Duncan's Post-hoc Test Research Articles

A Body Shape Index and Pulse Wave Velocity: strong markers of coronary artery calcification in dyslipidemic patients

Objective: To identify, among different Cardiovascular Risk Predictors (CVRP), which have the best associations with Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC). Methodology: Cross-sectional study, with dyslipidemic (age >18), to investigate the association between CVRP [anthropometrics, biochemicals, clinicals, Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), arterial stiffness] and Coronary Calcium Score (CCS), which was classified according to (1) CCS=0, CCS=1-100, CCS>100, (2) CCS=0, CCS=1-99, CCS=100-299, CCS>300 and (3) dichotomous (CCS=0 or CCS>P75/CCS>100). Bivariate descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. ROC curves estimated the CAC risk of the independent variable. The univariate logistic regression model identified the probability of CAC and established the sensitivity and the specificity of each predictor and the multivariate identified higher risk variables and their respective Odds Ratio (OR). Results: 180 patients evaluated, 65.5% were women, mean age 59.8. CAC was associated with Waist Circumference (p=0.03), A Body Shape Index Risk-ABSIR (p<0.001), Conicity Index (p<0.001), Waist-to-Height Ratio (p<0.001) (T Student test); Pulse Wave Velocity-PWV was associated with CAC for both (1) and (2) CCS classification (p<0.001) (Anova test with Duncan post-hoc test) and it also showed greater sensitivity on ROC curve (3) (AUC 0.61, with a sensitivity of 72.2). In multi-adjusted regression, ABSIR increased the risk of CAC by 3.5 times (CI 95%=1.38-1.64, p=0.001) and PWV by 36% (CI 95%=1.13-1.64, p<0.01). Conclusions: ABSIR and arterial stiffness (PWV) made it possible to obtain a better value for CAC prognosis, being the ABSIR an easy and cheap method, very useful in Public Health.

Bond Durability of a Repaired Resin Composite Using a Universal Adhesive and Different Surface Treatments.

To evaluate the long-term effect of different surface treatments on the repair microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of resin composite using a universal adhesive. Thirty-six resin composite blocks were fabricated and aged in 37°C distilled water for 1 month. The blocks were randomly assigned to different surface treatments: no treatment (control); diamond bur grinding (D); diamond bur + phosphoric acid cleaning (DP); diamond bur + silane application (DSi); diamond bur + phosphoric acid + silane (DPSi); and grit blasting with 50 µm H3PO4 particles + phosphoric acid + silane (APSi). Thereafter, Single Bond Universal adhesive was applied and repaired with the same composite. Composite-composite stick-shaped specimens were fabricated and subjected to the µTBS test either after 37°C water storage for 24 h or thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. Roughness of different surface-prepared specimens was measured by profilometer. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Failure mode and micromorphology of different surface-prepared specimens were observed with SEM and EDS analysis. The highest µTBS was found in DPSi group at 24 h, and was significantly higher than others. The bond strengths in all thermocycled groups were significantly lower than those measured at 24 h. The highest µTBS was also found in the DPSi group, but this did not significantly differ from the DSi group. Thermocycling significantly reduced the repair bond strength. Diamond bur roughening with application of silane and universal adhesive yielded the highest repair bond strength for the aged resin composite.

Effect of Thickness on Fluorescence of Some Clinical Dental Ceramics.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a new method for measurement of florescence and compare the fluorescence of some clinical dental ceramics in different thicknesses. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight samples of feldspathic (Vita VM9, A2), IPS e.max (Ivoclar HT, A2), zirconia (Korox Zircostar, A2) and Enamic (Vita A2) ceramics were used in this study in 0.5 and 1 mm thicknesses. The fluorescence of the samples was measured by using a developed technique. The results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Enamic, feldspathic and e.max ceramics had significantly different fluorescence in descending order (P=0.000). Fluorescence of ceramics increased with an increase in their thickness from 0.5 to 1 mm (P=0.007). Conclusion: The results confirmed the applicability of the presented method for measurement of fluorescence of dental ceramics. While, the thickness of restoration determines the concentration of the fluorescent agent, some additional technical information is required for justification of the observed trend in the studied ceramics.

