Post-exercise Oxidative Stress Research Articles

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum supplementation on immune function and post-exercise oxidative stress

<p>民眾或免疫力低落的族群很盛行使用靈芝作為健康營養補充品，但將靈芝應用於運動競技選手提升運動表現、預防運動訓練過後的免疫空窗期所造成感染風險及提升個體免疫功能與減少氧化壓力，靈芝增補的效果目前還尚未有許多研究證實。本研究經文獻統整後發現，補給靈芝對於運動表現的影響尚不明確，但對減緩運動所導致的疲勞以及運動後的恢復有所幫助。在動物實驗中顯示增補靈芝可提高動物的免疫功能進而降低染疫的風險，亦能提高整體抗氧化能力，減緩因衰竭運動所造成的氧化傷害。而在人體實驗中，靈芝增補對於虛弱族群及老年人在運動表現及抗疲勞上有幫助，但在年輕族群或是運動員身上則無法增進運動表現。</p> <p> </p><p>Ganoderma lucidum is a popular nutritional supplement used by the public for health purposes or by individuals with low immunity. While it has been applied among sports athletes to potentially improve performance, reduce the risk of infection following intense training, and enhance immune function and post-exercise oxidative stress, the specific effects of Ganoderma lucidum supplementation remain unconfirmed. This study aims to explore the impact of Ganoderma lucidum supplementation on sports performance. While the definitive effects are not yet clear, preliminary findings suggest it may help alleviate exercise-induced fatigue and facilitate in post-exercise recovery. Animal experiments have demonstrated that supplementing Ganoderma lucidum can enhance immune function, thereby reducing the risk of infection, and improve antioxidant capacity to mitigate oxidative damage caused by strenuous exercise.</p> <p> </p>

Effect of Different Warm-Up Durations on the Plasma Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Following Anaerobic Exercise in Amateur Handball Players

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of three warm-up durations on post-exercise oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as recovery from the Wingate test in 14 amateur handball players. These players completed the Wingate test three times: after 5 min, after 10 min, and then after 15 min of warm-up, spread over 2 weeks with an interval of 1 week between each session. At the end of each session of the Wingate test, blood samples were taken: at rest (PR), after warming up (PWU) and immediately at the end of the test (P0), then after 10-min (P10) and after 20-min (P20) of recovery. The measured parameters are the total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein-bound-carbonyls (PCs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs). The main findings revealed that anaerobic exercise induces oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in antioxidant status and significant increases in concentrations of the majority of oxidative stress indicators (p < 0.05). At P20, plasma GPx, SOD, GR, TBARSs, and PC contents, are lower and significantly different after a 15-min warm-up than after a 10-min or 5-min warm-up. ANOVA showed a significant ”warm-up × recovery” effect on plasma GPx, SOD, GR, TBARSs, and PC contents [F(8.104) = 3.61; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.22, F(8.104): from 1.88 to 19.97; η2p: from 0.19 to 0.61: 0.05 < p < 0.001], respectively. We concluded that a 15-min warm-up was more efficient than the other duration in reducing a free radical rise, emphasizing the importance of the warm-up length on plasma oxidative stress biomarkers.

Quercetin supplementation promotes recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Quercetin (Q) is one of the most frequently consumed flavonoids in the human diet. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of Q supplementation on muscle damage, muscle soreness and biochemical markers of inflammation, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress after intense exercise. A literature search of SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was performed from inception to May 31, 2022. Forest plots were generated with fixed or random-effect models and standardized mean differences (SMD). Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 studies with a total of 249 sedentary to well-trained participants were included. For all studies there were some concerns about the risk of bias. All but one study used a supplementation dosage of 1000 mg/day. Q supplementation accelerated recovery of muscle function and significantly decreased muscle soreness 0/24 h after exercise (SMD: -1.33; p = 0.03), creatine kinase levels 24/48 h after exercise (SMD: -1.15; p = 0.02), and post-exercise oxidative stress (SMD: -0.92; p = 0.03). However, Q supplementation had no effect on IL-6 concentration. Q supplementation with a dose of 1000 mg/day for periods of more than seven days and a maximum of 12 weeks appears to be a safe and efficacious strategy to reduce muscle damage and muscle soreness, as well as to enhance recovery after intense exercise in sedentary to well-trained young men. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021266801.

