Postmodern Research Articles

The War in Ukraine and De-Westernization as Historical Task: Opportunities and Limits

In the article the author mentions that A.A. Zinoviev was the fi rst to introduce the concept of Westernization into the Russian philosophical and journalistic context. But he viewed the problem of Westernization and the radical onslaught of the new world order only through the prism of the struggle of communism and capitalism in the 20th century and thus was methodologically limited. Zinoviev did not use the term “De-Westernization” either. Neither do we fi nd in his works any conceptual moves suitable for analyzing the Ukrainian situation. Therefore, at the new historical stage we are forced to think more concretely about the new round of Russia's struggle with the West, he problem and the need for “De-Westernization” for Russia and the areas of its traditional presence without Zinoviev, independently and relying on other thinkers. In the article the author registers that February 24, 2022, Russia took an action that was on the border-line between boldness and audacity. After all, we already live having one leg in the postmodern era. And this presupposes the presence of an appropriate type of personality who is not ready to suffer and fi ght hardships for the sake of ideals. So are we really ready for war? The article also claims that the main goal of the SVO (limited special operation) is actually the de–Westernization of Ukraine. It should be not only and not so much about its denazifi cation, but about its “De-Westernization” and deliberation, because the fi rst presupposes the second as its condition and cause. After all, the main ideological mainstream in the so-called independent Ukraine was always liberal-pro-European, it was about the European choice and Ukraine's joining the West that was hostile towards Russia, and undoubtedly Nazism present in Ukraine still served as an auxiliary tool for that purpose. The article analyzes K.N. Leontiev's concept of Byzantium and its applicability to modern Russia. The author considers what De–Westernization of Ukraine and Russia might comprise today, and what its limits are under the present conditions - eclecticism in Russian ideology.

The dialectics between the unity and diversity of the church: A jigsaw puzzle metaphor

Conflict is often colouring the diversities of theology, besides church divisions, especially in the Indonesian context. In minimising the conflict, adequate knowledge is needed to understand that the diversity of theology is the essence of church unity. Apostle Paul explained the diversities in church unity using the metaphor of the body of Christ. This metaphor is inadequate to explain the differences in theological teachings as the essence of the unity of the church, especially in this postmodern era. This article offered a jigsaw puzzle metaphor to quickly understand the nature of the church’s unity in its diversity. This puzzle is a well-known game type played by many people in various age groups worldwide. By using descriptive analysis and analogy methods, it resulted in an understanding of the description of the church’s diversity through jigsaw pieces as an essential element in forming a complete and perfect image, namely the one and universal church, by arranging each jigsaw piece according to the pattern formed as the blueprint. In conclusion, theology can adopt this metaphor as a discourse in establishing church unity in the ecumenical project.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article discusses the diversities of theological and dogmatic forms that represent every church denomination as the essence of the one and universal church. This study offers a constructive theological model to understand diversity as the essence of church unity in an ecumenical project.

How to Walk Away from the Trauma Corner: A Deconstructive Analysis of Besser’s Man in the Corner and Birman’s How To Walk Away

The present paper attempts to deconstruct two postmodern Australian Jewish novels to examine the chief social-psychological dimensions of the main characters: David, in Besser’s Man in the Corner (2016) and Otis, in Birman’s How to Walk Away (2015) and thus investigate their implications about contemporary Jewish identity within the ethnoreligious Australian Jewish context. The previous analyses of the texts have only been internet reviews focusing on the psychological dimension on its own. These reviews have not linked the texts to current Jewish identity, as attempted in this article. In addition, these attempts’ focus has been on several perspectives, not deconstructive. Therefore, this paper delves into the mystic depths of these novels inferring, through deconstruction, the Jewish Identity in the postmodern era. The analyses have been conducted in light of Breakwell’s Identity Process Theory (1986) and Derrida’s Différance through textual analysis that elicits the traces beyond binaries, rhetoric expressions, and semantic and morphosyntactic tell-tale textual moments. David and Otis pass different experiences and personal traumas that primarily influence their ability to decisions making and thus initially increasingly shrink inward. However, the later awakening by confessing the existing problems, renewal and pleading to God provides ways to walk away from these traumas. These solutions reflect the overall diverse attempts of the Australian Jews today to overcome their traumatic past by universalizing the experiences of suffering, by attempts to communicate with the self and the other and to -sometimes- return to God.

