Postpartum Depression Research Articles

The screening accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to detect perinatal depression with and without the self-harm item in pregnant and postpartum women

Background This study aims to examine whether the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), excluding the self-harm item (EPDS-9), performs as effectively as the full EPDS in identifying depression among perinatal women. Methods A total of 3571 pregnant women and 3850 postpartum women participated in this observational study. Participants who scored ≥ 9 on the EPDS underwent further diagnostic evaluations by a clinical psychologist and/or psychiatrist. Results The EPDS-9 and full EPDS demonstrated a near-perfect correlation in both the antepartum (r = 0.996) and postpartum (r = 0.998) cohorts. EPDS-9 showed exceptional precision in identifying depression as screened by the full EPDS at cutoff points ranging 9–14, with areas under the curve ≥0.998. The sensitivity of EPDS-9 and full EPDS to detect depression that requires psychotropic medications was poor. The highest accuracy for both versions was at a cutoff score of 9: sensitivity of 0.579 for the full EPDS and 0.526 for the EPDS-9. At the cutoff point of 9, EPDS-9 performed adequately in predicting the response of the participants to the self-harm item. Conclusion The EPDS-9 represents a solid and effective replacement for the full EPDS in clinical settings. If the presence of suicidal thoughts needs to be assessed, specialized scales should be used.

Tapestry of postnatal emotional disorders: exploring the interplay of anxiety and depressive disorders and their associated risk factors in Sudanese women.

This research aims to unravel the prevalence of postnatal emotional disorders with a focus on how postnatal anxiety remained under-estimated and often embroiled in postnatal depression. Out of 600 postnatal women invited to take part in this study from two prominent primary care clinics in Khartoum, 468 women agreed to participate in this study. Three questionnaires were utilized in this study, a Personal Information Questionnaire (PIQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Beck depression Inventory (BDI). Multiple linear regression analysis applied to gauge risk factors with postnatal anxiety and depression. More than half (52.50%) of women showed evidence of both anxiety and depression using HADS, while only (20.9%) of cases were detected by BDI, showing evidence of moderate depressive disorder. A substantial proportion (28.4%) showed high levels of comorbidity of anxiety and depression in the category of moderate to severe symptoms. Main risks factors for postnatal disorders were past psychiatric illness (β = 0.25, p = 0.001), a family history of psychiatric illness (β = 0.15, p = 0.002), and stress due to the number of children (β = 0.32, p = 0.001). This study advances our understanding of postnatal emotional disorders, particularly highlighting the prevalence as well as correlates of postpartum anxiety. More importantly, this study highlights the importance of routine screen for emotional distress in postnatal women.

Combatting Postnatal Depression: Exploring the Role of Serious Games in New Parent Support.

This study makes innovative use of digital and serious games technologies as well as early detection innovations that work with perinatal infant mental health (PIMH) clinicians to help new parents and parents during pregnancy, including both birthing and non-birthing parents, combat social stigma towards postnatal depression.

An Internet-Based Developmental Home Care Support Program Improved Maternal Psychological Symptoms and Infant Growth: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To examine the effects of an internet-based Developmental Home Care Support program (DHCSP) to reduce maternal psychological symptoms and improve preterm infants' physical growth outcomes. A randomized controlled trial was conducted. The mother-infant dyads (nm=34, np=40) were randomly assigned to either the DHCSP intervention group or the control group. Data were collected at discharge (T0), 1-month corrected age (T1), and 2-month follow-up (T2), including mothers' postpartum depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and mother-proxy infants' body length, weight, and head circumference. There were no significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the 2 groups at T0, except for mothers' age and monthly household income (both P =.01). Mothers in the DHCSP group reported significantly higher decreases in depression symptoms (β=-2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.31 to -0.16, P =.03), and their preterm infants showed significantly more increases in body length (β=2.09; 95% CI, 0.30-3.87, P =.02) than the control participants at T2. The 2 groups did not show significant differences in mothers' PTSD symptoms or infants' body weight and head circumference. The internet-based DHCSP intervention was effective in improving mothers' depressive symptoms and infants' body length.

