Mean Score Of Post-test Research Articles

The Effect of Problem Based Learning Model with Focus Group Discussion Method on Students' Learning Outcomes in Basic Vocational Subjects at SMK Negeri 1 Sumatera Barat

This study aims to evaluate the effect of the problem-based learning (PBL) model with the focus group discussion (FGD) method on students’ learning outcomes in the basic vocational subjects at SMK Negeri 1 Sumatera Barat. We employed a quasi-experimental research method, utilizing two sample groups: the experimental group (class X E2), which implemented the PBL model with the FGD method, and the control group (class X E1), which received direct instruction. We collected learning outcome data through pretest and posttest assessments and analyzed the mean differences between the two groups using a t-test. The study’s results revealed a significant improvement in students’ learning outcomes in the experimental group, with a mean posttest score of 87.48, compared to the control group, which scored 78.48. The hypothesis test showed a significant difference between the two groups, with a calculated t-value (4.086) exceeding the critical t-value (1.66). This indicates that the implementation of the PBL model with the FGD method has a positive influence on students’ learning outcomes. These findings underscore the potential of the PBL model as an effective instructional strategy for enhancing students’ learning outcomes and provide a foundation for further developments in education.

A TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PROTECT PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM COVID-19: A COMBINATION OF HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL AND ANIMATION SUPPORTED EDUCATION

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic and related mutations, which affect the whole world, continue to increase globally. This crisis adversely affects school-age children's quality of life. This study aims to determine the effect of animation-supported education based on the health promotion model given to primary school-age students for protection from COVID-19 disease. The study was carried out between February and April 2022 following the experimental research criteria with the pre-test, post-test, and re-test control group. The sample consists of 148 students studying in the 4th grade at two schools deemed suitable for the conduct of the study. Data were collected using data collection materials, the descriptive questionnaire, and the General Child Quality of Life Scale. The mean age of all students participating in the study was 10.53±2.60. It has been determined that 36.0% of the students have not received any training on COVID-19 before, 32.4% of them did not take precautions to defend themselves from COVID-19 disease, and it is not possible to protect 48.4% of them from COVID-19 disease even if adequate precautions are taken. It was found that the difference between the pre-test, post-test, and re-test mean scores of the students in the experimental group on the quality of life scale was statistically significant (p<.05). It was determined that the mean of life quality increased immediately after the training but decreased in the measurements one month later. Education to be given to school-age children should be developed with animation-supported programs.

The effect of online group based acceptance and commitment therapy on psychotic symptoms and functioning levels of individuals with early psychosis

ObjectiveThis study examined the effect of online group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) applied to individuals with early psychosis on psychotic symptoms and functionality levels. MethodsThis randomized controlled study population consisted of 77 individuals who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria at most three years ago. The study sample consisted of 53 individuals who met the inclusion criteria and were assigned to the intervention (n = 26) and control (n = 27) groups by simple randomization method. The intervention group received an eight-session ACT program as online group therapy, while the control group received no application made by the researchers. Data were obtained using the “Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)” and the “Social Functioning Assessment Scale (SFAS)” at pre-test, post-test and 3-month follow-up. ResultsWhile it was found that the post-test and 3-month follow-up test PANSS mean scores of the individuals in the intervention group were lower than the mean score of the individuals in the control group; it was determined that the mean score of SFAS was higher than the mean score of the individuals in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, while no hospitalization was observed in the intervention group during the follow-up period, 14.8 % (n = 4) of the individuals in the control group were hospitalized. DiscussionIt was found that online group-based ACT applied to individuals with early psychosis reduced psychotic symptoms and increased their functionality levels. It was also found that hospitalizations were less in the intervention group.ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05210816.

Effectiveness of Play and Activity-based Preschool Values Education Practices: An Experimental Study

The current study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the values education program, which consists of play and activity-based activities prepared by using different methods and techniques on values, on the attitudes and behaviors of the students about values. The study was carried out as a quasi-experimental design with a pretest and a posttest control group. The study group consisted of 33 experimental groups including a total of 71 students, 38 of whom are in the control group. A six-session values education program was applied to the students in the experimental group. There was a difference between the students' awareness levels of values education after the play-based values education practices of the competencies of the experimental group and the control group for values education. To examine the difference between the pre-test and post-test mean scores in the sub-dimension, the t-test was conducted for independent samples, and the examination of the mean scores with the post-test was analyzed with the t-Test for dependent samples. The play-based practices carried out to improve the awareness of values education improved the awareness level of preschool students towards values education, and the level of consciousness towards values increased.