152 Comparison of an Antioxidant Source and Antioxidant Plus BCAA on Athletic Performance and Post Exercise Recovery of Horses

Abstract Antioxidant supplementation has been shown to decrease post exercise oxidative stress but can lead to decreased post-exercise muscle protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the supplementation with a control feed with low antioxidant content (CONT) to a high antioxidant feed (AO), versus a high antioxidant and branched chain amino acid feed (BCAO) on post-exercise protein synthesis and oxidative stress. Our hypothesis is that supplementing AO with BCAO will reduce oxidative stress without hindering muscle protein synthesis. Eighteen mixed breed conditioned polo horses were assigned to one of the three treatments. All horses consumed CONT for 30 days and were then submitted to a lactate threshold test (LT). One hour after this and all LT, each group was assigned and given their treatments. LT were done at 15 and 30 days of supplementation. Blood was collected before, two and four hours after LT, and analyzed for oxidative stress based on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde concentrations by ELISA. Muscle biopsies were taken before and 4 hours after LT and analyzed for the expression of protein synthesis by RT-PCR. Results were analyzed in a mixed model by ANOVA and compared by LSM. A reduction of oxidative stress was found over time (P < 0.050) with no treatment effect (P >0.50). An upregulation of protein synthesis after exercise was found for muscle primers CD36, CPT1, DK4, MyF5, and Myogenin (P < 0.050). There was a treatment by time effect for MyoD (P = 0.027), where AO was upregulated the most after exercise compared to BCAO and CONT. DK4 had a treatment by time effect trend (P = 0.073), where AO and BCAO were upregulated and CONT was unchanged after exercise. This study demonstrated post exercise muscle synthesis with no advantage of AO plus BCAO compared to AO.

Czynniki determinujące status oksydacyjno-antyoksydacyjny i jego odpowiedź na wysiłek fizyczny

Nasilenie przemian metabolicznych podczas wysiłku fizycznego sprzyja powstawaniu wolnych rodników i reaktywnych form tlenu, co może zaburzać równowagę oksydacyjno-antyoksydacyjną w kierunku stresu oksydacyjnego. Warunki te sprzyjają uszkodzeniu struktur komórkowych, przyczyniając się do zmęczenia i spadku zdolności wysiłkowych. W pracy omówiono wysiłkowe źródła wolnych rodników tlenowych oraz obronę antyoksydacyjną ustroju, jak też czynniki wpływające na nasilenie powysiłkowego stresu oksydacyjnego. W kolejnej części przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących efektywności podawania suplementów antyoksydacyjnych w warunkach wysiłkowych, głównie na przykładzie polifenoli zielonej herbaty. Zwrócono też uwagę na potencjalne zagrożenia związane z przyjmowaniem suplementów antyoksydacyjnych w nadmiernych ilościach. Wynika to z faktu, iż reaktywne formy tlenu odgrywają ważną rolę jako przekaźniki sygnałów komórkowych, umożliwiając uzyskanie adaptacji do wysiłku fizycznego i wzrost zdolności wysiłkowych w odpowiedzi na trening sportowy (siły, wytrzymałości). W dalszej części omówiono czynniki genetyczne warunkujące poziom enzymatycznej obrony antyoksydacyjnej i wrażliwość na stres oksydacyjny, główną uwagę skupiając na polimorfizmach genów kodujących enzymy antyoksydacyjne. Przedstawiono zależność pomiędzy polimorfizmem genu mitochondrialnej dysmutazy ponadtlenkowej (enzymu stanowiącego pierwszą linię obrony przed szkodliwym wpływem wolnych rodników tlenowych na organizm) a zmianami parametrów równowagi oksydacyjno-antyoksydacyjnej w odpowiedzi na trening sportowy. Na koniec podkreślono użyteczność oznaczeń wspomnianego powyżej polimorfizmu w selekcji sportowców podatnych na stres oksydacyjny, w celu indywidualizacji zaleceń żywieniowych dotyczących podaży antyoksydantów w diecie lub w postaci suplementów.