Perceived stress and prenatal depression symptoms among couples with gestational diabetes mellitus: The mediating role of dyadic coping

ProblemNo studies have been conducted to examine the relationships between perceived stress, positive/negative dyadic coping, and prenatal depression symptoms in Chinese couples with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). BackgroundGDM is a stressful event for pregnant women and their partners, which may result in clinically significant prenatal depression symptoms in couples. AimThis study aims to examine the relationships and differences in perceived stress, positive/negative dyadic coping, and prenatal depression symptoms between Chinese pregnant women with GDM and their partners and to explore the mediating role of positive/negative dyadic coping. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangzhou, China, from January to October 2021. 402 pairs of GDM couples completed the questionnaires, including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Chinese version of the Dyadic Coping Inventory, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Dyadic data was analyzed using the actor-partner interdependence mediation model. Findings37.6 % of pregnant women with GDM and 24.6 % of their partners experienced clinically significant prenatal depression symptoms. Depression symptoms in couples mutually influence each other. Perceived stress was directly or indirectly related to their and partners’ prenatal depression symptoms in GDM couples, with negative dyadic coping acting as a mediator. Maternal negative dyadic coping was also a partner-mediator. DiscussionThe findings of the present study may provide healthcare professionals with a better understanding of the effect of the interpersonal interaction between the couples as a dyad on prenatal depression symptoms in Chinese context. ConclusionThere were intrapersonal and interpersonal associations among perceived stress, negative dyadic coping, and prenatal depression symptoms in pregnant women with GDM and their partners. It suggests a need for screening clinically significant prenatal depression symptoms and decreasing perceived stress and negative dyadic coping among couples with GDM with a focus on pregnant women with GDM.

Effectiveness of the mom supports mom peer support intervention in treating antenatal mental health difficulties in women

ProblemUp to 75 % of at-risk perinatal women do not receive treatment in Czechia. BackgroundPregnant women with mental health difficulties are more likely to undergo less controversial nonpharmaceutical treatment during pregnancy, but structural and psychological barriers interfere with their capacity to seek professional help. AimWe tested the effectiveness of the telephone-based peer support intervention Mom Supports Mom (MSM) in Czech pregnant women at risk of mental disorder. MethodsThe Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess risk in women (EPDS ≥ 10). Women at risk were randomized into two groups; the intervention group received the MSM, while the control group received the care as usual, which did not contain any psychological support intervention. One month after completing the EPDS, the women's mental statuses were again measured and compared, this time with data before and after the intervention, using the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) to measure anxiety, the EPDS to measure depression, the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP) to measure stress, and the Prenatal Attachment Inventory – Revised (PAI-R) to measure attachment. The trial was registered under the name Pregnancy without psychosocial stress (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04853693). FindingsA total of 167 women were included in the study and randomized into two groups. Depressive symptoms did not decrease (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.48; 0.17–0.79; p = .002), but levels of anxiety (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.44; 0.13–0.75; p = .005) and psychosocial stress (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.55; 0.20–0.82; p = .002) were reduced in women in the intervention group compared with women in the control. In addition, prenatal attachment increased among intervened women (Cohen´s d; 95 % CI = 0.48; 0.17–0.79; p = .002). DiscussionThe telephone-based peer support intervention MSM is effective in reducing stress and anxiety and increasing prenatal attachment but does not reduce depression among high-risk women.

Relation Between Initiation of Breastfeeding Success and Postpartum Depression

ObjectivesThis study was designed to assess the effect of initiation of breastfeeding success on postpartum depression (PPD) among women who gave birth in Quebec. MethodsSecondary analysis of the “Quality of Care, Obstetrics Risk Management, and Mode of Delivery” trial (QUARISMA trial), conducted in Quebec from 1 April 2008 to 31 October 2011 to reduce rates of cesarean delivery in Quebec. Inclusion criteria: all women ≥18 years old who gave birth at the hospital of a single baby ≥370 weeks of gestation. Logistic regression was performed to investigate the impact of initiation of breastfeeding success on PPD rates. Outcome was reported using adjusted ORs with 95% CIs. ResultsA total of 151 708 women (21 525 women with unsuccessful initiation of breastfeeding and 130 183 women with successful initiation of breastfeeding) were selected to participate in this study. We observed a significant association between initiation of breastfeeding success and a lower rate of PPD (0.16% vs. 0.29%) (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.41–0.79, P < 0.001). ConclusionsInitiation of breastfeeding success is significantly associated with a lower risk of PPD.