Efficacy of Passive Ultrasonic Activation in Removing Calcium Hydroxide from Simulated Internal Resorption Cavities at Different Root Regions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of passive ultrasonic activation on calcium hydroxide removal from simulated internal root resorption (IRR) cavities at different root levels. Sixty mandibular canines were prepared and divided into 3 groups to create IRR cavities at apical, middle, coronal root levels. The cavities filled with calcium hydroxide (CH). Specimens were divided into two subgroups according to the technique used for CH removal: Passive ultrasonic activation (PUA), Classic syringe irrigation (CSI). The cavities were photographed with a stereomicroscope, and percentage of remaining CH was measured using digital image analysis software (Image J). Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan tests. PUA removed significantly more CH at apical and middle levels. (p < 0.05) There was no significant difference between PUA and CSI at coronal level. (p > 0.05) In PUA group, the amount of residual CH was the highest at coronal level. (p < 0.05) In CSI group, the amount of residual CH was the highest at apical level. (p < 0.05). None of the tested technique was able to completely remove CH from the simulated IRR cavities. CH was removed better with PUA than CSI at middle and apical root levels. For both techniques, the best results were obtained at middle root level.

Real-World Functioning in Patients With Schizophrenia: Beyond Negative and Cognitive Symptoms.

Introduction: Interest in the idea of recovery for certain patients with schizophrenia has been growing over the last decade. Improving symptomatology and functioning is crucial for achieving this. Our study aims to identify those factors that substantially contribute to real-world functioning in these patients.Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study in stable outpatients with schizophrenia on maintenance antipsychotic monotherapy. Patients: We studied 144 outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR criteria) meeting the following criteria: (1) 18–65 years of age; (2) being clinically stable for at least the previous three months; (3) on maintenance antipsychotic monotherapy (prescriptions ≤ 10 mg olanzapine, ≤200 mg quetiapine, or ≤100 mg levomepromazine as hypnotics were also allowed); and (4) written informed consent. Assessment: We collected information on demographic and clinical variables by using an ad hoc questionnaire. For psychopathology, we employed the Spanish versions of the following psychometric instruments: the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS-Sp), and the Calgary Depression Scale (CDS). In addition, cognitive domains were assessed using the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Trail Making Test, parts A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B). Finally, we employed the Spanish versions of the University of California San Diego Performance-based Skills Assessment (Sp-UPSA) and the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) for assessing functional capacity and real-world functioning, respectively. Statistical analysis: A forward stepwise regression was conducted by entering those variables significantly associated with PSP total score into the univariate analyses (Student's t-test, ANOVA with Duncan's post-hoc test, or bivariate Pearson correlation).Results: A total of 144 patients; mean age 40 years, 64% males, mean length of illness 12.4 years, PSP total score 54.3. The final model was a significant predictor of real-world functioning [F(7, 131) = 36.371, p < 0.001] and explained 66.0% of the variance. Variables retained in the model: BNSS-Sp abulia, asociality, and blunted affect, PANSS general psychopathology, Sp-UPSA transportation, TMT-B, and heart rate.Conclusion: Our model will contribute to a more efficient and personalized daily clinical practice by assigning specific interventions to each patient based on specific impaired factors in order to improve functioning.

EFFECTS OF BETAINE-RICH NANO FERTILIZER ON IMPROVING PHYSIOLOGY OF Zea mays var. saccharata AND Arabidopsis thaliana UNDER SALT STRESS