The Selfish Gene as a Possible Driving Force Behind HIIT

Purpose: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a training method aimed at increasing the fitness of individuals. It is based on a combination of periods in which high-intensity alternate with low-intensity exercise or passive rest. The topic of this paper is a reflection on the benefits and risks of HIIT health use in recreational athletes. We investigate humans' conscious and unconscious motivations for choosing this specific method in the philosophical discourse. Problem: HIIT is a method that, in some ways and with particular approaches, strongly reflects the imperative of the postmodern age - to get as much as possible, as quickly as possible. Martin Heidegger perceives three fundamental existentials in the context of temporality – historicity, everydayness, and within-time-ness. Here conscious motivation may be linked to the temporal characteristic of human being. As Richard Dawkins presents, unconscious motivation may be related to the application of the selfish gene theory. The philosophical approach to the problem: The Heideggerian concept of temporality leads us to research the authenticity and inauthenticity of the Dasein phenomenon. Some features of motivation for applying HIIT can be examined as inauthentic forms of being. In focusing on possible elements of unconscious motivation, the concept of evolutionary biology, namely Dawkins's theory of the selfish gene, provides a unique platform. It is primarily (a human) effort to spread genes. Here, in connection with HIIT, we build on the concepts of replicator and vehicle and deal with the basic selection unit of evolution and its form. Conclusions: HIIT presents an exciting training method that is examined in the context of effectivity of sports training, social benefits, or health aspects. Here we would like to offer the HIIT concept as the reflection of philosophical (mainly ontological, partly ethical) discourse.

Moroccan Instructors’ Perception of Creative Teaching Practice

Creativity has become a major factor and key resource in post modern educational thought. Though its critical importance, creativity is alienated and maligned in most teaching practices.There is little information on the practice of creative teachers. Indeed, the purpose of this paper is to explore instructors' perception of creativity and its practices. Understanding teachers' attitude toward this practice is significantly important to deciding how educators respond to creativity in classrooms and whether this practice is being nurtured and promoted. Findings showed that instructors value creativity in their classrooms, but they still doubt its implementation in the Moroccan context.

Repositioning Pesantren Education as the Basis of Islamic Education in Indonesia

Today's post-modern era increasingly shows how complex the problem of pesantren is. Even pesantren has long existed in the archipelago can represent authentic education and able to face the challenges of an era. In the aspect of kiai, santri, learning mechanisms, establishment and implementation, infrastructure facilities in both huts and places of worship, the surrounding community that serves as a party that contributes to the implementation of pesantren, and many others. All of this is drawn to the contextualization of the post-modern era and globalization, which will fundamentally change all aspects of education in the pesantren. Whatever the purpose of the research is knowing the conceptualization of Islamic boarding schools education as well as the repositioning of Islamic boarding schools, especially in the digital era, as an effort to strengthen the existence of Islamic boarding schools. The research method used is a qualitative research method by choosing the literature research. Literature research is useful in reviewing about repositioning pesantren education as the basis of Islamic education in Indonesia. Therefore, the results of this study show that the peculiarities of pesantren are the main point in a pesantren education that needs to be redefined in the post-modern era and the midst of globalization currents such as Islamic learning, kiai, systems, and learning strategies. These elements of education in the present have been able to exist and adapt to the contextualization of the times as a whole so that pesantren education can continue to survive and even develop and advance

Al-Bantānī and the Interpretation of Ṣifāt verses in Marāḥ Labīd

This article examines the stance held by a Meccan-Indonesian exegete in the 13 AH or 19 AD century, Muḥammad Nawawī al-Bantānī (d. 1230–1314 H/1813–1897 AD), in dealing with Ṣifāt verses in his exegetical work, Marāḥ Labīd li Kashf Ma’nā al-Qur’ān al-Majīd . As an established term, Ṣifāt verses refer to Quranic expressions that ostensibly ascribe anthropomorphic dimensions to God. Interpretation of such ambiguous verses has been bitterly contended since the 2/8th century and remains one of the most debated topics in the pre- and postmodern era. This study applies literature and document analysis focused on many of al-Bantānī’s works. The results show that al-Bantānī actively applied ta’wīl [figurative interpretation] in dealing with Ṣifāt verses without totally discarding amodality position [ tafwīḍ ]. Contribution: Although al-Bantānī never mentioned Wahhabism in any of his works, his interpretation of Ṣifat verses alludes to his indirect response to the Wahhabi’s literalism and anti- ta’wīl approach. In addition, by accepting both of ta’wīl and tafwīḍ solutions, al-Bantānī underpinned the wasaṭī [moderate] stand, which later became the most distinctive tradition in Malay–Islamic discourse.