What is the best mode of delivery in nulliparous, singleton, term, vertex pregnancies

With approximately 145 million births occurring worldwide each year—over 30 million by cesarean delivery (CD), the need for evaluation of maternal and perinatal outcomes in different delivery scenarios is more pressing than ever. Recently, in a meta-analysis of the available randomized controlled trials, planned CD was associated with significantly decreased rates of low umbilical artery pH, and neonatal complications such as birth trauma, tube feeding, and hypotonia when compared to planned vaginal delivery (VD). Among singleton pregnancies, planned CD was associated with a significantly lower rate of perinatal death. For mothers, planned CD was associated with significantly less chorioamnionitis, more wound infection, and less urinary incontinence at 1 to 2 years. Conversely, planned VD has been associated with benefits such as a lower incidence of wound infection and quicker postpartum recovery compared to planned CD. Nonetheless, several risk factors for CD are increasing—such as older maternal age, obesity, diabetes, excessive gestational weight gain, and birth weight—while maternal pelvises are getting smaller. Concerns about the potential long-term risks of multiple cesarean deliveries, such as placenta accreta spectrum disorders, highlight the need for a balanced evaluation of both delivery modes. However, the total fertility rate is decreasing in the US and around the world, with many people wanting two or fewer babies, which decreases future risk of placenta accreta incurred by multiple cesarean deliveries in these individuals. Furthermore, one in four obstetricians-gynecologists has undergone a CD on maternal request for their nulliparous, singleton, term, vertex (NSTV) pregnancy, and CD rates less than about 19% have been associated with higher perinatal and maternal mortality. Thus, we propose that it is imperative that we prioritize conducting randomized trials to compare planned cesarean to planned VD for NSTV pregnancies. Such trials would need to include 8000 or more individuals; they would ideally follow each participant to the end of their reproductive life and study perinatal and maternal outcomes, including nonbiologic outcomes such as patient satisfaction, postpartum depression, breastfeeding rates, mother-infant bonding, post-traumatic stress, and cost-effectiveness. The time for such a trial is now, as it holds the potential to inform and improve obstetrical care practices globally.El resumen está disponible en Español al final del artículo.

Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in the Postnatal Period: A Cross-sectional Analysis in a Tertiary Care Setting in Khammam, Telangana, South India

Abstract Introduction: The postpartum period is a crucial phase marked by significant physical and emotional changes for women. Mental health issues, especially anxiety and depression, can profoundly affect maternal well-being and maternal–infant interactions. Despite growing recognition, comprehensive research on perinatal mental health in India is lacking. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study surveyed 236 postnatal women in a tertiary care center in Khammam, Telangana. Participants completed standardized questionnaires for depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), anxiety (Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale), and quality of life (QOL, World Health Organization QOL-BREF). Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics and inferential tests to examine associations between variables. Results: The study revealed a significant prevalence of depression (25.42%) and anxiety (24.57%) among postnatal women, with 11% experiencing both. Demographic analysis highlighted age, residency, and education as significant factors associated with mental health outcomes. Participants without depression or anxiety generally reported a higher QOL across various domains compared to those with mental health disorders. Significant differences were observed in physical, psychological, and social relationship domains between participants with and without depression and anxiety. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into anxiety and depression prevalence among postnatal women and their impact on QOL. Addressing postnatal mental health is crucial for fostering positive maternal–infant relationships. Future interventions should prioritize comprehensive, culturally sensitive approaches to mental health care for postnatal women in India.

Understanding Postpartum Depression through Learned Helplessness Theory

Purpose To empower mothers and raise public knowledge of postpartum depression, this study aimed to examine PDD from the viewpoint of the learned helplessness theory to reveal its causes, risk factors, and available treatments. This study elucidates the elements of postpartum depression and finds strong links to mood disorders, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion. Methodology The sample data comprised 542 mothers who gave birth recently and was analyzed on PLS-SEM 4.0 software. Results It was found that anxiety and emotional exhaustion significantly and positively affected postpartum depression. Mood disorders, being the mediating variable, significantly affect PPD in the target sample of women after their deliveries. Conclusion To improve maternal mental health and to influence future clinical and research techniques for treating postpartum depression, it is essential to empower new mothers and raise the general population's consciousness. Both of these elements work together to improve maternal mental health.

Living Donation and Pregnancy-Related Complications: State of the Evidence and Call To Action for Improved Risk Assessment.

