Post-reform Period Research Articles

The World of Migrants from Ryazan in the Post-Reform Period: Methods of Studying Migration and Local Adaptation in the Altai

The study describes a new method of integrating field and archival sources relevant to the migration of peasant families from the Ryazan Governorate to the Altai in the 1880s. Late 19th to early 20th century documents from the archives of the Ryazan and Tomsk regions were used. A new comparative method was applied to analyze the findings of ethnographic surveys in places of the original (Ryazan) and subsequent (Shubinka Volost, Biysk Uyezd, Altai) residence of migrants. Based on interviews with their descendants, adaptation to the new areas of residence was explored. Both before and after the 1917 Revolution, the migrants retained their two basiс distinctions—Orthodoxy and the Southern Russian dialect. Adaptation processes included development of the new habitat and marriages not only with members of their group but also with Siberian old residents. These adaptive strategies opposed migrants from Ryazan to those from other Southern Russian Governorates such as Kursk, Voronezh, etc., who maintained ties mostly with migrants from Poltava, Chernigov, and other southern regions.

Constitutional Doctrine of Ukraine: Problems of Legalization, Transformation, and Europeanization

The discussion in Ukrainian constitutional law indicates a rather restrained assessment of the current state of Ukraine’s constitutional doctrine. However, this does not prevent the author from asserting that, after more than a quarter of a century of activity by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, it is now possible to speak of certain achievements, particularly in the application and development of doctrines established in Western democracies. These include, in particular, constituent power and the supremacy of the constitution, as well as other constitutional and legal doctrines. While these doctrines are far from complete, the contours of those that are still in the stage of formation and development, as well as some promising ones, are already visible. To ensure that the process of forming Ukraine’s constitutional doctrine has a consistent, systematic character, and to increase its legal significance and normative weight (power), the article supports the legislative initiative of Ukrainian parliamentarians regarding the legalization of the category "constitutional doctrine of Ukraine." This should be understood in a narrow sense, as a product of the activities of a constitutional jurisdiction body embodied in legal positions. At the same time, the latest version of the draft law, which completely nullifies all progressive achievements in this area during the last post-reform period, was critically evaluated. Currently, Ukraine’s official constitutional doctrine is influenced by both American and European constitutional paradigms. This influence is clearly visible in the consistent endorsement of freedom and human dignity as fundamental constitutional values by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. This is the case even though freedom is not directly defined as a value by the Constitution of Ukraine. It is important to note that freedom and human dignity are values from different legal systems (traditions): American (Anglo-Saxon) and European (especially German), respectively. The question of their mutual coexistence can be the subject of discussions and even disputes. Regarding the value of human dignity, the position of the constitutional jurisdiction body is closely aligned with prevailing views on the European continent. The category of freedom acquired constitutional status due to the official interpretation of the Constitution of Ukraine by the body of constitutional control, particularly in relation to human rights and freedoms. Now, it is time for its full approval, but in a different capacity. This pertains to the freedom of the Ukrainian people, which is being forged on the battlefield during this historic period.

Structural Transformation and Inequality in India: A Decomposition Analysis of Trends in Regional Inequality in Post-reform Period

India has undergone a rapid sectoral shift from an agrarian to a predominantly service economy in the post-reform period. The objective of this article is to understand and assess the impact of this shift on the inter-state income distribution during the period from 1993–94 to 2019–20. We have shown how inequality decomposition by income source can be used to disaggregate the inequality trend into its various contributory influences. Our results assist in understanding the role of sectors and sub-sectors in terms of their contribution to inter-state inequality. Our results show that the tertiary and secondary sectors are largely responsible for the growth in inequality, which was partially offset by the primary sector. The evidence at the sub-sectoral level is along the same lines, with manufacturing and an overwhelming number of tertiary sub-sectors contributing to the growth in inequality, while agriculture and allied activities playing a role in keeping a check on it.