Al-Bantānī and the Interpretation of Ṣifāt verses in Marāḥ Labīd

This article examines the stance held by a Meccan-Indonesian exegete in the 13 AH or 19 AD century, Muḥammad Nawawī al-Bantānī (d. 1230–1314 H/1813–1897 AD), in dealing with Ṣifāt verses in his exegetical work, Marāḥ Labīd li Kashf Ma’nā al-Qur’ān al-Majīd. As an established term, Ṣifāt verses refer to Quranic expressions that ostensibly ascribe anthropomorphic dimensions to God. Interpretation of such ambiguous verses has been bitterly contended since the 2/8th century and remains one of the most debated topics in the pre- and postmodern era. This study applies literature and document analysis focused on many of al-Bantānī’s works. The results show that al-Bantānī actively applied ta’wīl [figurative interpretation] in dealing with Ṣifāt verses without totally discarding amodality position [tafwīḍ].Contribution: Although al-Bantānī never mentioned Wahhabism in any of his works, his interpretation of Ṣifat verses alludes to his indirect response to the Wahhabi’s literalism and anti-ta’wīl approach. In addition, by accepting both of ta’wīl and tafwīḍ solutions, al-Bantānī underpinned the wasaṭī [moderate] stand, which later became the most distinctive tradition in Malay–Islamic discourse.

Die Freiheit – das besondere Kennzeichen einer modernen Jugenderziehung

The author of the article struggles with a paradox: the post-modern age which views itself as pluralistic nonetheless appears to yearn for upbringing. At the beginning of XXI century, the dissonance between human development, full participation in a wide range of spiritual culture and a tendency to strictly technical education, oriented mainly on efficiency and profits appears in a full range. In this context it is important to educate young people in the responsible use of the gift of freedom. The author of this article presents freedom as a characteristic sign of youth education in the present century. He also shows the pluralism of values and upbringing aimed towards freedom. The author also underlines the Christian approach to freedom, understood as both a gift and a task received from God. Pedagogy of freedom is not a question of transmitting human knowledge, even of the highest kind; it is rather a question of responsibly communicating with God and people. God Himself used a pedagogy that must continue to be a model for the pedagogy of freedom.

Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Root Canal Treated Teeth Restored with Different Types of Post-Endodontic Restorations: An In Vitro Study

Background Clinicians often face issues in restoring teeth with extensive root canals using various restorative methods. For clinical success these methods of restoration must be evaluated.Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted on sixty extracted intact maxillary premolars. The prmolars were collected and equally divided into six groups. Except for G1 all the other groups were treated endodontically G2 MOD preparation without restoration G3 MOD preparation with resin composite restoration G4 MOD preparation with resin composite restoration amp restored with porcelain fused metal crown G5 MOD preparation restored with glass fiber horizontal post and resin composite and G6 MOD preparation restored with Polyethylene fiber mesh. The specimens were loaded in a micro universal testing machine until the fracture occurred. Failure loads were then statistically analyzed. The mode of failure was determined by visual inspection.Results Composite resin restorations reinforced with a fiberglass horizontal post and polyethylene mesh significantly increased fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolar teeth with MOD cavity. Conclusion Fiberglass horizontal post can be used as an alternative for post endodontic restoration in endodontically treated teeth with MOD cavities.

ВЕРБАЛЬНЫЙ КОМПОНЕНТ КРЕОЛИЗОВАННЫХ РЕКЛАМНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ КЛИПОВОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ

In the article, the author considers the problem of clip thinking of a postmodern era person through the prism of advertising communication. The aim of the work is to identify and systematically describe the features of the verbal part of creolized messages in the format of direct and native advertising, which are focused on the addressee with fundamental changes in the cognitive style and the mechanism of perceiving linear text. The sources of the research are the Russian editions of periodical international glossy magazines of various thematic, age and gender orientation published in 2018-2021. The methods of studying the language material are descriptive-analytical, communicative-pragmatic, comparative methods and the method of contextual analysis. As a result of the study, a set of specific tools and techniques were identified that ensure the retention of the recipient’s attention with fragmentary mosaic perception, the speed of decoding information, its compression, segmentation, visualization. It is noted that the verbal component of direct advertising messages tends to minimize and is distinguished by the primitivization of the syntactic structures, the constant switching of the language code, and the regular inclusion of hashtags. The verbal component of advertising texts in the native advertising format is characterized by an increased volume and hybridity of nature, uses language units that create short-lived emotionally expressive and aesthetically perfect images, means that cause positive associations and ensure switching the recipient’s attention (intertexts, bisubstantial sentences, question-answer complexes, perceptual vocabulary, etc.). The author comes to the conclusion that further research of forms of mass communication in the context of the problem of clip thinking should choose the path of interdisciplinarity, joint activity of psychologists, philologists, cultural scientists, philosophers and other specialists.