The Effectiveness of a Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling Program in Reducing Cognitive Distortions among Residents of the Juvenile House in Taif

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral counseling program in reducing cognitive distortions. The quasi-experimental, one-group pretest-posttest design was employed. The sample comprised 30 residents of the Juvenile House in Taif who were randomly chosen. The findings indicated statistically significant differences at (α≤0.01) between the pretest and posttest mean scores on all cognitive distortions dimensions in favor of the post-administration. In addition, the cognitive-behavioral counseling program had a large effect size on the sample's cognitive distortions. The Modified Blake's Gain Ratio for the effectiveness of the counseling program in reducing cognitive distortions was (1.24). The study recommended activating counseling centers in all institutions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and educating workers at the juvenile houses on guiding clients to improve their cognitive distortions.

Enhancing early children’s basic handwriting skills through hands-on participant team teaching: A monadic experimental design

This study investigated the impact of hands-on participant team teaching (HPTT) on children’s basic handwriting skills. Pre-test and post-test were conducted to measure changes in accuracy, correct strokes, consistency, control, grip, independence, and neatness. Initial observations revealed a teaching approach that heavily relied on parental assistance, which raised concerns about the student’s proficiency in basic handwriting skills. This monadic experimental study used seven early childhood pupils at a San Jose City, Philippines public school. Three researchers immersed themselves in teaching the selected students using HPTT, after a pre-test followed by a series of interventions then ended with a post-test. Experts validated rubrics used for scoring the pre-test and post-test. Qualitative data were gathered using semi-structured interviews. The pre-test results indicated a substantial deficit in basic handwriting skills. However, following the implementation of HPTT, the mean post-test score substantially increased, underscoring the effectiveness of the team-teaching intervention. Another critical finding is that guidance and personalized support play a pivotal role. Students who receive consistent help, especially in managing strokes and grips, consistently improve their handwriting abilities. This study highlights the impact of structured interventions and personalized assistance in honing handwriting skills. This highlights the potential of HPTT as an effective teaching method for enhancing children’s basic handwriting skills. The study underscores the importance of innovative and interactive teaching strategies and calls for further research to explore these findings’ long-term effects and generalizability to diverse student populations and settings.

Enhancing Patient Quality of Life Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: An Examination of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model

Background: Ischemic heart disease stands as the foremost cause of death among cardiovascular conditions. The most commonly employed revascularization method for treating ischemic heart disease is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). An improvement in the patient's quality of life frequently serves as the primary measure of PCI's success. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of an educational program grounded in the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model on the quality of life of patients who have undergone PCI. Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 84 patients selected from those referred to the Cardiovascular Clinic of Razi Hospital in Birjand city, located in eastern Khorasan. Participants were required to fill out a demographics form and the Short Form of the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (SF-12). They were then divided into an intervention group (n = 42) and a control group (n = 42) through the use of the permuted block method. Those in the intervention group participated in a 6-week educational program (meeting once weekly) designed around the IMB model. The control group received the standard care available at the Cardiovascular Clinic. Both groups were asked to return to the Cardiology Clinic 6 weeks after the initial test to complete the SF-12 (posttest). All participants were surveyed again one month after the second questionnaire completion (follow-up). Results: The intervention group showed a significant increase in the mean score of physical health immediately and one month after the intervention, compared to the pretest scores (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Furthermore, the mean posttest score for psychological health in the intervention group significantly improved compared to the pretest (P &lt; 0.001), and their follow-up score improved significantly compared to the posttest score (P = 0.02). There were no significant changes in the mean scores for physical and psychological health in the control group over time (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: This study indicates that the quality of life for patients post-PCI can be significantly improved through participation in an educational program based on the IMB model. This research provides a foundation for the development of interventions with more enduring effects on post-PCI patient outcomes.

A Study to Assess the effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Program regarding Cervical Cancer Screening and HPV Vaccination among ASHA workers at selected rural area of District Yamuna Nagar, Haryana

Background: The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme regarding cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination in terms of knowledge among ASHA workers working at rural area of district Yamuna Nagar, Haryana. Quantitative research approach was used. One group pre-test and post-test design was adopted to attain current study objectives. 60 ASHA workers were selected by using purposive sampling method. Demographic profile was used to assess personal information of ASHA Workers. Pre-test was conducted to assess the existing level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination with the help of self-structured questionnaire followed by video assisted teaching program was implemented and after seven days a post test was taken. The study finding shows that knowledge score regarding cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination of ASHA workers were improved after implemented the video assisted teaching program. The pre-test mean and standard deviation knowledge score were 12.18+3.41 and the post-test mean and standard deviation knowledge score were 24.52+1.84. The mean difference score was 12.34. The paired‘t’ test score was 14.423 for the degree of freedom 29 which was statistically significant at the ‘P’ value 0.001; however no significant association was found between post test level knowledge and demographic variable.