Living kidney donation and living liver donation significantly increases organ supply to make lifesaving transplants possible, offering survival benefits to the recipients and cost savings to society. Of all living donors, 40% are women of childbearing age. However, limited data exist regarding the effect of donation on future pregnancies and of pregnancy-related complications on postdonation outcomes. In February 2023, the American Society of Transplantation Women's Health Community of Practice held a virtual Controversies Conference on reproductive health, contraception, and pregnancy after transplantation and living donation. Experts in the field presented the available data. Smaller breakout sessions were created to discuss findings, identify knowledge gaps, and develop recommendations. We present the conference findings related to living donation. The evidence reviewed shows that gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus before kidney donation have been associated with an increased risk of developing postdonation hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively, without increasing the risk of developing an eGFR <45 ml/min after donation. The risk of preeclampsia in living kidney donors increases to 4%-10%, and low-dose aspirin may help reduce that risk. Little is known about the financial burden for living donors who become pregnant, their risk of postpartum depression, or the optimal time between donation and conception. The data on living liver donors are even scarcer. The creation of a registry of donor candidates may help answer many of these questions and, in turn, educate prospective donors so that they can make an informed choice.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Palestinian Women in the Hebron Governorate, Palestine

Background Despite the increased interest from researchers in Postpartum depression (PPD) globally, related studies are limited in Palestine and do not provide a comprehensive understanding of PPD. Objective We examined the factors that determine post-partum depression among Palestinian mothers in Hebron governorate. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 122 governmental primary healthcare clinics in Hebron Governorate. A convenient sampling method was used to collect data from 435 using a self-administered questionnaire using the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale. Results The mean EPDS scale score was 10.56 (SD 5.273), and 36.1% had a score of ≥13, indicating moderate-to-severe depression symptoms. The study results revealed that psychosocial factors were significantly associated with PPDS and play a crucial role in the development of PPD, such as the history of depression, being exposed to domestic violence before and during pregnancy, poor husband support, unplanned pregnancy, fear of infant’s gender, and in addition to anemia than other factors. Conclusion A high prevalence of PPD was found among Palestinian women in this study. The study proposes screening women for trauma or domestic violence and assessing their social support, inquiring about pregnancy intention, and discussing family planning. Delivering iron supplements to pregnant or postpartum anemic women is important. Women who have a history of depression, domestic abuse, or lack social support should receive psychological and medical treatment. Mental health services must be included in the after-birth care protocol to train primary health clinic staff to recognize and treat PPD.

Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of plasma for pain at different labor stages

Labor pain has an important impact on maternal labor experience, mood, and postpartum depression. It is of great emotional significance to pay attention to the pain stress response of pregnant women and take necessary intervention measures in the labor process to weaken the sense of delivery experience and reduce the risk of complications. To better understand the molecular alteration of pain and stress changes during the delivery, we analyzed the metabolomic and proteomic of the plasma collected during the labor process at different stages, revealing the significant changes in metabolites and proteins and the key regulatory pathways. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed the differentially expressed metabolites and differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and citrate cycle (TCA cycle). In particular, the glutathione metabolism played a major role in the metabolic pathway of the whole labor process. The result demonstrated the potential significance of the glutathione metabolic pathway in pain regulation.

Breastfeeding mothers' self-confidence: A mixed-method study

Objective: To establish the association of the mother's breastfeeding self-efficacy with infant feeding in the first six months of the child's life and identify the mothers’ perception of their confidence to breastfeed. Background: Breastfeeding is a multi-determined process. Many factors contribute to a mother’s ability to exclusively breastfeed until a child reaches six months of age. Among these factors is a mother’s confidence in her abilities to breastfeed her baby, referred to as breastfeeding self-efficacy. Thus, self-efficacy for breastfeeding could be an essential predictor of reducing the risk of early weaning. Study design and methods: This is a mixed-method sequential explanatory study. The short form of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale was used to determine the level of the mothers' confidence. 158 mothers were surveyed during their postpartum hospital stay, and 128 were included in a follow-up six months after delivery. Additionally, 22 participants were randomly selected for an in-depth interview (qualitative stage). Data were analysed using inferential statistics and thematic content analysis. Results: High levels of breastfeeding efficacy were identified during the hospitalisation and after discharge among all participants. Exclusive breastfeeding was practised among 45.31% of mothers six months after delivery. Return to work was a key factor contributing to early weaning. Family and health professional support during the breastfeeding process were associated as crucial for the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Discussion: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after delivery involves various factors, such as the mother’s confidence in her breastfeeding skills and the specific circumstances she faces while breastfeeding. Thus, through the mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches, it was possible to identify the convergence of self-efficacy scores and the breastfeeding mothers' perception of their confidence and intention to maintain exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: High self-efficacy to breastfeed alone was not enough to maintain exclusive breastfeeding. It is necessary to combine self-efficacy and family or health service support and guidance to clarify the mother's doubts about potential difficulties that may appear throughout the breastfeeding process, the maintenance of lactation when she plans to return to work, and the breastfeeding technique. Implication for practice: Applying the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale associated with the breastfeeding mothers' interview during the prenatal and perinatal period facilitates early identification of mothers at risk for early weaning and helps nurses in planning interventions to support the breastfeeding mother and her child in favour of exclusive breastfeeding duration. What is already known about the topic? Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended for the first six months of a child's life; however, many mothers do not follow this recommendation due to multiple barriers such as mental health issues (i.e., postpartum depression or anxiety), educational gaps, physical discomfort like sore nipples, engorgement, return to work, and lack of support. Breastfeeding self-efficacy has been associated with the duration of breastfeeding. What this paper adds Breastfeeding mothers' self-efficacy is essential for stimulating maintenance. Questions 3 (I always feed my baby without using powdered milk as a supplement) and 11 (I always breastfeed my baby on one breast and then switch to the other) of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (short form) predicted early weaning risk. Planning nursing care intervention for breastfeeding mothers in their follow-up after birth should include assessing their breastfeeding self-efficacy and factors that could contribute to early weaning, such as returning to work and the lack of a support network.