Salinity is the second major obstacle after drought conditions that hinder the high productivity of plants. Many factors contribute to the salinity problem, consequently affects the plant physiology, growth as well as production. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effects of betaine-rich Nano fertilizer on physiological parameters of sweet corn (Z. mays var. saccharata) and A. thaliana under salt stress. In this study, plants were grown in a controlled plant growth room. Five salinity levels (S0:0 dS/m, S1:2 dS/m, S2:4 dS/m, S3:6 dS/m, and S4:8 dS/m), two concentrations of betaine (B0:0 mM and B1: 50 mM) and the application of Nano fertilizer (N0: without Nano fertilizer and N1: with Nano fertilizer) were tested in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Data for chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM), and leaf relative water content (RWC) were recorded. The results were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan posthoc test. Sweet corn and A. thaliana under salt stress showed a significant increase in chlorophyll content and leaf RWC, but not in FV/FM. Therefore, it is anticipated that betaine-rich Nano fertilizer could reduce salt stress by improving the physiological parameters in sweet corn as well as in A. thaliana.

Plasma Activity of Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation Level Among Patients having Moderate and Severe Hypertension

Hypertension or high blood pressure and its complications is a major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. The development of hypertension has been linked to atherosclerosis formation and progression which in turn has its root in free radicals induced oxidative stress and antioxidants present. This work was undertaken to determine plasma activity of enzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation level in patients with moderate and severe hypertension to establish a possible association between these parameters and progression of hypertension. A total number of 60 hypertensive patients that are freshly diagnosed made up of 30 moderate and 30 severe hypertensive patients with 30 relatively healthy subjects as control recruited from Wesley Guide Hospital, Ilesa, Osun State Nigeria was used for this study. Plasma activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and plasma level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined in both patients and control subjects using standard methodologies. The results obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Duncan test with (p&lt;0.05) considered to be significant. The result of this study revealed a significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes considered. The plasma MDA in all the patients was raised but not statistically significant p&lt;0.05 from result obtained for the control subjects. Progressive decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in these patients and a possible oxidative stress as hypertension progresses as shown in this study could be a pointer to the fact that these molecules might influence greatly the progression of hypertension.

Gene expression of microbial gelatinase activity for porcine gelatine identification

In order to invent a porcine gelatine detection device using microbial resources, bacterial enzymes with a preference towards porcine gelatine and their candidate genes were evaluated. Five (n = 5) bacterial strains isolated from hot spring water and wet clay, Malaysia were screened for their gelatinase activity. The gelatinase enzyme was extracted and purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation prior to performing gelatinase assay on porcine, bovine and fish gelatine medium substrates. The G2 strain or Enterobacter aerogenes (Strain EA1) was selected for whole genome sequenced after showing a consistent trend of preference towards porcine gelatine. The gelatinase candidate gene gelEA1_9 was cloned and expressed. Based on one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with POST-HOC Duncan test (α = 0.05), the final product of gelEA1_9 was identified as a novel gelatinase. This gelatinase presented no significant difference in activity towards porcine gelatine. Hence, the present study demonstrated an enzyme-substrate interaction for porcine gelatine identification.

Evaluation of Denture Base Adaptation Fabricated Using Conventional, Subtractive, and Additive Technologies: A Volumetric Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis.

An in vitro study to compare the adaptation of denture bases fabricated with 4 different techniques using volumetric 3-dimentional (3D) analysis. Edentulous maxillary and mandibular casts were scanned, and standardized denture bases were designed using CAD design software. The same standard tessellation language (STL) data were used to produce the denture bases with 4 different fabrication methods: compression molding (CM), injection molding (IM), PMMA milling (PM), and 3D printing (3D) (n = 11/group). Milled wax denture bases were used to fabricate CM and IM groups. Denture bases placed on edentulous casts were scanned using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Volumetric gap between denture base and cast was calculated from 6 locations for maxilla (anterior ridge crest, posterior ridge crest, labial vestibule, buccal vestibule, palate, and posterior palatal seal) and 3 locations for mandible (intermolar, molar, and retromolar) in addition to overall gap measurements for edentulous arches. The data were analyzed with factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA), 1-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Duncan tests. Reproducibility of fabrication methods with regard to each location was assessed using Z test (α = 0.05). In the maxilla, the highest and lowest palatal gap measurements were recorded for CM (898.44 ± 87.73 mm3 ) and PM (357.16 ± 57.68 mm3 ) (p = 0.05). The highest gap measurements for CM and 3D were at palate and, for IM and PM were at posterior ridge crest. In mandible, the volumetric gap measurements for CM were the highest and for PM were the lowest irrespective of location (p = 0.05). PM group showed the best reproducibility and adaptation with the lowest overall mean gaps for both edentulous arches (p = 0.05). Denture bases milled from PMMA blocks showed better adaptation than 3D printed, or wax milled and conventionally fabricated denture bases for both maxillary and mandibular arches. PMMA milling is a reproducible technique that enables the construction of accurate dentures. Clinicians should be cautious about the palatal gap when the compression molding technique is used. Micro-CT is a valid technique for evaluating the denture base adaptation.