Effect of Different Running Exercise Modalities on Post-Exercise Oxidative Stress Markers in Trained Athletes.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of running exercise modality on oxidative stress. Thirteen endurance athletes (age: 21.46 ± 0.66 years) performed three different running exercise modalities (Continuous running exercise (CR): continuous running exercise at 75% of VO2max for 25 min; intermittent running exercise #1 (15/15): intermittent running protocol, 15 s running at 75% of VO2max, 15 s passive recovery, performed for 50 min; intermittent running exercise #2 (30/30): intermittent running protocol, 30 s running at 75% of VO2max, 30 s passive recovery, performed for 50 min) in a randomized order. Blood samples were drawn at rest and immediately after each running exercise and assessed for malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. MDA increased by 55% following 30/30 exercise (p < 0.01), while it remained unchanged with CR and15/15 exercise. SOD increased after CR (+13.9%, p < 0.05), and also remained unchanged after 15/15 (p > 0.05) and decreased after 30/30 (−19.7% p < 0.05). GPX and AOPP did not change after exercise in all experimental sessions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, 30/30 intermittent running induced higher lipid damages than the 15/15 and CR exercise. 15/15 intermittent exercise promoted a better balance between free radicals production and antioxidant defense compared to continuous exercise and intermittent 30/30 exercise.

A Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study to Examine the Effects of Maritime Pine Extract on Exercise Performance and Postexercise Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Muscle Soreness, and Damage

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether 14 days of supplementation with maritime pine extract leading up to and following an exercise test would increase performance and reduce biomarkers associated with muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Twenty apparently healthy young male participants ingested either 800 mg pine bark extract or placebo for 14 days prior to the first exercise trial and for 2 days postexercise. On the exercise day, participants submitted a pre-exercise blood sample then completed a VO2 peak test until volitional failure. A postexercise blood sample was collected 1 hour after completion of exercise. Participants returned at 24 and 48 hours after the exercise testing for measures of muscle pain in the lower body using an algometer. Participants then had a 7-day washout period before beginning to cross over to the alternate treatment. Analysis via ordinal regression demonstrated a significant difference in oxidative stress in the maritime pine extract group compared to placebo (ChiSq = 2.63; p = 0.045). Maritime pine extract was effective at affording protection from oxidative stress postexercise. Further work should be undertaken to evaluate the findings with other exercise modes or in participants with known metabolic syndrome.

High-intensity exercise-induced oxidative stress in sedentary pre-pubertal & post-pubertal boys: A comparative study.

Background & objectives:High-intensity exercise results in oxidative stress in adult population. Impact of pubertal attainment on high-intensity exercise-induced oxidative stress in sedentary paediatric population has not been investigated in detail. The present study was conducted to investigate the extent of high-intensity exercise-induced oxidative stress in sedentary pre- and post-pubertal boys through estimation of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total thiol content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).Methods:Sixty four sedentary pre-pubertal (n=32, age = 10.21±0.67 yr) and post-pubertal (n=32, age = 15.58±0.47 yr) boys performed incremental treadmill running exercise at 80 per cent of the age predicted maximum heart rate till volitional exhaustion. Blood sample (5 ml) was drawn from each individual before and after the exercise for estimation of oxidative stress markers.Results:Pre-exercise SOD activity and total thiol level showed significant positive relationship with age and were significantly higher in post-pubertal boys. Serum TBARS level, SOD and CAT activities increased while total thiol content decreased in both the groups following exercise. Post-exercise percentage change in TBARS, SOD activity and total thiol level was significantly higher in post-pubertal boys, and these variables had significant positive relationship with age. No significant intergroup variations were noted in CAT activity before or after exercise.Interpretation & conclusions:Extent of post-exercise oxidative stress increased significantly with attainment of puberty. However, baseline and post-exercise antioxidation status also increased significantly as a function of age with pubertal maturation allowing the post-pubertal boys to counter relatively higher oxidative stress more efficiently than their pre-pubertal counterparts. Post-exercise upregulation in CAT activity might not be influenced by age or pubertal maturation in this age group.