Постправда як інструмент політичного наративу епохи постмодерну

The article provides a multidimensional analysis of the post-truth phenomenon from the historical aspect, as well as an instrumental means of achieving an informational-communicational goal; a way of positioning in relation to significant aspects of socio-political reality; and a political technology aims at ensuring competitive advantages, etc. Post-truth is conceived in the form of a specific information and communication product of the postmodern era, which arose in response to certain megatrends including criterion relativism, devaluation of meanings and values, and the simulation imperative of socio-political life activity. Priority research efforts are focused on the meaningful demarcation of the post-truth regarding truth and lies, since this subject field determines the prospects for the conceptual expression of post-truth. The narrative form of representation is essential for the instrumental and functional effectiveness of post-truth. Not polemics and discourse with their requirement of convincing semantic reliefs and hierarchies, but the narrative as a certain order of words and storytelling, not burdened by the requirements of convincing argumentation, provides the most comfortable conditions for the expansion of post-truth in the informational and communicational environment. An important feature is a striking difference between reality and its portrayal by post-truth instruments. An analysis of the challenges and threats of post-truth, which requires a priority response from the professional community and the public consciousness in general – shows that the avalanche-like use of post-truth tools in the informational environment leads to the increase of a disinformation level aimed at creating and spreading false perceptions of reality to serve political interests and needs. It is the post-truth toolkit that is a specific experimental platform for double standards, bias, prejudice, manipulation, and propaganda. The devolution of truth into post-truth objectively and naturally leads to symmetrical degradation and involution of politics into politicking, which is never guided by public interests, but always only by its own, de facto parasitizing on the opportunities and powers it has gained.

Breaking Metanarratives in Tim O’Brien’s text: A Postmodern Analysis

The Vietnam War was a splitting conflict that caused significant social, political, and cultural upheaval in American society. Tim O’Brien’s work explores the personal experiences of soldiers who fought in the war, their inner lives, and the complexities of telling true stories about the war. This paper discusses O’Brien’s “How to Tell a True War Story” as a representation of a unique literary work set in the context of the Vietnam War. The paper argues that O’Brien’s narrative style departs from traditional metanarrative styles by emphasizing individual traumas and inner experiences, which transcends the question of factual accuracy. The paper utilizes Jean-Francois Lyotard’s theory of metanarratives in the postmodern era to explore how O’Brien’s narrative style subverts traditional narrative structures, creating an emphasis on individual emotions and experiences. The paper argues that O’Brien’s narrative style, which includes fragmentary narration, personification of items, and conscious expressions from the narrator’s perspective, authentically elaborates the obscurity and disorder of people’s inner world during wars. This narrative style provides a meaningful way for people to empathize and connect with the text, especially during times of uncertainty and despair such as the COVID-19 pandemic. O’Brien disrupts metanarratives, making readers doubt their own viewpoints and beliefs, and deconstructs the textures of power and authority. While his work is significant in subverting authoritative storytelling, the loss of belief in overarching narratives may lead to social unrest, political upheaval, and economic instability. The combination of the metanarrative and the postmodern subversive narration might be a possible solution.

Anwesen Arche-tecture and the Amplification of the Natural Law

In this paper, I discuss and theorize the semiosis that occurs when poetizing about dynamic, addressing, and mysterious Being-physis. Such poetizing is beneficial for the grasp of the natural law and, thus, for ethical formation. The defense of the natural law and its prescribed basic goods still is hindered to some extent by the modernist milieu that persists even today in our so-called postmodern era. I confront the lingering Cartesian spirit in its various modes—viz., the reductive obsession with speculative self-evident propositions as a foundation for moral ideas well as the tendency to trace the source of all intelligible insights to the subjective consciousness—in order to develop a different approach towards the defense of the natural law. Specifically, I marshal ideas in the later Martin Heidegger and the Thomistic tradition, including ideas in John of St. Thomas’ semiotics as retrieved by John Deely, to articulate the importance of “Anwesen arche-tecture” qua the environing of Being-physis and the poetizing of the same to amplify the voice of the natural law. I analyze the process of symbolic externalization when poetizing Being and consider the metaphysical implications of the medium’s contribution to semiosis, which would include an anti-nominalist theory of relations and an account of participated intentionality, and thus, of esse-in-the-world. This paper is a Thomistic appropriation of Heideggerian themes for “semioethical” or “significal” theorizing, moving back and forth (“translating”) across different philosophical paradigms and discourses to locate the matter (die Sache) for thinking.