Combination effect of laser diode for photodynamic therapy with doxycycline on a wistar rat model of periodontitis

BackgroundPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive damage on the structure of tooth-supporting tissues. The aim of the study is determining the combination photodynamic effect of diode laser 405 nm treatments and the administration of doxycycline 0.1% within 1, 3, 5, and 7 days on a Wistar rat model of periodontitis.MethodsSamples were induced with Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC33277 to allow periodontitis development and were treated with combination of doxycycline and laser diode, then statistical analysis was carried out (One-Way ANOVA test and the post-hoc Duncan test; Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney follow-up test for non-parametric data). Samples were divided into five groups, laser exposure used was 405-nm diode laser with energy density of 8 J/cm2. The expression level of histomorphometric was calculated by measuring the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and the distance between the CEJ-AV.ResultsThe results showed that the combination treatment of doxycycline and laser exposure yielded immunomodulatory effects. The expression level of fibroblast and the distance between CEJ-AV bone showed that the combination of doxycycline and laser therapy exerted healing effect in rat models of periodontitis on day 5 and 7.ConclusionThe combination of doxycycline 0.1% and diode laser therapy provides a healing effect in rats models of periodontitis.

Antioxidant and haematological potentials of fruit wastes from Terminalia catappa and observable trophic effect on weight of wistar rats after exposure to monosodium glutamate

This study investigated the antioxidant and haematological potentials of a fruit wastes from Terminalia catappa and observable trophic effect on weight of Wistar rats after acute exposure to monosodium glutamate. Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats with mean weight of 120.61±15.15 g were divided into six groups (n=4). Group 1, the normal control (received distilled water), group II, the negative control (received 8mg MSG/g b.wt), group III, the extract control (received 300 mg extract/kg b.wt), group IV (received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 100 mg extract/kg b.wt.), group V (received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 300 mg kg-1 b.wt. extract) and group VI (received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 500 mg extract/kg b.wt). Treatment was administered daily by oral gavage for 14 days. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post-hoc test at p&lt;0.05 and means were estimated and significant differences noted. DPPH antioxidant assay for the fruit wastes ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa endocarp revealed the extract produced 92.8% inhibition which is comparable to 96.07% inhibition produced by ascorbic acid at the same concentration, as well as, possessed FRAP activity in a concentration dependent manner. In vivo antioxidant assays carried out revealed that the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lowered in the MSG-treated group but the catalase (CAT) activity showed a non-significant decrease as compared to the normal control, confirming there was oxidative stress. However, treatment with the extract increased the activities of SOD and CAT perhaps due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids components. There was a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in WBC and RBC and could be attributed to the potential of the extract to stimulate the immune system. Haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) in MSG-extract co-administered rats showed a positive ameliorative effect of the extract in a dose dependent manner when compared to MSG group. Weight gain following extract administration was not dose dependent. The results showed that the fruit wastes had antioxidant potency and haematological potential. This bio-approach is promising as it solves the problem of environmental burden, as well as, serves economic benefits and hence, may become increasingly attractive.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS AFRODISIAKA EKSTRAK ETANOL ALBEDO (MESOCARP) SEMANGKA (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura &amp; Nakai) PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus)

