretations and works, and an analysis has been made on how architecture, a local context consisting of symbols and hangars has a wide impact in the world.

Петербург − «самый умышленный город на свете» в контексте современной петербургской мифологии

Petersburg mythology reflects the perception of the city by its residents and their experience of it. This article considers Petersburg mythology as a replica of the “Petersburg text of Russian literature”. The author examines the phenomena characteristic of contemporary Petersburg mythology of the postmodern period: indeterminacy, free quotation, fragmentation, hybridization, “little history”, etc. Further, the paper analyses the meanings that Petersburg dwellers attach to Fyodor Dostoevsky’s famous expression “Petersburg is the most intentional town in the world”. One of the main features of postmodern thinking is manifested in the ideas about St. Petersburg, when various sources – first of all, literary, but also historical and architectural – make up contemporary Petersburg mythology. For this reason, the author chose the structural-typological method: comparing new mythological motifs with archaic and literary ones. Petersburg dwellers assign both positive (something thought out beforehand, an idea, a plan) and negative (something impetuous, a mistake, a crime) to the phrase “intentional Petersburg”. The author analyses the relationship between the concept of intentional town and the main myths of St. Petersburg: the creation myth and the eschatological myth, which are inseparable. Ideas about the intentionality of St. Petersburg are also associated with utopian ideas: creation at the will of an autocrat of an ideal city out of chaos, on swamp, but according to the rules of regular European urban planning. The author concludes that studying the concept of “intentional Petersburg” is relevant at present due to the following: the city’s creation and subsequent existence serve as a potential for an “intentional” impulse for the development of not only St. Petersburg, but of Russia as a whole.

ПРОБЛЕМА ГЕНДЕРА В ИСТОРИИ ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ МЫСЛИ

The article examines the etymology of the word "gender" and gives a definition of this concept. A comparative historical and philosophical analysis of various approaches to gender issues is carried out. The closeness of views on gender issues of Plato and Ibn-Rusht, on the one hand, and Aristotle and Ibn-Sina, on the other hand, is noted. It is concluded that the views of patriarchal philosophy dominated on gender issues until the 18th century. It is noted that the English writer Mary Wollstonecraft opposed the traditions of patriarchal philosophy. Her ideas were supported by French utopians and Marxists. The theoretical basis of feminism and gender equality in the period of modernism and postmodernism was the views of F. Nietzsche, Z. Freud, T. Parsons, R. Bales. It is indicated that the most prominent representative of feminism of this period was the French writer and philosopher-existentialist Simone de Beauvoir.

The Research of Computer Simulation of Textual Dimension in the Context of the Musical Discourse

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to rethink musical art as a value orientation in the period of postmodernity. The purpose of the study is to determine the features of the textual dimension of musical discourse as a feature of the postmodern value perception of musical art in combination with the information and computerization of society. The purpose of the article is to show the basic context of the textual dimension of musical discourse. This research shows a holistic analysis of musical art in the context of discourse analysis and innovative modeling, which in the future is a prospect for creating new ideas for the interpretation of musical works. The study highlights the main components of textual analysis of a musical work, as well as the perception of musical discourse as a manifestation of today’s information of social development. For a comprehensive analysis of musical art it is necessary to understand the basic theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of this concept. Therefore, the principal theoretical approaches of scientists concerning musical discourse in the context of the textual dimension were studied, and theoretical problems in musical discourse analysis were developed. Beneficial to study the complex modeling of the textual dimension of musical art, the methods of analysis and synthesis, research method and discourse analysis method were used. This study provided a basis for determining the effectiveness of computer simulation technology in the context of the musical dimension.

HOW TO COPE WITH POSTMODERN TEXTS: TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF INTERTEXTUALITY, PARODY, AND PASTICHE IN READING POSTMODERN TEXTS

This work explores how postmodernism has developed its own literary style reflecting the social, political, religious as well as philosophical and intellectual mood of the era. Postmodern texts have been created and recreated out of a blend of varied texts from previous periods, and they succeeded in creating a more conscious and questioning audience. Throughout the postmodern period, readers replaced authors and writerly texts replaced readerly texts. Literary texts began to be deconstructed according to the notions and theories of scholars and philosophers such as Roland Barthes, John Barth, and Jean-François Lyotard. In an attempt to succeed in producing new texts, postmodern writers established a sort of textual relationship between metanarratives and little narratives, applying intertextuality that is in a close interrelation with parody and pastiche – two complicated terms often miscible to one another. This study seeks to clarify the meaning of postmodern literary works by highlighting some postmodern literary devices such as intertextuality, parody, and pastiche in The French Lieutenant’s Woman by John Fowles, Night Train by Martin Amis and The Crying Lot of 49 by Thomas Pynchon.

Power and History in the Serbs: Historiography after 1990

This study aims to examine the processes brought forth in Serbian historiography using the structural nature of the mutually influential relationship between power and history as data. The study focuses on the post-1990 period and examines the history, institutions, major works, and historians of Serbian historiography. The period under study includes two distinct power eras: the nationalist transition and the postmodern period. The study examines the characteristics, structures, and dynamics of these periods within this framework and attempts to determine the continuity and differences between these two periods. The study analyzes the results of Serbian historiography’s relationship to power and history by examining the Ottoman narrative in general works on Serbian history.