AmLexin, a Standardized blend of Acacia catechu and Morus alba, shows benefits to delayed onset muscle soreness in healthy runners.

[Purpose]Sudden and exhaustive exercise causes muscle damage accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness. AmLexin contains a standardized blend of extracts from the heartwood of Acacia catechu and the root bark of Morus alba, and is known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of this proprietary blend supplementation on muscular pain and redox balance in healthy runners, in comparison to a placebo.[Methods]A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out over 9 weeks in a single center. Thirty physically active male and female subjects within 18−70 years of age were randomized into AmLexin (mean age = 42.92 ± 2.48 and gender 7/5, male/female, respectively) and placebo (mean age = 41.15 ± 3.5 and gender 10/3, male/female, respectively) groups. Subjects were supplemented with 400 mg of AmLexin/day or a look-alike placebo during an 8-week training program, and for one week following a 13.1-mile half-marathon. Twenty-six subjects completed the 9-week supplementation trial.[Results]Results showed the AmLexin group experienced significantly lower levels of post-exercise pain on day 1−3 following the half-marathon compared to the placebo group. The AmLexin group also showed lower post-exercise oxidative stress and higher antioxidant capacity on days 1 and 6 following the half-marathon. These results demonstrated the rapid benefits of AmLexin on pain and oxidative stress within 1−6 days post-exercise.[Conclusion]Our data suggest that AmLexin could be a safe, effective botanical alternative for delayed onset muscle soreness.

Abstract P120: Acute Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Does Not Attenuate Oxidative Stress or the Hemodynamic Response During Submaximal Exercise in Hypobaric Hypoxia

Introduction: Oxidative stress is exacerbated during hypoxic conditions (i.e. high altitude exposure, congestive heart failure, or peripheral artery disease). Dietary nitrate supplementation increases plasma nitrite (denotes nitric oxide bioavailability), reduces resting/submaximal blood pressure (BP) and may enhance exercise performance in certain healthy and diseased populations. Hypothesis: We hypothesized dietary nitrate would improve arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) and reduce: oxidative stress while reducing submaximal oxygen consumption, BP, and perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise in hypobaric hypoxia (3500m). Methods: Nine well-trained (60.0±7.0 ml/kg/min) males (29±7 yr) completed a maximal aerobic capacity test (VO 2max ) and five 5-min cycling bouts of increasing intensity at their normobaric elevation (1600m). Intensities at 25, 40, 50, 60, 70% VO 2max were used during trial 2 (T2) and trial 3 (T3) cycling bouts. Participants minimized nitrate-rich food consumption during a 4-day dietary washout prior to T2 and T3. Participants consumed a nitrate-depleted placebo (PL) or nitrate-rich (12.8 mmol; NR) beverage 2.5 hours prior to T2 and T3 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Exercise during hypobaric hypoxia (3500m; T2 and T3) consisted of a 5-min warm-up (25% of normobaric VO 2max ) and four (40, 50, 60, 70% of normobaric VO 2max ) additional 5-min cycling bouts each separated by a 4-min passive rest. Results: Pre-exercise plasma nitrite was elevated following NR consumption compared to PL (p&lt;0.05). Beverage-specific oxygen consumption, SaO 2 , BP and RPE were similar at all submaximal intensities. In both conditions (PL and NR), following exercise at 3500m, markers of oxidative stress (catalase and 8-isoprostane) were elevated compared to baseline resting values (p&lt;0.05). However, post-exercise oxidative stress markers were similar between groups (placebo vs nitrate rich) for both catalase and 8-isoprostane (p=.94 and p=.16; respectively). Conclusions: Our findings do not support the efficacy of dietary nitrate supplementation prior to exercise at altitude in a healthy population.