Disfungsi seksual merupakan suatu keadaan yang mengalami kesulitan dalam berhubungan seksual. Disfungsi seksual meliputi disfungsi ereksi, impotensi, ejakulasi dini dan gangguan hasrat (libido). Pengatasan gangguan seksual salah satunya dengan menggunakan afrodisiaka. Afrodisiaka merupakan semacam zat perangsang yang dapat meningkatkan gairah seks. Salah satu buah yang memiliki efek afrodisiaka yaitu buah semangka, tepatnya pada lapisan putih pada kulit yang mengandung sitrulin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi afrodisiaka dan jumlah dosis yang efektif dari ekstrak etanol albedo (mesocarp) semangka (EEAS) terhadap mencit dengan menggunakan ICC (Introducing, Climbing and Coitus). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan 30 ekor mencit dan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok I (kontrol negatif) CMC 0,5 %; kelompok II (kontrol positif) jamu pasak bumi; kelompok III; IV;V EEAS dengan dosis 7; 13; dan 27 g/kgBB. Pemberian pada mencit secara oral dan dihitung intensitas ICC. Intensitas ICC dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan metode One Way ANOVA dan uji Post-Hoc Duncan menggunakan SPSS 24.0. Hasil uji statistik intensitas ICC antara kelompok jamu pasak bumi dan EEAS menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dengan nilai α &gt; 0,05. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa EEAS berpotensi sebagai afrodisiaka pada mencit dengan dosis yang paling efektif sebesar 13 g/kgBB.

Characteristics of Beef Sausage Mixed with Modified Bekasam Meat Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum

Bekasam is a fermented food from Indonesia that potentially improves the quality of sausage when incorporated in the ingredients. This research was aimed to study the chemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of sausage made of various concentrations of beef and bekasam meat. The chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics of sausage were investigated using an experimental method in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, namely T1 (100% beef); T2 (75% beef + 25% bekasam meat); T3 (50% beef + 50% bekasam meat); T4 (25% beef + 75% bekasam meat); and T5 (100% bekasam meat). Data analysis of chemical and microbial characteristics was subject to ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan test, while sensory characteristics were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and The Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the addition of bekasam meat into the sausage mixture significantly (p<0.05) decreased fat content and sensory characteristics (color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability). Meanwhile, it increased total bacteria, E. coli and S. aureus inhibition in the sausage. In conclusion, bekasam meat fermented with L. plantarum showed probiotic potentials and could modify beef sausage production.

Indexing surface smoothness and fiber softness by sound frequency analysis for textile clustering and classification

Cutting-edge technology is being used in the fashion industry for three-dimensional (3D) virtual fitting programs to meet the demand for clothing manufacturing as well as textile simulating. For expanding the textile choices of the program users, this research looks at the indexation of tactile sensations, the texture of fabrics, which has been subjectively evaluated by the human hand. Firstly, this study objectively measured and indexed the surface smoothness and fiber softness of 749 fabrics through a tissue softness analyzer that mimics human hands. Secondly, after statistical analyses of the drape coefficient, each bending distance and Young's modulus for the initial tensile strength in the warp–weft directions, the thickness, and the weight of the fabrics, it was found that drape (Pearson coefficient = 0.532) and bending properties are the key factors in the fabric surface smoothness (TS750), while the fiber softness (TS7) showed a weak correlation with thickness (Pearson coefficient = 0.364), followed by the log value of the Young's modulus in the weft direction. Thirdly, we classified nine clusters for TS750 based on the 11 regression variables with significant Pearson coefficients, and characterized each cluster in order of surface smoothness (TS750) after Duncan post-hoc tests and analyses of variance (all statistically significant, p &lt; 0.01) with microscopic surface images of one sample for each cluster. For precise TS750 classification, we finally trained the 267 samples with the same 11 variables, resulting in 93.3% prediction through an artificial neural network with multiple hidden layers. This prediction with Fisher discriminants for the clusters will enable the 3D virtual program users to predict further clustering of newly added fabrics.