The Influence of Political Dynamics on Health Policy in Indonesia

Health policy in Indonesia has experienced various significant changes in line with the political dynamics that occur at the national and local levels. Political dynamics in Indonesia are greatly influenced by various factors, such as the government system, political party ideology, interests of certain groups, and issues that develop in society. This study aims to analyze the influence of political dynamics on health policy in Indonesia, focusing on the post-reform period. The research methodology uses the literature review study method to analyze the influence of political dynamics on health policy in Indonesia. Literature review study is an effective method to collect, analyze, and synthesize information from various sources relevant to the research topic. The summary of the results of the discussion highlights the significant impact of political dynamics on health policy in Indonesia. The discussion emphasized the challenges faced due to changes in political leadership and decentralization of policy coordination. The role of political ideology, collaboration between stakeholders, and global influence in shaping health policies is essential for effective and sustainable health in Indonesia. By understanding the political dynamics that affect health policy, it is hoped that the recommendations produced from this study can make a significant contribution to future health policy improvements in Indonesia.

Veterinary and epizootic surveillance in Russia in the second half of the XIX century (based on the materials of the Central Black Earth Region)

The relevance of the article is due to the difficult epidemiological situation in the Kursk region, which arose due to a special military operation. The historical experience of the zemstvos in solving acute veterinary problems can be used in modern conditions. The history of veterinary and epizootic surveillance in the second half of the 19th century is also relevant from a theoretical point of view, as it allows us to expand knowledge about the socio-economic development of post-reform Russia. The purpose of the article is to analyze the veterinary practice of zemstvos in the Central Chernozem region in the second half of the XIX century.Objectives: to identify the peculiarities of the development of veterinary medicine in the zemstvo provinces; to analyze the problems faced by zemstvo veterinarians and methods of their solution; to evaluate the effectiveness of veterinary practice of zemstvos in the Central Chernozem region. The methodology includes chronological and historical-comparative approaches. The method of objectivity and scientific approach based on the principle of historicism is applied. Results. In the post-reform period, a tense epizootic situation developed in Russia. Zemstvo veterinarians took effective measures to counteract animal diseases. Measures aimed at preventing and eliminating epizootics, combating infectious diseases of animals were carried out everywhere, the population received free medical care for sick animals, veterinary laboratories and diagnostic rooms were opened. The fight against animal diseases in the Central Chernozem region has led to the complete elimination of epidemics. Conclusions. Zemstvo veterinary medicine contributed to the improvement of animal health and the development of livestock farms in Russia in the second half of the XIX century. The activities of zemstvo veterinarians marked the beginning of the organizational design of the veterinary service as a separate branch of medicine.

Book review: Education and Christian enlightenment of the Chuvashs of Volga-Urals in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: documents and materials from the funds of N.I. Ilminsky and Kazan Teachers’ Seminary (compiled by G.A. Nikolaev, R.R. Iskhakov; Cheboksary, 2023)

The review presents a description of the content of the collection of documents dedicated to the education and Christian enlightenment of the Chuvashs, who lived in the Volga-Ural region in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author highlights aspects of the topic that are most fully reflected in the published documents: state of school affairs in rural areas, interfaith situation in the region, living conditions of parish priests and school teachers, activities of teachers and educators N.I. Ilminsky, I.Ya. Yakovlev, N.I. Zolotnitsky. The review positively assesses the detailed scientific reference apparatus of the book. It is concluded that the collection of documents expands our knowledge of the daily life of the peoples of the Volga region in the post-reform period of Russian history. For citation: Kasimov E.V. Book review: Education and Christian enlightenment of the Chuvashs of Volga-Urals in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: documents and materials from the funds of N.I. Ilminsky and Kazan Teachers’ Seminary (compiled by G.A. Nikolaev, R.R. Iskhakov; Cheboksary, 2023). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp. 161–165. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.161-165 (In Russian)