Effect of repeat-sprint training in hypoxia on post-exercise interleukin-6 and F2-isoprostanes

This investigation examined the oxidative stress (F2-Isoprostane; F2-IsoP) and inflammatory (interleukin-6; IL-6) responses to repeat-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH). Ten trained male team sport athletes performed 3(sets)*9(repetitions)*5 s cycling sprints in simulated altitude (3000 m) and sea-level conditions. Mean and peak sprint power output (MPO and PPO) were recorded, and blood samples were collected pre-exercise, and again at 8 and 60 min post-exercise. Both MPO and PPO were significantly reduced in hypoxia (compared to sea-level) in the second (MPO: 855 ± 89 vs. 739 ± 95 W, p = .006; PPO: 1024 ± 114 vs. 895 ± 112 W, p = .010) and third (MPO: 819 ± 105 vs. 686 ± 83 W, p = .008; PPO: 985 ± 125 vs. 834 ± 99 W, p = .008) sets, respectively. IL-6 was significantly increased from pre- to 1 h post-exercise in both hypoxia (0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 2.4 ± 1.4 pg/mL, p = .004) and sea-level conditions (0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 pg/mL, p < .001), with a large effect (d = 0.80) suggesting higher IL-6 levels of post-hypoxia. F2-IsoP was significantly lower 1 h post-exercise in both the hypoxic (p = .005) and sea-level (p = .002) conditions, with no differences between trials. While hypoxia can impact on exercise intensity and may result in greater post-exercise inflammation, it appears to have little effect on oxidative stress. These results indicate that team sport organisations with ready access to hypoxic training facilities could confidently administer RSH without significantly increasing the post-exercise inflammatory or oxidative stress response.

Influence of green tea catechins on oxidative stress metabolites at rest and during exercise in healthy humans

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechins (GTC) on oxidative stress metabolites in healthy individuals while at rest and during exercise. The effects investigated included response to fat metabolism, blood lactate concentrations, and rating of perceived exertion. MethodsIn a paralleled, crossover, randomized controlled study, 16 trained male gymnastic students were randomly divided into two groups. The rest group (n = 8; GTC-NEX) received a single dose of 780 mg GTC with water but no exercise; the exercise group (n = 8; GTC-EX) received a similar dose of GTC but were instructed to exercise. This was followed by a crossover study with similar exercise regime as a placebo group (PL-EX) that received water only. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 60 and 120 min of GTC intake. Oxidative stress blood biomarkers using the diacron reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) tests; urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG); 8-OHdG/creatinine; and blood lactate concentrations were analyzed. During the cycle ergometer exercise, volume of maximal oxygen uptake, volume of oxygen consumption, volume of carbon dioxide, and respiratory exchange ratio were measured from a sample of respiratory breath gas collected during low, moderate, and high intensity exercising, and the amount of fat burning and sugar consumption were calculated. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance (P < 0.05) between and among the groups. ResultsLevels of postexercise oxidative stress metabolites BAP and d-ROMs were found significant (P < 0.0001) in the PL-EX and GTC-EX groups, and returned to pre-exercise levels after the recovery period. Levels of d-ROMs showed no significant difference from baseline upon GTC intake followed by resting and a resting recovery period in the GTC-NEX group. BAP levels were significant upon GTC intake followed by resting (P = 0.04), and after a resting recovery period (P = 0.0006) in the GTC-NEX group. Urinary 8-OHdG levels were significant (P < 0.005) for all groups after the recovery period. A significant difference was noticed between the ratios of resting BAP to d-ROMs and exercise-induced BAP to d-ROMs (P = 0.022) after 60 min of GTC intake, as well as resting 8-OHdG and exercise-induced 8-OHdG levels (P = 0.004) after the recovery period. Oxidative potentials were higher when exercise was performed at low to moderate intensity, accompanied by lower blood lactate concentration and higher amounts of fat oxidation. ConclusionsThe results of the present study indicate that single-dose consumption of GTC influences oxidative stress biomarkers when compared between the GTC-NEX and GTC-EX groups, which could be beneficial for oxidative metabolism at rest and during exercise, possibly through the catechol-O-methyltransferase mechanism that is most often cited in previous studies.