IMPACT OF ENGLISH SONG IN VOCABULARY LEARNING : A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT A JUNIOR ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL

Pre-experimental design with one group pre-test and post-test was used in this study to determine whether there is any positive or negative effect on students' vocabulary mastery after they are taught using English songs. This study's instruments were a written vocabulary test and a field note. The researchers employed English songs combined with a Vocabulary self-collection (VSS) technique in the treatment to improve students' vocabulary acquisition. The mean pre-test score for 39 students in the eighth grade at an Islamic junior high school was 48,71, and the mean post-test score was 80, 89. The mean results of the pre-test and post-test demonstrated a significant improvement in students' vocabulary mastery. The t-test's p-value (sig-2-tailed) was 0.00, which is less than 0.05. This outcome indicated that Ho was refused but Ha was authorized. It was able to prove that gaining vocabulary in the eighth grade of an Islamic junior high school utilizing an English song and VSS had a positive impact on students' vocabulary mastery. The main teaching implication of this study is that when an English song is combined with specific teaching and learning objectives and supported by learning assessment through VSS, it might assist students in learning English vocabulary effectively.

IMPACT OF AN EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION ON AWARENESS OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND ADR REPORTING AMONGST AYURVEDIC POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS

Objective: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Ayurveda is one of the oldest healthcare systems, widely practiced in India and there is a misconception that AYU and H drugs are free from ADRs. Post-graduate (PG) students are fresh pass-out medical graduates and are major contributors in providing health care at tertiary care centres. The present study was planned with the aim of evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance amongst PG students and impact of an educational intervention on their knowledge and attitude.&#x0D; Methods: A pre-test, post-test questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted. 41 postgraduate students from different branches were included. An educational intervention in the form of sensitization programme, including basic knowledge of pharmacovigilance, monitoring system for pharmacovigilance andcase-based ADR reporting was conducted. A validated questionnaire consisting of questions regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance was provided as a pre-test and post-test and the results were statistically evaluated.&#x0D; Results: Scores of pre-test reveals that the participants were aware of basic knowledge of pharmacovigilance but knowledge about reporting procedure and the monitoring system was lacking. The difference in mean scores of pre and post-test was statistically significant. Most of the participants agreed that reporting ADR improves drug safety and frequent sensitization programmes should be conducted but practically, they had not undergone any training/sensitization programme.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study reveals that even with the favorable attitude towards drug safety and ADR reporting, the unawareness of PG students about the monitoring system and deficient ADR reporting indicatesa strong need for the conduction of repeated training/sensitization programmes and other suitable methods for encouraging ADR reporting.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING METHOD TOWARD STUDENTS SPEAKING ABILITY AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH FOR EIGHT GRADE OF SMPN 3 BANJARBARU

English speaking ability an experimental is one of the language skill which become the main purpose for the English language learner at the school. The purpose of CLLM is to help the students to communicate in their daily life, but the achievement of the CLLM is felt difficult practically, because in fact, many students are still passive in the classroom. When the students communicate in the target language, students might encounter a situation in which they cannot find words to convey meaning. When the flow of communication in this situation of communication breakdown, they used Community Language Learning Method (CLLM) method to prevent the stagnation in conveying that messages and make the students find it enjoyable to learn. Therefore, this study concerns with students’ ability in learning English by using CLLM. This study is attempt to discover students’ speaking ability for the eight year students’ of SMPN 3 Banjarbaru in the school year 2023/2024. Two research questions formulated: (1) to what extent is the achievement of the speaking ability for the eight year students of SMPN 3 Banjarbaru in the school year 2023/2024? (2) to what extent is the effect of CLL toward students’ speaking ability for the eight year students of SMPN 3 Banjarbaru in the school year 2023/2024? This study was experimental research. So there were two groups of sample, they were experimental and control groups. The population of this study was 160 students. The researcher took 40 students as the sample. As the research instruments which was developed to collect data, the researcher provided some pictures, the students were asked to describe the pictures. While the students were describing the pictures, the researcher recorded it. After collecting and calculating the data, the researcher found that the mean score of pre-test and post-test for experiment group were 46.45 and 51.85, while for control group were 41.2 and 45.3. And in testing the hypothesis, the researcher used t-test formula. The researcher found that t-test was 2.280 and t-table in significant rank 0.05 (5%) was 2.021. It proved that t-test was higher than t-table (2.280 &gt; 2.021). So the alternative hypothesis was accepted. It indicates that Community Language Learning Method (CLLM) was effective in speaking teaching for the eight year students of SMPN 3 Banjarbaru in the school year 2023/2024.