THE RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF ASSOCIATIVE LEXICOGRAPHY: PROSPECTS OF DIACHRONIC RESEARCH IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article describes the history of the formation of world associative lexicography, examines the typology and electronic databases of various associative dictionaries, their meaning and purpose in the context of psycholinguistic studies of the content and ethnocultural specificity of the linguistic consciousness of ethnic groups; gives an interpretation of the terminological apparatus used in the study of cognitive and mental processes of speech activity using associative techniques. Using the example of comparing the contents of two Kazakh associative dictionaries – the Soviet (KRAD-78) and the post-reform period (KAD-2014) – the dynamics of changes in the content of the nuclear zones of linguistic consciousness of two generations of students, participants in mass associative experiments, is demonstrated, which is convincing evidence of the serious research potential of associative lexicography and predicts the prospects of this kind of diachronic associative research. Based on the predicted scientific and socio-cultural significance of diachronic comparative associative studies, the article proposes to create another associative dictionary, expanding the list of stimulus words from 120 to 1000 in order to obtain an associative thesaurus of the Kazakh language, which will reflect a certain transformation of the linguistic consciousness of the ethnic group, and elements of stability of its central nuclear zones.

Quantitative lexical comparison of novels of Indonesian writers before independence and the post-reformation period: study using a corpus linguistic approach

Quantitative lexical comparison of novels of Indonesian writers before independence and the post-reformation period: study using a corpus linguistic approach

Analysis of inter-state and inter-region beta-convergence of growth rates in India in post-reform period

Analysis of inter-state and inter-region beta-convergence of growth rates in India in post-reform period

The Lack of Lewis Turning Point in India: Conceptualizing the Roles of Capital Intensity, Employment Opportunities, and Keynesian Investments

This research study aims to explain why the higher-growth phase in India, witnessed in the post-reform period of 1991–2011, failed to have the impact of significant increases in formal, modern sector employment or a transition toward the Lewis turning point. The article illustrates that it is more realistic to view a transition toward the Lewis turning point as involving increases in capital intensity. A desired increase in demand for labor will follow if the increases in capital intensity are associated with productivity growth in terms of increases in the share of intermediate goods specializations as output is increased. Autoregressive distributed lagged regression has been used to analyze whether investment behavior captures Young–Kaldor investments that can indicate growth in intermediate goods specialization. This is key to a higher pace of investment and specialized employment outcomes. The findings support existing literature, highlighting that increases in capital intensity constitute a significant factor explaining the lack of proper employment growth and the Lewis turning point. However, they also show that the problem is not with increases in capital intensity per se. Rather, the increases do not indicate dynamism regarding investments associated with intermediate goods specializations. JEL Classification O11, O14, O31

The concept of legal dualism and its overcoming in contemporary studies of the Russian Empire

The productive interdisciplinary exchange with legal anthropology and the “law and society” paradigm has significantly contributed to the formation of the “legal turn” in historical studies of empires. This “turn” has intensified the study of legal pluralism, the competition and mutual influence among various types of imperial jurisdictions (state, corporate, confessional, ethnic, estate-based, regional, communal, etc.), and the significance of law and judicial institutions in managing diversity and integrating imperial spaces. Additionally, it explores the role of judicial and legal institutions in reinforcing the status and identity of imperial communities and in shaping their interactions with the state. This article, in light of the new interdisciplinary synthesis, discusses one of the oldest and most enduring concepts in the legal-historical sphere of the Russian Empire — the model of “legal dualism”. Formed in the 19th century, this concept remains influential in historiography. It posits the coexistence and sharp distinction between two legal realms: on one hand, a unified realm of modern statutory law and corresponding institutions that regulate the lives of the empire's elite; and on the other hand, an ethnically and locally variable realm of particularistic “customary law” and associated conflict resolution practices prevalent among the heterogeneous population of the imperial center and periphery. According to this concept, the establishment of new courts modeled on European systems during the post-reform period exacerbated the legal and behavioral divide, disrupting pre-existing elements of pre-reform particularistic inclusion of ethnic and class communities. However, recent research has critiqued and revised the “legal dualism” concept in both the pre-reform and post-reform periods. Analyzing this historiographical dynamic has enabled the identification of the most promising avenues for further research on the legal-historical aspects of Russia from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, developing a more realistic depiction of the interaction between the state and various local, regional, class-based, ethnic, and confessional communities within the empire.