Delayed uric Acid accumulation in plasma provides additional anti-oxidant protection against iron-triggered oxidative stress after a wingate test.

Reactive oxygen species are produced during anaerobic exercise mostly by Fe ions released into plasma and endothelial/muscle xanthine oxidase activation that generates uric acid (UA) as the endpoint metabolite. Paradoxically, UA is considered a major antioxidant by virtue of being able to chelate pro-oxidative iron ions. This work aimed to evaluate the relationship between UA and plasma markers of oxidative stress following the exhaustive Wingate test. Plasma samples of 17 male undergraduate students were collected before, 5 and 60 min after maximal anaerobic effort for the measurement of total iron, haem iron, UA, ferric-reducing antioxidant activity in plasma (FRAP), and malondialdehyde (MDA, biomarker of lipoperoxidation). Iron and FRAP showed similar kinetics in plasma, demonstrating an adequate pro-/antioxidant balance immediately after exercise and during the recovery period (5–60 min). Slight variations of haem iron concentrations did not support a relevant contribution of rhabdomyolysis or haemolysis for iron overload following exercise. UA concentration did not vary immediately after exercise but rather increased 29% during the recovery period. Unaltered MDA levels were concomitantly measured. We propose that delayed UA accumulation in plasma is an auxiliary antioxidant response to post-exercise (iron-mediated) oxidative stress, and the high correlation between total UA and FRAP in plasma (R-Square = 0.636; p = 0.00582) supports this hypothesis.

Acute Hypoxia and Exercise-Induced Blood Oxidative Stress

Hypoxic exercise is characterized by workloads decrements. Because exercise and high altitude independently elicit redox perturbations, the study purpose was to examine hypoxic and normoxic steady-state exercise on blood oxidative stress. Active males (n = 11) completed graded cycle ergometry in normoxic (975 m) and hypoxic (3,000 m) simulated environments before programing subsequent matched intensity or workload steady-state trials. In a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, participants completed three 60-min exercise bouts to investigate the effects of hypoxia and exercise intensity on blood oxidative stress. Exercise conditions were paired as such; 60% normoxic VO(2)peak performed in a normoxic environment (normoxic intensity-normoxic environment, NI-NE), 60% hypoxic VO(2)peak performed in a normoxic environment (HI-NE), and 60% hypoxic VO(2)peak performed in a hypoxic environment (HI-HE). Blood plasma samples drawn pre (Pre), 0 (Post), 2 (2HR) and 4 (4HR) hr post exercise were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers including ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and protein carbonyls (PCs). Repeated-measures ANOVA were performed, a priori significance of p ≤ .05. Oxygen saturation during the HI-HE trial was lower than NI-NE and HI-NE (p < .05). A Time × Trial interaction was present for LOOH (p = .013). In the HI-HE trial, LOOH were elevated for all time points post while PC (time; p = .001) decreased post exercise. As evidenced by the decrease in absolute workload during hypoxic VO(2)peak and LOOH increased during HI-HE versus normoxic exercise of equal absolute (HI-NE) and relative (NI-NE) intensities. Results suggest acute hypoxia elicits work decrements associated with post exercise oxidative stress.