Perinatal continuity of care for mothers with depressive symptoms: perspectives of mothers and clinicians.

Mothers with mild to moderate depression in pregnancy are at risk of developing postpartum depression. Midwife-led continuity of care may support maternal mental health throughout the perinatal period. Research is needed to better understand how continuity of care may support mothers experiencing depression in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the perspectives of mothers with mild to moderate depression and clinicians regarding continuity of care in the perinatal period. Fourteen mothers and clinicians participated in individual interviews or a focus group. Analysis was conducted using inductive reflexive thematic analysis with a constructivist orientation. From the perspectives of mothers and clinicians, continuity of care during the antenatal period benefitted mothers' mental health by providing connection and rapport, information about pregnancy and referral options, and reassurance about whether pregnancy symptoms were normal. The experience of seeing multiple clinicians was noted by mothers to increase distress while participants discussed the value of extending continuity of care into the postpartum period, including having someone familiar checking in on them. The importance of having a second opinion and not always relying on a single provider during pregnancy was highlighted by some mothers and clinicians. Mothers also described how multiple modes of communication with a midwife can be helpful, including the ease and accessibility of text or email. Mothers and clinicians perceived benefits of continuity of care for maternal mental health. Offering midwife-led continuity of care to mothers with mild to moderate depression during the perinatal period is recommended.

The Effects of Laughter Therapy, Music Listening and Diary Keeping Given to Pregnant Women on Mental Health and Maternal Attachment Levels in Postpartum Period

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of laughter therapy, listening to music, and diary keeping interventions during pregnancy on the mother's mental health and the level of maternal attachment in the postpartum period. Material and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. The study consisted of 50 pregnant women, 25 in intervention, and 25 in control groups. Interventions consisted of listening to music, laughter therapy and diary keeping for six weeks. Data were collected with the Beck Depression Inventory, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Maternal Attachment Scale. Results: It was determined that the change in mental health of women in the intervention group over time was significant (p

Association between inflammatory biomarkers before pregnancy and risk of perinatal depression: A prospective cohort study of 4483 women in Sweden

AimPerinatal depression (PND) is a global health concern, affecting millions of childbearing women. Emerging data suggest that inflammation may play a role in the development of PND. Peripheral blood inflammatory biomarkers before pregnancy are widely tested in clinical practice at minimum cost, yet their potential role in PND risk remains unknown. MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 4483 birthing women during 2009–2021 within the LifeGene study with linkage to Swedish registers. Peripheral blood inflammatory biomarkers were profiled at baseline. Cases of PND were identified using validated tools or clinical diagnosis from subsequent pregnancies and postpartum periods. Logistic regression models were employed to assess the associations of each inflammatory biomarker (z scored) with PND. ResultsWe identified 495 (11.0 %) PND cases with an average age of 29.2 years. Pre-pregnancy platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was positively associated [OR, 95 % CI:1.14(1.01,1.27)], while lymphocyte count was inversely associated [OR, 95 % CI: 0.89(0.80,0.98)] with PND. A dose-response relationship was indicated for both PLR and lymphocytes when analyzed in categories based on tertile distribution. These associations appeared more pronounced for postpartum depression than antepartum depression and were independent of psychiatric comorbidities. ConclusionWith implications for future mechanistic research, these findings suggest that blood levels of lymphocytes and PLR before pregnancy are associated with subsequent risk of PND in a dose-response manner.