The Effect of an Emotion Recognition and Expression Program on the Alexithymia, Emotion Expression Skills and Positive and Negative Symptoms of Patients with Schizophrenia in a Community Mental Health Center

This study aimed to examine the effect of an emotion recognition and expression program (EREP) on the alexithymia, emotion expression skills and positive and negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. The study had a non-randomized, quasi-experimental design including a pretest, post-test, and follow-up test. It was conducted with 36 patients with schizophrenia (n = 18 intervention group, n = 18 control group) who regularly visited a Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) in Türkiye and participated voluntarily. The EREP was applied to the intervention group for eight weeks. "Personal Information Form", "Emotion Expression Scale (EES)", "Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS)", and "Positive Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)" were applied to all participants in the pretest, post-test, and follow-up test. The follow-up test was applied one month after the end of the sessions. Number, percentage, chi-square test, and repeated measures analysis of variance were used for data evaluation. In the total alexithymia score, there was a significant difference in the group interaction by time in the intervention group compared to the control group. In terms of total alexithymia score, the post-test and follow-up test mean scores of the intervention group were lower than the control group (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.122). There was a significant time*group interaction in the positive emotion subscale of the EES (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.121). The findings of our study indicated that the EREP had a positive effect on the alexithymia scores of patients with schizophrenia. We found that the EREP used in our study contributed to the reduction of alexithymia levels in patients with schizophrenia.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Bio Medical Waste Management among Staff Nurses at Integral Hospital Dasauli, Lucknow, U.P

Biomedical Waste Management (BMW) means that any anatomical waste generated during the diagnosis and treatment of the patient or human being. The medical waste that is generated through the hospital causes harmful or toxic effect to the environment. The burning of solid and regulated medical waste generated by health care recreates many problems. In adequate and improper knowledge of handling waste may be have serious health consequences. According to WHO (2011) the inappropriate healthcare waste globally caused 21 million of hepatitis B (virus) and 32 % all new infections. Epidemiological studies indicate that through the improper management of waste had a source of 30 % of HBV infection, 18 % HCV infection &amp; 0.3% of HIV infection. Proper management of biomedical waste is dominant for nurses because nurses spend maximum time with patient and in the ward as compare to any other member in health care team. Nurses have to an aware about the latest guidelines and skills update biomedical waste management to decrease the infection among the patients due to inadequate disposal of biomedical waste management. BACKGROUND: - The amount of biomedical waste being generated in our country is increasing day by day. Biomedical waste if not handled properly can pollute the environment and can spread many harmful diseases. Healthcare workers in our country are still not fully aware about proper biomedical waste management handling and hospital. India as a developing country is facing a lot of health care problem, with the increase in health care facilities; there is a growing concern of hazards of biomedical waste. Since the nursing staff is at the centre of biomedical waste handling, their knowledge of adequate disposal of biomedical waste is important. So, we conducted a study regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing staff working in a premier institute of western Rajasthan with respect to biomedical waste and its management. Proper management of Biomedical Waste (BMW) generated in a healthcare facility is one of the most important functions of a healthcare worker (HCW) as its improper management not only poses risk to 5 human being and environment, but may also invite legal action against HCW as well as hospital administration. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge of Bio Medical Waste Management among Staff Nurses at Integral Hospital, Lucknow. OBJECTIVES: - Objectives of the study are:  To assess the knowledge regarding bio-medical waste management among staff nurses.  To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding biomedical waste management among staff nurses  To find out the association between pre-test and post-test knowledge on Bio-Medical Waste with selected demographic variables among Staff Nurses at Integral Hospital, Lucknow. MATERIALS AND METHODS: - In this research study, the quantitative research approach adopted was pre-experimental, Pre-test and Post-test design setting of the study was selected in Integral Hospital, Lucknow and the sample was 40 Staff Nurses in Integral Hospital are selected by purposive sampling technique, the self-structured questionnaire was used. RESULTS: - The result shows that mean pre-test score and post-test score with standard deviation were 12.58±5.679 and 19.23±1.804 respectively. Based on the findings of the researcher calculated ‘t’ value i.e. 6.643. So the researcher accepted the research hypothesis. The result shows that there was significant association between pre-test and demographic variables. CONCLUSION: - The study concluded that the Structured Teaching Programme was effective in improving the level the knowledge regarding Bio Medical Waste Management.