Exercise-induced oxidative stress and hypoxic exercise recovery

Hypoxia due to altitude diminishes performance and alters exercise oxidative stress responses. While oxidative stress and exercise are well studied, the independent impact of hypoxia on exercise recovery remains unknown. Accordingly, we investigated hypoxic recovery effects on post-exercise oxidative stress. Physically active males (n = 12) performed normoxic cycle ergometer exercise consisting of ten high:low intensity intervals, 20 min at moderate intensity, and 6 h recovery at 975 m (normoxic) or simulated 5,000 m (hypoxic chamber) in a randomized counter-balanced cross-over design. Oxygen saturation was monitored via finger pulse oximetry. Blood plasma obtained pre- (Pre), post- (Post), 2 h post- (2Hr), 4 h post- (4Hr), and 6 h (6Hr) post-exercise was assayed for Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), Lipid Hydroperoxides (LOOH), and Protein Carbonyls (PC). Biopsies from the vastus lateralis obtained Pre and 6Hr were analyzed by real-time PCR quantify expression of Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), and Nuclear factor (euthyroid-derived2)-like factor (NFE2L2). PCs were not altered between trials, but a time effect (13 % Post-2Hr increase, p = 0.044) indicated exercise-induced blood oxidative stress. Plasma LOOH revealed only a time effect (p = 0.041), including a 120 % Post-4Hr increase. TEAC values were elevated in normoxic recovery versus hypoxic recovery. FRAP values were higher 6Hr (p = 0.045) in normoxic versus hypoxic recovery. Exercise elevated gene expression of NFE2L2 (20 % increase, p = 0.001) and SOD2 (42 % increase, p = 0.003), but hypoxic recovery abolished this response. Data indicate that recovery in a hypoxic environment, independent of exercise, may alter exercise adaptations to oxidative stress and metabolism.

A Comparison of Hyperhydration Versus Ad Libitum Fluid Intake Strategies on Measures of Oxidative Stress, Thermoregulation, and Performance

Dehydration has been shown to augment cellular stress. Glycerol hyperhydration can delay dehydration, which may decrease the level of pre- and post-exercise oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the effects of glycerol (G) or water (W) hyperhydration with no hyperhydration (C) on oxidative stress, thermoregulation, and cycle performance. Seven trained males consumed 1.2 g of glycerol·kg−1 body mass (BM) in 26 ml·kg−1 BM water or equal volume water to achieve hyperhydration followed by a 90 min time trial. Total glutathione increased post exercise (PE) in all trials (p < 0.01), while oxidized glutathione (p < 0.05) and protein carbonyl concentrations (p < 0.001) were increased PE for the C trial only. Mean body temperature and heart rate increased with exercise but were not different between interventions. Total distance covered and power outputs were not different between interventions. Fluid intake attenuated oxidative stress but did not enhance thermoregulation or performance.

Effect of single dose administration of methylsulfonylmethane on oxidative stress following acute exhaustive exercise.

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-containing compound commonly found in diet and known to reduce oxidative stress. This trial was conducted to determine whether single dose supplementation with MSM attenuates post-exercise oxidative stress in healthy untrained young men. Sixteen untrained men volunteered for this study. Participants were randomized in a double-blind placebo-controlled fashion into 2 groups: Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) (n = 8) and placebo (n = 8). The participants took supplementation or placebo before running on treadmill for 45 min at 75% VO2max. The MSM supplementation was prepared in water as 100 mg/ kg body weight. The placebo group received water. Serum Malondealdehyde (MDA), uric acid, bilirubin, protein carbonyl (PC) and plasma vitamin E levels were determined as the markers of oxidative stress. Plasma GSH (reduced Glutathione) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured as markers of plasma antioxidant system. MSM supplementation successfully lowered serum PC 2 and 24 h after exercise. Plasma TAC in MSM group was higher at 24 h after exercise. Serum level of uric acid and bilirubin were significantly low immediately after exercise in MSM supplemented group. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of plasma GSH level. These results complement earlier studies showing anti-oxidant effect of MSM and suggest that single dose oral supplementation with MSM lowers exercise induced oxidative stress in healthy untrained young men, but is not adequate to significantly affect plasma GSH level.