Christian Zionism and Its Impact on USA Politics

As we will see in this study, “Christian Zionism,” which was historically introduced about half a century before Jewish Zionism and inspired it, is not merely a concept consisting of two words. While the Jewish ideology of returning to Palestine had a Messianic and religious jargon in ancient and mediaeval times, contemporary Jewish Zionism has additional secular, nationalist, and socialist components to it. It is not possible to evaluate Christian Zionism independently of specific prophecies and, of course, religion. When we look at the history of Christianity, although we see extreme anti-Semitism and, within the framework of this enmity, severe oppression> and persecution of Jews, in recent years, significant Christian groups, especially American Evangelicals, have not only renounced the oppression and genocide of Jews but have decided to support Jews under all circumstances and even seem to be filled with sympathy for Jews. Can it be the reason that Christians, through their reading of the Old Testament from a different perspective in the post-Reformation period, have truly regretted their mistreatment of the Jews up to this point and have come to appreciate the Jews? Or else do economic and political interests now require such a theopolitics? Or is it because the Christian prophecy that the second coming of Jesus Christ will only be possible when today's Al-Aqsa Mosque is demolished, and the Temple of Solomon is rebuilt in its place has been drowned out by the Zionist Jewish prophecy that is so passionate about rebuilding the Temple that evangelical Christians in particular, and their puppet US administrations in particular, support the state of Israel under all circumstances - given the human tragedy unfolding in Gaza today? By seeking answers to these and similar questions in the current study, it will be presented to the reader's attention why the Western states, especially the United States, support and participate in this crime against humanity by Israel, which massacres dozens of innocent people every day.

Electoral vulnerability and localism under two electoral regimes: the case of Chile

ABSTRACT This article seeks to test empirically to what extent localist behavior by legislators is influenced by electoral vulnerability in Chile, following a recent electoral reform. Our results show that such a relationship exists in the case of non-legislative speeches delivered in the Chamber of Deputies, but not in the case of personal meetings held by parliamentarians with constituents. Furthermore, we found that the relationship between electoral vulnerability and a focus on local issues depends on district magnitude. By examining pre- and post-reform periods, after district magnitude was increased while preserving proportional rules, we also show that incentives to cultivate personal votes are more nuanced under the reformed system.

Реалии программно-целевого подхода в развитии сельских территорий

The article contains a brief historical digression using a program-oriented approach to rural development in the post-reform period. The characteristics of the State program of the Russian Federation "Integrated rural development" with an assessment of financial support are given. The directions of improving the program-target approach in terms of modern rural development are proposed.

The Super-Rich in Modern Russia: Who Are They and Are They Changing?

Abstract The study focuses on a hard-to-reach and relatively little-studied group that largely determines the configuration of wealth inequality in Russia today – the super-rich Russian businessmen. The object of the study are businessmen who have appeared on the Forbes lists from 2004 to 2021. Based on the analysis of the specially collected empirical database, the composition of the group by key socio-economic and demographic indicators is analyzed, its changes in the course of Russia’s modern history are traced, and the overall dynamics of the group are assessed. The high degree of stability of this group is demonstrated, as well as the high degree of internal inequality within it. Differences in the two sub-groups of the super-rich – those who entered the labor market in the pre-reform and post-reform periods – are identified. It is shown that these differences highlight the gradual changes taking place in this group. However, even today the pre-reform super-rich dominate the group and therefore determine its generalized portrait.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОЗЕМЕЛЬНОГО УСТРОЙСТВА КРЕСТЬЯН СТАРОДУБЬЯ (ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЙ БРЯНЩИНЫ) ПО РЕФОРМЕ 1861 Г.