VALUES DEVELOPMENT THROUGH GYMNASTIC EDUCATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Physical education and sports are at the forefront of many schools of thought when it comes to values education since sport has the power to provide a universal framework for learning values. For this reason, the aim of this study is to examine the development of values in children aged four and five who start their gymnastics education in early childhood. In the experimentally planned study, the children's families filled the values scale as a pre-test and post-test, and the changes were examined. The population of the research group consisted of children aged four to five who attended the gymnastics course opened by a private club in the Akhisar district of Manisa during the summer period. The sample group consisted of 49 children whose consent was obtained after informing their families. The Preschool Values Scale Family Form (PVSFF), developed by Neslitürk and Çeliköz (2015), was used as a measurement tool. Although there was no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the Preschool Values Scale Family Form, a significant difference was found only in the responsibility sub-dimension of the scale. Therefore, it is understood that children can gain values, especially responsibility, through lifelong game-based sports. Considering that learning through game is important in early childhood, it is thought that emphasizing the concept of values in the movement or sports education programs to be structured and to inform the teachers, coaches or consultants working in this field is crucial.

Impact of Foundation Course on First MBBS Students and Their Level of Satisfaction – A Programme Evaluation

Abstract Background: The competency-based medical education new curriculum stresses on the foundation course at the beginning of the MBBS programme, with an objective to orient the students on new knowledge and skills that will aid them in adapting to the new professional environment, providing the opportunity for faculty and peer interactions and sensitisation towards various teaching–learning methods. Aims: The Aim of the study was to analyse the student’s feedback on the foundation course and to determine the level of satisfaction of the learners towards the course. Patients and Methods: This was a programme evaluation of foundation course for newly joined MBBS students in Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, during December from 12th to 19th for 7 days. Results: On feedback analysis, around 90% of the students were satisfied with all the sessions and the students have expressed a high level of satisfaction towards the sessions of teamwork, leadership skills, interpersonal communication skills, Basic Life Support (BLS), first aid, field visit and Indian Medical Graduate (IMG) goals. A statistically significant difference between the mean scores of pre and post test was found. Conclusions: The overall feedback on the foundation course was satisfactory. Students have gladly received the foundation course and they were well sensitised by the topics covered and activities conducted. There was a significant improvement in their assessment scores. Thus, the impact of the foundation course will definitely help in accomplishing the goals of IMG effectively.

The effect of the training provided to primiparous pregnant women based on the model on pregnancy risk perception and health literacy

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of health education based on the health belief model (HBM) on the perception of risk in pregnancy and health literacy in primiparous pregnant women to maintain and improve their health. The study was carried out with 82 pregnant women who were in the second trimester. The number of samples was calculated using the G-Power program version 3.1.7. The number of samples was found 44 for the education group and 44 for the control group with a confidence interval of 95 percent, a margin of error of 5 percent, a large Cohen d effect size value (0.5), and a power of 80 percent. Randomization was performed using the envelope method to determine the interventional and control groups. The training prepared in line with the SIM was presented to the participants in the education group. 2 sessions per week, a total of 4 times. “Personal Information Form,” Health Literacy Scale (HLS), and Perception of Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire (PPRQ) were used as data collection tools. The mean of the risk perception of the pregnant toward the baby posttest score was 9.95 ± 13.30 in the education group, and 23.35 ± 21.41 in the control group (p = .001). The mean health literacy scale posttest score was 103.52 ± 19.77 in the education group and 93.5 ± 19.02 in the control group, and it was found to be statistically significantly higher in the health literacy education group than in the control group (p = .027). This study found that educating pregnant women using the health belief model reduces their risk perception and boosts their degree of health literacy.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Respiratory Viral Diseases and Its Prevention among Adolescents in Selected Schools at Perinthalmanna