BIOFICTION AS A TOOL FOR REACTUALISING HISTORY IN PASCAL QUIGNARD’S PROSE: SPECIFICS OF THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE

The article explores the specificity and functionality of the genre of biofiction (fictional biography) in the novels of the contemporary French writer Pascal Quignard. His novels On Wooden Tablets: Apronenia Avitia (1984) and Albucius (1990) are examples of this genre: in them, Quignard represents the fictionalised lives of characters from the times of Ancient Rome and reactualises the ancient history. Biofiction is often interpreted as a genre that reflects the axiology of the postmodern era, with its inherent distrust towards metanarratives, hierarchy, causal logic, and belief in progress. Similarly, in P. Quignard's artistic universe, biofiction performs the function of revising history and understanding the place of human in it. The analysis of the narrative structure of these novels by P. Quignard allows us to conclude that the author's approach to the reactualisation of history is specific. Both works are characterised by fragmentation and lacunarity of composition, inclusion of mystifications, simulacrisation, unreliability of narration, and prevalence of subjective internal focalisation. These peculiarities of their poetics illustrate the writer's personal vision: in his works, Quignard implicitly manifests his distrust of traditional historiography, composed according to the progressive teleological principle and centred around prominent historical figures. In contrast, the author focuses primarily on “small” figures who have been forgotten by the big history or are initially insignificant to it. By deliberately filling the stories of their lives with fictional details, the author expresses scepticism about the potential ability of historiography to represent history truthfully. Instead, for P. Quignard, his individual subjective sense of history comes to the fore. Thus, his task is not to present documentary evidence, but to represent his own intuitive understanding of the historical era (primarily the liminal periods of crisis and the turn of the epoch) and the human perception of the world within it. At the same time, the genre of biofiction in general and its compositional and narrative specificity in Quignard's version appear as a productive tool for implementing these strategies of the writer.

К проблеме эстетического доказательства бытия Бога

The subject of the study is the aesthetic proof of the existence of God, in the unity of its epistemological and ontological aspects, through the correlation of arguments “for” and “against”. The relevance of the research is due to the importance in the postmodern era of upholding traditional religious values. The research is based on the Christian ideas that are most adequate for the national culture. The conceptual basis was the philosophy of unity, which allowed us to consider beauty as the unity of truth, goodness and love. The purpose of the study is to conduct a detailed analysis of the logic and argumentation of aesthetic proof. Tasks: to formulate the definition of beauty, to substantiate the validity of the definition of God as beauty; to analyze the argumentation of aesthetic evidence on the example of natural evolution and history. It is proved that genuine (divine) beauty is the unity of truth, goodness and beauty; the image of a more perfect beauty than the beauty of the surrounding world is contained in a person; evolution is directed to the actualization of an ever more perfect beauty; the intention to perfect beauty (which has no biological expediency) only God could have invested in man; the evolution of the world and man proceeds from potential to actual divine beauty. Man's need for perfect beauty can only be satisfied by an all-perfect God.

Public Administration in the Post-modern Era

Public affairs at the Post-modern Era suffer mainly from two major problems: A continues shortage of investment funds and b. a persisting struggle upon the main social services’ quality. The author relates to these issues by offering better ways and more sophisticated methods for combining Private funds with public demanding customers. In general, the Author suggests to divide all public activities into two categories; Category 1 – includes all Defense, Security, Law and Social services - the Software Group 1. Category 2 – includes all types of public works, Infrastructures, constructions communication lines etc. – the Hardware group 2. Principally, most expenses of Group 1 would be financed by regular budgets and funds. Group 2 costs and expenses would be financed by investment Banks and commercial funds. This schematic partition may provide a serious leverage for further development. In addition, some novel ways for improving collaboration between the public and the private sectors is offered. For improving the quality of the social services, the author suggests to expand the use of vertical modes of operation (projects), rather than the use of the popular horizontal ones (traditional organizational set-ups). A short discussion on project management is therefore included. Additionally, the author discusses the issue of bureaucracy in Public Administration. After reviewing Max Weber’s 6 major principles of the Theory of Bureaucracy, some critics and renovations are suggested. At the end the author offers some operational advices with the hope to see future Public Administration more peoplefriendly and a more human-oriented enterprise