A Soccer Match’s Ability to Enhance Lymphocyte Capability to Produce ROS and Induce Oxidative Damage

Soccer-associated oxidative stress has barely been studied. The aims of this study were to establish the effect of a soccer training match and the effect of a diet supplementation with a multivitamin complex and coenzyme Q during 3 months of soccer training on the pro-oxidant and antioxidant status of lymphocytes. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 19 male preprofessional soccer players were treated with either an antioxidant nutrient cocktail or placebo for 90 days. After this period the athletes played a soccer match lasting 60 min. All determinations were made under basal conditions before and after the training period and after the match. Basal lymphocyte hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production did not change after the 3 months of training. Catalase activity decreased (about 50%) after the 3 months, whereas glutathione reductase increased its activity (150-200%) both with placebo and in the supplemented group. Basal ascorbate levels were maintained during the training period, whereas a-tocopherol and MDA decreased (about 40%) in both groups. The match increased H2O2 production (180%) in both groups when the lymphocytes were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate, and it also increased MDA levels (150%). Antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant vitamin levels were maintained before and after the match. Regular soccer training modifies the lymphocyte strategy to eliminate ROS and increases protection against oxidative damage. A friendly soccer match raises lymphocyte capacity to produce ROS and oxidative damage, but it is not enough to induce a defensive response, thus leading to a situation of postexercise oxidative stress. Supplementation with low doses of antioxidant vitamins and coenzyme Q does not modify the endogenous antioxidant response to training.

Exercise-induced oxidative stress in overweight adolescent girls: roles of basal insulin resistance and inflammation and oxygen overconsumption

Basal insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation exacerbate post-exercise oxidative stress (OS) in overweight adolescent girls. Cross-sectional study, effect of incremental ergocycle exercise until exhaustion on OS markers. Normal-weight (control) (n=17, body mass index (BMI): 20-24.2 kg/m(2)) and overweight adolescent girls (n=29, BMI: 24.1-36.6 kg/m(2)). Dietary measurement, physical activity assessment (validated questionnaires), fat distribution parameters (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Blood assays include the following: (1) at fasting state: blood cell count, lipid profile, and IR parameters (leptin/adiponectin ratio (L/A), homeostasis model assessment of IR, insulin/glucose ratio; (2) before exercise: inflammation and OS markers (interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), 15 F(2)alpha-isoprostanes (F(2)-Isop), lipid hydroperoxides (ROOH), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)) and antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene); and (3) after exercise: inflammation and OS markers. At rest, overweight girls had a deteriorated lipid profile and significantly higher values of IR parameters and inflammation markers, compared with the control girls. These alterations were associated with a moderate rest OS state (lower GSH/GSSG ratio, alpha-tocopherol/total cholesterol (TC) ratio and GPX activity). In absolute values, overweight girls exhibited higher peak power output and oxygen consumption (VO2peak), compared with the control girls. Exercise exacerbated OS only in the overweight group (significant increase in F(2)-Isop, ROOH and MPO). As hypothesized, basal IR and inflammation state were correlated with the post-exercise OS. However, the adjustment of F(2)-Isop, ROOH and MPO variation per exercise VO(2) variation canceled the intergroup differences. In overweight adolescent girls, the main factors of OS, after incremental exhaustive exercise, are not the basal IR and inflammation states, but oxygen overconsumption.

L’insulino-resistance et l’inflammation de repos majorent-elles le stress oxydant post-exercice chez des adolescentes libanaises en surcharge pondérale ?

Introduction The goal of this study was to check if exercise raises oxidative stress markers in overweight teenagers ( n = 29) compared to non obese ( n = 17) ones. Synthesis Blood markers of insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress were measured at rest and/or after a maximal exercise. At rest, the overweight teenagers exhibited an insulin resistance, an inflammation and an oxidative stress. After exercise, plasmatic myeloperoxidase and lipid hydroperoxides were increased only in overweight teenagers. However, the differences between groups disappeared when the values were reported to V ˙ O 2 pic suggesting that exercise intensity consitutes the major oxidative stress factor. Conclusions The relations between rest insulin resistance, inflammation and post-exercise oxidative stress indicate that those parameters contribute in post-exercise oxidative stress.