Terminalia catappa flour extract mitigated monosodium glutamate intoxicated rats’ kidney biofunction and histology

Objective: This study investigated the Terminalia Catappa flour mitigated monosodium glutamate intoxicated rats’ kidney biofunction and histology. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four (24) male albino Wistar rats with mean weight of 120.61±15.15 g were divided into six groups (n=4). Group 1, the normal control group (received distilled water), group II, the negative control (received 8mg MSG/g b.wt), group III, the extract control (received 300 mg extract/kg b.wt), group IV (received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 100 mg extract/kg b.wt.), group V (received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 300 mg kg-1 b.wt. extract) and group VI received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 500 mg extract/kg b.wt). Treatment was administered daily by oral gavage for 14 days. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post-hoc test at p&lt;0.05 and means were estimated and significant differences noted. Results: The significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher serum urea concentration of rats exposed to MSG-alone compared to other controls (group I and III), suggested an interference with normal kidney glomerular hyper filtration function. The significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower serum urea concentration observed for group III rats administered extract alone implied the possible ameliorative potential of T.catappa extract on the functional capacity of the kidney. The serum creatinine concentration of the MSG-alone treated group was non-significantly (p&gt;0.05) lower compared to all other groups. There was significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between group III and few other groups, as observed for chloride concentration which suggests promising potential for Terminalia catappa endocarp flour ethanol extract (TCEFEE) to improving the renal functional capacity of the kidneys of rats exposed to high concentration of MSG. A match of the photomicrographs against the results of the renal biochemical parameters depicts possible correlations. Conclusion: Against the backdrop that both urea and creatinine are observed to increase when damage occurs in the kidney, this study could not affirm apparently a dysfunctionality of the kidney since the creatinine concentration rather reduced after exposing the rats to high concentration of MSG. However, the Terminalia catappa endocarp flour ethanol extract exhibited mitigated roles, thus improved the renal functional capacity of the kidneys of the rats.

Supplementation with Cynanchum wilfordii radix extract for 8 weeks lowers serum total cholesterol: A controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

This trial aimed to determine the effect of a standardized Cynanchum wilfordii Radix extract (CWE) on the lipid profiles of individuals with elevated total cholesterol (T-Chol) using a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled design. Ninety-six Korean individuals with elevated T-Chol level (200-240 mg/dL) were recruited and randomly allocated to groups that received VasH300 (300 mg CWE/day, n = 32), VasH600 (600 mg CWE/day, n = 32), or a placebo (n = 32) groups. Primary outcomes included T-Chol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride, and safety (adverse events, biochemical parameters, and hematological parameters). Data were compared using a one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's post-hoc tests (among groups) and paired t tests (within groups). Values for T-Chol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced in the VasH300 and groups (VasH300: 4.0 and 6.4%, respectively; VasH600; 3.8 and 5.8% respectively; both p < .05) compared with the placebo group and were not dose-dependent. VasH300 significantly improved the lipid profiles of individuals with elevated T-Chol without any serious side effects. Daily supplementation with VasH might be an alternative strategy with which to modify cholesterol-related parameters, especially in individuals with elevated T-Chol levels.

Antibacterial activity and characterization of Annona muricata Linn leaf extract-nanoparticles against Escherichia coli FNCC-0091 and Salmonella typhimurium FNCC-0050

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characterization and inhibitory effects of Annona muricata Linn leaf extract loaded by chitosan nanoparticles on the growth of Escherichia coli FNCC-0091 and Salmonella typhimurium FNCC-0050. The chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate-nano particles (CS-TPP-NPs) were prepared by ionic cross-linking of CS-TPP and were characterized physico-chemically (particle size, zeta potential) and morphologically. Antibacterial activity of the CS-TPP-NPs-AmE was performed by well diffusion method. The optimum formula for CS-TPP-NPs was analyzed using centrifugation at 3,500 rpm for 30 min. A wide range, 1:1:0.02 to 1:1:0.01 of CS:AmE:TPP ratios were evaluated with constant CS. Data obtained for bacterial activities were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The means between groups were separated with Duncan post-hoc test. The result showed that the optimum formula for CS-TPP-NPs of AmE was 1:1:0.01. The optimum formula of CS-TPP-NPs-AmE was characterized by particle size, zeta potential, and morphology. Results showed that the particle size of CS-TPP-NPs-AmE was 234.00 ± 21.5 nm with spherical shape and positive charges on their surface with the zeta potentials 34.77 ± 4.97 mV. CS-TPP-NPs of AmE in the ratio 1:1:0.01 has efficient antibacterial activities against E. coli FNCC-0091 and S. typhimurium FNCC-0050.