GEOGRAPHY OF POST-MODERNISM: INNOVATIVE ADJUSTMENTS TO THE CONFLICT OF COVID-19 INDUCED CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN ALVAN COMMUNITY

The imposed use of masks, hand washing and social distancing as icons of identity and adjustment options to Covid-19 safety guidelines have triggered conflict on preexisting culture among students, staff, and visitors in Alvan and allied academic institutions in this post-modern era. This article employed qualitative (discourse) analysis in its methodologies to explore people’s adjustment level to Covid-19 safety guidelines in Alvan community. Field data were generated from 14 respondents purposively sampled for study using structured interview and field observation. The results revealed that the level of compliances to Covid-19 guidelines in the Alvan community varied from very high in 2020 due to the sustained level of awareness/ supports created within and outside, moderate in 2021, to extremely low in 2022. Also, the post-modern adjustment across geographic spaces in Alvan community manifested through the use of face masks, nose masks, hand sanitizers, hand washing, and social distancing. The adjustment has enhanced people’s recognition of the diversities and heterogeneities of personal geographies, thereby bringing to the periphery the past deserted environmental consciousness, sanitation, personal hygiene, and social disorder in the Alvan community. This study concluded that the safety guidelines need to be strictly adhered to while people in the study area enjoy the free vaccine offered to them by government and donor agencies.

New Religious Forms of in the Changing World: Validity and Reliability Study of Religiousness Scale in the Postmodern Era

Tarih boyunca din ve dindarlık gibi kavramlar her toplumda tartışılan bir olgu olmuştur. Günümüzde de özellikle teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte toplumlarda meydana gelen değişim ve dönüşümler dini inanç ve pratikleri de etkileyerek yeni dindarlık biçimlerini beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı “postmodern” olarak isimlendirilen yaşadığımız döneme ait dini inanç ve ritüelleri ölçmeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Çalışmada ilk olarak literatür taraması yapılmış, uzman görüşü alınmış ve buna göre 40 maddelik bir havuz oluşturulmuştur. Ardından yaşları 15-60 arasında değişen 475 kişi üzerinde yüz yüze ve çevrimiçi olarak anket uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde 40 madde ile açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmış, KMO değeri .949 ve Bartlett test değeri 3022,838 olarak hesaplanmış olup, chi-square değerinin anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda tek boyutlu, varyansı %49,279 olan 12 maddelik bir yapı oluşturulmuştur. Madde faktör yükleri .502 ile .816 arasında değişen ölçeğin Cronbach’s Alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı .903 olarak ölçülmüştür. Amos 24.0 programı ile yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde ise (x^(2/df)= 2,654; RMSEA=0,054; NFI = 0,953; CFI = 0,970; GFI = 0,957) elde edilen değerlerin tek boyutlu ölçek ile uyum sağladığı görülmüştür. Yapılan analizler neticesinde postmodern dönemde bireylerin dine, inanca ve ritüele olan yaklaşımlarını ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla yararlanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı oluşturulmuştur.

Playing upon knowledge through language games: Lyotard’s ‘The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge’

Lyotard's seminal work The Postmodern Condition has been considered one of the most influential works of postmodernism. It has inspired thinkers and scholars in its criticism and report of the knowledge and its suggestiveness of paralogies. Many scholars even today draw on his definition of postmodernism as the incredulity of metanarratives. The text has been selected to be closely read and understood from the Foucauldian viewpoint of the creation of regimes of truth which we have argued that the text is involved in the same practice of creating its hegemonic place by making certain assumptions and assertions over nature, status, and forms of knowledge. We have also contended that Lyotard's interests are involved in writing this text, particularly in the propagation of the concept of paralogies and rejection of grand narratives. The text has also been viewed from Van Dijk's perspective that certain scholars who are given value by the elite to be part of the scholarly elite control academic discourses which are specifically disseminated and propagated to influence humanity. This is how the postmodern condition has been generated, produced, disseminated, legitimized and propagated worldwide.