Based on archival documents, the article examines the features of the land structure of Starodubye peasants during the post-reform period. This historical region belonged in the second half of the XIX century to the north-eastern counties of the former Chernihiv province of the Russian Empire. They consisted of Starodubsky, Novozybkovsky, Mglinsky and Surazhsky counties. Now Starodubye belongs to the south-western part of the Bryansk region of Russia. The purpose of the article is to determine whether the peasants of Starodubye won or lost as a result of the Reform of 1861. We analyzed a large number of charters that are contained in the cases of the purchase of land plots by temporarily liable peasants of Starodubya in the Russian State Historical Archive. As a result, it was found that allotment lands could not provide the peasants with a living wage and the payment of ransom payments. Farmers often got inconvenient plots for cultivation. The peasants had to move their estates and various buildings to allotment land, which significantly complicated their life during the post-reform period. Landlords usually did not prevent peasants from using public areas, but limited their access to wood for heating houses. The dominant form of land use was communal, but sometimes landlords allowed the division of public land into farm plots.

TREND AND GROWTH OF INDIA’S AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD

The study is focused on evaluating the growth and trend of India's agricultural exports after the implementation of economic reforms. The changes in the composition and volume of agricultural exports and imports in the post-reform period, especially after the economic reforms of 1991, demonstrate significant shifts in India's agricultural trade. The liberalization measures adopted during this period, with the aim of integrating the Indian economy into the global market, have deeply influenced the agricultural sector. The post-reform period has seen substantial growth and diversification in India’s agricultural trade, influenced by liberalized trade policies, global market dynamics, and technological advancements. While opportunities for expansion remain, addressing challenges such as climate change, market access, and sustainability will be crucial for future growth. The results indicate that India's agricultural exports have experienced remarkable growth from 1990–1991 to 2020–2021. India's agricultural exports grew from $3.35 billion in 1990-91 to $35.93 billion in 2019-20, marking a nearly 12-fold increase over 30 years. The country is currently facing significant challenges such as low productivity and high logistics costs, limited value addition, challenges in export promotion and branding, non-tariff barriers, and quality issues.

Higher Education Landscape in India: Government Expenditure and Its Implications on Growth and Access

India’s higher education system grapples with myriad challenges perpetuated by scarcity of resources. This study seeks to analyse the quantitative growth of India’s higher education since independence, particularly focusing on the post-reform period. The research employs regression models, including the semi-log, Gompertz and multiple linear models, to determine growth rates and forecast variables up to 2035. The study reveals a significant expansion of higher education during the examined period, though it falls short of meeting the increasing demands. To achieve the goal of a 50 per cent Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) by 2035, the Government of India must take steps to boost its expenditure on higher education. The analysis powerfully underscores that despite the extensive proliferation of higher education in India, its efficacy might be limited without concurrent implementation of robust policies directed towards amplifying government expenditure within the sector.

Value-added tax expansion reform and specialization in China: evidence from textual analysis

This paper investigates the impact of China’s value-added tax (VAT) expansion reform on specialization using data sourced from listed companies. Through an examination of changes in business scope and revenue, two significant findings emerge. First, certain companies extend their services beyond internal use, aiming to boost sales during the post-reform period. This expansion is evident in the changes observed in the business scope matrix. Second, certain service providers experience a significant revenue increase as they attract outsourced orders from manufacturers affected by the reform. The disaggregated analysis of the three sectors involved in the VAT expansion reform further substantiates these findings. Moreover, we rule out tax avoidance as a motive by evaluating actual changes in tax burden, as opposed to projected burdens. These findings have important policy implications for understanding the ramifications of VAT reform and the dynamics of specialization within the industry.

Governance through exit: Pension fund reform impact on real earnings management of portfolio companies

Theoretical models predict that the threat of outside blockholder exit can mitigate agency problems and force managers to undertake actions that would maximize firm value in the long run. We examine whether the institutional blockholder exit threat curbs managerial misbehavior and short-termism reflected in real earnings management. Our study exploits a natural experiment—the Polish pension fund reform of 2013 that encouraged pension funds to trade more actively and imposed a real threat of exit on their portfolio companies. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we provide evidence that the reform significantly decreased the level of real earnings management in “treated” companies, that is, companies with open-ended pension funds (OFEs) playing the role of blockholders. The effect was more significant for firms in a multiple blockholder setting, firms under common ownership, and firms with higher insider’s stakes. Moreover, we confirmed that treated companies that decreased real earnings management in the post-reform period experienced the increased long-term operating performance.