Polysaccharide peptide (PsP) Ganoderma lucidum: a potential inducer for vascular repair in type 2 diabetes mellitus model.

IntroductionThe increasing blood glucose level due to insulin resistance which occurs in diabetes mellitus (DM) may cause vascular damage. This study aims to prove the effect of the polysaccharide peptide (PsP) Ganoderma lucidum on improving vascular damage through an increase of circulating endothelial cells and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) ratio, decreased H2O2, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and insulin resistance in type 2 DM.MethodsOur study is a true experimental study with randomized posttest control group design that used 35 Wistar rats divided into five groups: normal, control (+) and three groups of different variant PsP doses 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW (n=7).ResultsBy using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan test, the results show a significant increase of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) concentration (p=0.000) and ratio EPC:CEC (0.000) by dose-dependent fashion and also reduced CEC concentration (p=0.001), H2O2 (p=0.03), TG (p=0.001), TC (p=0.01) and insulin resistance (p=0.003).ConclusionIn this study, PsP induced endothelial repairing process and reduced the risk factor with 300 mg/kg BW as optimum dose. However, further research on EPC and CEC detection markers is important. Further research on PsP and clinical trial for commercial uses is also needed.

Oleuropein cardioprotection effect against oxidative stress in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats

Introdution: Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Increasing the oxidative stress and changing the amount of antioxidants play important roles in pathogenesis of diabetes. Nowadays to control diabetes and its complications, the use of herbal drugs is considered widely. In this study, we investigated the effect of oleuropein on antioxidant enzymes activity of heart tissue in Streptozotocin induced diabetic male rats. Methods: In this study, 30 adult male Wistar rats with a weight range of 190±30 gr were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=10 in each group): 1) control group or intact rats, 2) diabetic rats, and 3) treatment group, which received 60 mg/kg oleuropein for 30 days by gastric gavage. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. At the end of the treatment, serum concentrations of blood glucose and heart tissue antioxidant enzymes activity were determined. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; Version 18, statistical method of one way variance analysis and post hoc-Duncan test . Results: The results showed that serum concentration of glucose decrease significantly in treatment group compared with the diabetic group (p=0.000). Also, TAC, SOD and GPX activity increased significantly in the treatment group compared with the diabetic group (p=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that oleuropein can prevent blood glucose increasing and reinforce antioxidant system of cardiac tissue in diabetic rats.

Comparison of the Effects of Two Different Intensities of Combined Training on Irisin, Betatrophin, and Insulin Levels in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Betatrophin is a β-cell proliferation marker produced as a result of irisin expression. It is regarded as a therapeutic indicator of diabetes due to elevated insulin secretion. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different intensities of combined training on the levels of irisin, betatrophin, and insulin in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this study, 26 female patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into 3 groups of combined high-intensity training, combined moderate-intensity training, and control. The training groups participated in combined training at high or moderate intensities for 8 weeks. The variance analysis test and the Duncan post-hoc test were applied to analyze the data (P > 0.05). Results: Combined training at 2 intensities of moderate and vigorous led to a rise in the levels of irisin, betatrophin, and insulin. Exercise intensity was a determining factor for these elevated levels insofar as combined high-intensity training resulted in higher levels of these hormones than combined moderate-intensity training. Conclusions: It appears that participating in relatively high-intensity training programs may be beneficial for diabetic patients inasmuch as they increase the levels of irisin, betatrophin, and then, insulin.