Introduction: Respiratory viral diseases are disease of respiratory system caused by respiratory viruses. Respiratory viruses are the most frequent causative agents of diseases in humans with significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. In present study we assessed the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding respiratory viral diseases and its prevention among adolescents in selected schools at Perinthalmanna. Methodology: Quantitative one group pre-test post-test approach was used in this study. 60 samples were selected by using non probability convenient sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire including demographic variables was used for the study. Result: Pre-test result shows that 29(48.33%) of adolescents had good knowledge, 27(45%) of adolescents had average knowledge and 4(6.67%) of adolescents had poor knowledge. Post-test knowledge shows that 38(63.34%) had excellent knowledge, 20(33.33%) had good knowledge, 2(3.33%) had average knowledge and none of the adolescent had poor knowledge. The effectiveness of self-instructional module was assessed by paired ‘t’ test. The calculated value was (t=19.3047) higher than the table value (t59=2.0010), it shows the self-instructional module was effective. There was no association between pre-test knowledge score of adolescents with selected demographic variables such as age, gender, class, religion, education of mother, education of father, occupation of father, occupation of mother. There was a significant association found between pretest knowledge score of adolescents with values of previous source of knowledge. The mean post-test score (15.03) was higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (9.17). Conclusion: The present study revealed that the self-instructional module was effective as it improved the knowledge level of post-test.

Basic Diving Training for Community Based Tourism (Pokdarwis) in Pandeglang District

Pokdarwis is one of the spearheads of tourism which plays an important role in promoting tourist destinations and providing education related to these tourist destinations in the local area. The lack of knowledge and diving skills of Pokdarwis members, as well as the limited facilities and infrastructure that can be used to improve their diving skills is one of the reasons for the implementation of community service activities entitled Basic diving training for Community Based Tourism (Pokdarwis) in Pandeglang Regency. This activity uses the method of observation, interviews, training, and mentoring. This training activity was attended by 20 participants from the Pokdarwis of Pandeglang Regency. The results of this activity indicate that there are differences in the mean pretest and posttest scores, where the posttest score is greater than the pretest score. As many as 80% of the participants successfully carried out the SCUBA equipment installation procedure properly. 90% of participants were able to do the Giant Step Entry procedure well and 75% of the participants were able to do the Back Roll Entry procedure well. And finally, as many as 60% of the participants could do mask clearing well.

Effect of pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation on respiratory health status of people exposed to air pollution at Tirupati, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh

Background: Air pollution is a significant issue of global concern with implications for public health. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of air pollution on the respiratory health of individuals who are exposed to air pollution in Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. Methods: The present study utilised a quantitative methodology and employed a randomised control design. A total of 300 individuals using cluster sampling method were selected for this study and divided into four groups. Three of these groups received different interventions, namely pulmonary intervention, vitamin C supplementation, and a combination of pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation, the fourth group served as the control group. These groups were investigated simultaneously and their outcomes were compared. Results: A notable disparity is observed in the mean scores between the pre-test and post-test measurements in the pulmonary intervention group (t=2.06, p=0.001), vitamin C supplementation group (t=3.22, p&lt;0.001), and the combined pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation group (t=3.99, p&lt;0.000). Conversely, the control group (t=1.21, p=0.23) did not exhibit a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test mean scores. A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean post-test scores between the experimental and control groups indicated by the derived f=3.578 and a corresponding p=0.014, which met threshold for statistical significance at the p&lt;0.05 level. Conclusions: From the study findings it is concluded that Pulmonary intervention and vitamin C supplementation has a positive impact on respiratory health status of people exposed to air pollution.

The Effect of Family Education Program on Paternity Role and Children's Play Skills

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of fathers' participation in the Father Support Education Programme on their perception of their role as fathers and the development of play skills in their children. The study sample comprised 40 fathers whose children, aged 5 and 6, were enrolled in independent pre-schools located in the city centre of Bartın. The experimental design of pre-test and post-test control group was adopted to facilitate the study. All technical terms were defined when first used. The study comprised 20 fathers, who were divided into control and study groups. Fathers in the study group received the Father Support Education Program over a period of 10 weeks, while no education program was provided to the control group. Information was collected using the "Personal Information Form," "Father Role Perception Scale (FRPS)," and "Game Skills Assessment Scale (PSAS)." The research's quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programme for Windows 22.0. To compare continuous data between two independent groups, the t-test was employed. The analysis established that following the educational programme, fathers in the study group exhibited a significant difference between their pre-test and post-test mean scores for their roles in their children's play skills. It was found that the Father Support Education Programme had a positive impact on fathers' roles and the development of children's play skills.