Identification of risk loci for postpartum depression in a genome-wide association study.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of postpartum depression (PPD) based on accumulated cohorts with multiple ethnic backgrounds have failed to identify significantly associated loci. Herein, we conducted a GWAS of Japanese perinatal women along with detailed confounding information to uncover PPD-associated loci. The first and second cohorts (n = 9260 and n = 8582 perinatal women enrolled in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project) and the third cohort (n = 997), recruited at Nagoya University, underwent genotyping. Of them, 1421, 1264, and 225 were classified as PPD based on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale 1 month after delivery. The most influential confounding factors of genetic liability to PPD were selected, and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate genetic associations with PPD after adjusting for confounders. A meta-analysis of GWAS results from the three cohorts identified significant associations between PPD and the following loci (P < 5 × 10-8) by integrating the number of deliveries and the number of family members living together as the most influential confounders: rs377546683 at DAB1, rs11940752 near UGT8, rs141172317, rs117928019, rs76631412, rs118131805 at DOCK2, rs188907279 near ZNF572, rs504378, rs690150, rs491868, rs689917, rs474978, rs690118, rs690253 near DIRAS2, rs1435984417 at ZNF618, rs57705782 near PTPRM, and rs185293917 near PDGFB. Pathway analyses indicated that SNPs suggestively associated with PPD were mostly over-represented in categories including long-term depression, GnRH signaling, glutamatergic synapse, oxytocin signaling, and Rap1 signaling. The current GWAS study identified eight loci significantly associated with PPD, which may clarify the genetic structure underlying its pathogenesis.

Risk of self-harm ideation in mothers of children with orofacial cleft defects: the Japan environment and children's study.

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P), the most prevalent congenital anomaly, has been associated with higher rates of child maltreatment. In particular, the presence of cleft lip has more of an impact on external appearance and may increase the risks of negative health outcomes such as parental postpartum depression; however, this concept remains controversial. Item #10 of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale is the assessment of parental self-harm ideation, and its presence in postpartum mothers merits risk assessments as an emergent issue that may affect the health of both mothers and infants. This study focused on the impact of CL/P on maternal self-harm ideation. Of 100,300 live births from a nationwide birth cohort in Japan, 238 mothers of infants with CL/P [186 children born with cleft lip (CL ± P) and 52 born with isolated cleft palate (CP)] were included in the analyses. The prospective association of children with CL/P and maternal self-harm ideation, which were acquired using item #10 in the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale at 1 and 6 months postpartum, was examined using binomial logistic regression analyses after multiple imputations and with adjustments for several maternal (age at delivery, smoking habit, and alcohol intake) and child-related (sex and prevalence of other congenital diseases) variables. The prevalence of self-harm ideation in 238 mothers of infants with CL/P at 1 and 6 months were 14.7% (35/238) and 18.8% (45/238) [8.2% (8,185/100,062) and 12.9% (12,875/100,062) in the control group], respectively. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for maternal self-harm ideation increased with CL/P prevalence [1.80 (1.22-2.65) and 1.47 (0.98-2.18)] at 1 and 6 months of age, respectively. After stratified by the prevalence of cleft lip, we found significant differences in the CL ± P group but not in the CP group. Furthermore, persistent self-harming ideation was associated with a higher risk in the CL ± P group [2.36 (1.43-3.89)]. CL/P, particularly cleft lip, which is more noticeable externally, was associated with an increased prevalence of maternal self-harm ideation. The findings in this study indicate some potential benefits of increasing support for mothers who have infants with CL/P.

Analisis Putusan Hakim Tentang Izin Poligami dengan Dalih Post-Partum Depression dan Anxiety Disorder (Studi Putusan No. 366/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Ska)

A license to practice polygamy was granted by the Surakarta Religious Court in case number 366/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Ska. The respondent's postpartum depression and anxiety disorders were the cause of this decision. Nevertheless, these requirements are not fully explained by the laws regulating polygamy, such as Article 57 KHI and Article 4 paragraph (2) of the Marriage Law. The author of this paper examines the legal factors that judges at the Surakarta Religious Court took into account while making their decision in case number 366/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Ska. Prescriptive normative research methodology is employed in this study, which collects primary and secondary data. The primary focus of this research is secondary data gathered from a review of the literature. The findings demonstrated that the court based the facultative requirements in polygamy instances on Article 4 paragraph (2) of the Marriage Law. In addition, judges also use the principle of benefit to accept polygamy applications. In this case, the judge considered the benefits of polygamy rather than limiting the number of wives, unless the wife suffered from mental disorders after giving birth