Power and History in the Serbs: Historiography after 1990

This study aims to examine the processes brought forth in Serbian historiography using the structural nature of the mutually influential relationship between power and history as data. The study focuses on the post-1990 period and examines the history, institutions, major works, and historians of Serbian historiography. The period under study includes two distinct power eras: the nationalist transition and the postmodern period. The study examines the characteristics, structures, and dynamics of these periods within this framework and attempts to determine the continuity and differences between these two periods. The study analyzes the results of Serbian historiography’s relationship to power and history by examining the Ottoman narrative in general works on Serbian history.

Tarihsel Bir Perspektiften Modern Estetik’in İnşası ve Günümüzde Estetik Yaşamın İmkânı

Aesthetics became a basic philosophy branch/discipline with the book Aesthetica published by Baumgarten in the 18th century. Although aesthetics as a term is based on the concept of aisthanestai, which means to perceive and to sense in Greek, and aesthetics was a subject of philosophical discussion in this period, the fact that aesthetics became an independent philosophy discipline was realized with modern philosophy. Along with modern philosophy, the relation between beautiful and good we encountered in the Greeks, the essential value of beautiful that encompasses the whole of life was shattered, and especially the ethics-aesthetics relation came to an end. Aesthetics is confined to an inquiry purely on beautiful in a sensual extent. The surprising thing is that with this limited point of view, aesthetics as the subject of beauty in pre-modern period, could not be deepened and seem primitive due to its ethical aspect extending to the whole of life. Modern aesthetics has progressed with conceptual analysis and evaluations to reinforce this understanding. However, as Hakkı Hünler tries to show in his original work, Estetik’in Kısa Tarihi, in this judgment of modern aesthetic life as a product of a period in which the self was fragmented, is one-sided and one-dimensional. On the contrary, aesthetics as a branch of philosophy in the modern and post-modern periods, has led beauty to lose its essentiality and gradually become instrumental in search of making everything new in a way that will break from its roots. We can only see this problem with a historical reading on aesthetics. In this context, the article aims to bring Hünler’s impressive historical reading back to the agenda and to investigate the possibilities of a purely non-instrumental aesthetic life today.

Mythologization of the Balkans in Postmodern Period: Bosnia and Herzegovina between Desire and Reality

In this article, authors attempt to provoke the need of renewed understanding and researching related to the mythologization of the Balkans in Postmodern period. In the midpoint of this article is postmodern critic of international experts for legitimacy in ‘new state democracy’ (for example Bosnia and Herzegovina). Authors will try to make distinction between what is reality on the ground and what is the desirable model of Bosnia and Herzegovina for Europe. Regardless of various processes that are ongoing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is not possible to move away from mythological narratives and concepts

Back to the Future

Back to the Future

Sözlü Kültürden Yazılı Kültüre: Kurmaca Dilin İnşası

Bu çalışmada, “tarihsel gelişim” ve “kurmaca” ilişkisi, Jaques Lacan’ın özne teorisi dikkate alınarak sorgulanmıştır. Amaç, kurmacanın toplumsal değişimle ilişkisini kuramsal bir çerçevede ortaya koymak ve metnin ön plana çıkan özelliklerini “dilin inşa”sı bağlamında çözümlemektir. Buna göre kurmacanın toplumsal olayların/otoritelerin etkisiyle değişime uğradığı ve her dönemin tipik özelliklerini taşıyan güdümlü bir deneyimin sonucunda ortaya çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın iddiasını desteklemek amacıyla dönemlerin karakteristik taraflarını yansıtabilecek iki metin (Oduncu ve Kızı, Felatun Bey ile Rakım Efendi) seçilmiştir. Dilin ve onun tarihsellikle olan bağı, Lacancı terminoloji ve örnek metinlerden kalkılarak irdelenmiştir. 
 Lacan, teorisini “dil” ve onun iktidarı üzerinden kurar. İktidar olarak dil, sözlü kültürden günümüze dek dönemlerin değişmez yasalarında farklı kılıklarla ortaya çıkar. Her dönem esasında “önceki”ini –bastırılmış olanı- de içerir, bastırılmış olan bir tehdit unsuru olarak ve aynı zamanda kaybedilmiş olanın (nesne kaybının) kazanılabileceği düşüncesiyle hareket eder. Buna göre sözlü kültürde yalın, ideal ve değişmez özelliklere sahip, hayalî bir dünyanın hikâye anlatıcısıyla karşılaşmak mümkündür. Toplumun doğayla bütünlük kurma isteği ve “birey”in daha keşfedilmemiş olması okura farklı bir kurmaca deneyimi sunar. Buna karşılık yazılı kültüre geçişle birlikte akılcı yasaların etkisiyle anlatı, dış gerçekliği “nedensellik” yasası temelinde temsil etmeye başlar. Bu yasaların toplum üzerinde tahakküm kurduğu, modern dönemde Batılı olma fikrinin kurmacaya da sızdığı ve dilin bu fikirlerin taşıyıcılığını üstlendiği söylenebilir. Postmodern dönemde ise gerçekliğe duyulan güvenin azaldığı, şüphenin arttığı ve yerleşik anlatı yasalarının askıya alındığı gözlemlenebilir. Özellikle 1950’li yıllardan sonra metinlerin akıldışı bir üslûpla köktenci bir biçimde bütün dil yasalarını reddettiği tespit edilebilir.