Post Growth Research Articles

Health Financing in Rajasthan:A Need of Hour

The financing pattern of the health care system in a country largely determines the volume of health care available to the population and also the extent and ease of access of the poor to health care. Objectives of the paper are to examine the trend in public health expenditure; to observe the pattern of inpatient and outpatient treatment and to assess the impact of implementation of MukhyaMantriNishulkDawa Yojana (MNDY) scheme on outpatient care. Data is obtained from secondary sources such as various budget documents and reports of government of Rajasthan. Pre and post scheme growth rate have been calculated and chow test is also employed to see whether structural changes are found in the number of people seeking outpatient treatment after the introduction of MNDY scheme. Because of the state government’s free medicines and diagnostics schemes, the number of patients seeking medical care from public health system increased between 2010 and 2014. It is quite evident from the analysis that the number of patients accessing public health facilities had doubled since 2010. It should be strengthened and made more comprehensive.

Macroeconomic modelling under energy constraints: Global low carbon transition scenarios

Integrated Assessment Models provide a framework to study sustainability transitions and their economic impacts. Models seldom consider energy constraints, taking supply availability for granted and thus suggesting a mere change in the energy mix from non-renewables to renewables. In order to address these limitations, a macro-economic module within a broader system dynamics model (MEDEAS) has been developed. The model has been run for the whole world from 1995 to 2050 under three different scenarios: Business as Usual (BAU), considering no further transition policies and keeping current trends; Green Growth (GG), undertaking the low-carbon transition according to the Paris Agreement set of policies and with high GDP growth standards; and Post-Growth (PG), testing the sustainability transition under a GDP non-growth/degrowth approach. The results reveal the conflict between economic growth, climate policy and the sustainability of resources. Whereas a BAU approach would not even be an option to achieve climate goals, a GG view would not only face the downsizing of economic output, but neither would it be able to achieve the 2 °C objective. The success of the PG approach in meeting emissions objectives suggests a redirection from economic growth policies to an industrial policy that incorporates efficiency and redistribution.

A note on “zero growth and structural change in a post Keynesian growth model”

This note is a critique of the results found by Rosenbaum concerning zero growth and structural change in a post-Keynesian growth model, some of which are shown to be problematic. First, the (im)possibility for a neo-Kaleckian model of growth and distribution to generate a profit-led growth regime is discussed. Next, we review the role played by the “paradox of costs” when introducing the depreciation of capital and how this changes the stability characteristics of the model presented by Rosenbaum. Finally we show that, contrary to what is claimed in the article, the proposed model is not able to show that zero growth is compatible with a positive net rate of profit.

Context-dependent effect of sPLA2-IIA induced proliferation on murine hair follicle stem cells and human epithelial cancer.

BackgroundTissue stem cells (SCs) and cancer cells proliferation is regulated by many common signalling mechanisms. These mechanisms temporally balance proliferation and differentiation events during normal tissue homeostasis and repair. However, the effect of these aberrant signalling mechanisms on the ultimate fate of SCs and cancer cells remains obscure.MethodsTo evaluate the functional effects of Secretory Phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) induced abnormal signalling on normal SCs and cancer cells, we have used K14-sPLA2-IIA transgenic mice hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), DMBA/TPA induced mouse skin tumour tissues, human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) derived cell lines.FindingsOur study demonstrates that sPLA2-IIA induces rapid proliferation of HFSCs, thereby altering the proliferation dynamics leading to a complete loss of the slow cycling H2BGFP positive HFSCs. Interestingly, in vivo reversion study by JNK inhibition exhibited a significant delay in post depilation hair growth, confirming that sPLA2-IIA promotes HFSCs proliferation through JNK/c-Jun signalling. In a different cellular context, we showed increased expression of sPLA2-IIA in human OSCC and mouse skin cancer tissues. Importantly, a xenograft of sPLA2-IIA knockdown cells of OSCC and SCC cell lines showed a concomitant reduction of tumour volume in NOD-SCID mice and decreased JNK/c-Jun signalling.InterpretationThis study unravels how an increased proliferation induced by a common proliferation inducer (sPLA2-IIA) alters the fate of normal SCs and cancer cells distinctively through common JNK/c-Jun signalling. Thus, sPLA2-IIA can be a potential target for various diseases including cancer.FundThis work was partly supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR-3097) and ACTREC (42) grants.

Influence of annealing on spin pumping in sputtered deposited Co/Pt bilayer thin films

We report on the ferromagnetic resonance study of the Co/Pt thin films as a function of the post growth annealing. We found a significant increase in the spin mixing conductance, Gilbert damping parameter and inhomogeneous linewidth broadening with increase in annealing temperature. This behavior is correlated to the structural degradation of Co layer and in particular formation of CoxPt1−x alloy at the interface, which gives rise to increase in dissipation of spin current at the interface. The results are important for understanding of spin-orbit torque in Co/Pt bilayer structures.

Direct growth of ZnSnO nano-wires by thermal evaporation technique for thermoelectric applications

In this research, we have successfully grown the ZnSnO nano-wires by simple thermal evaporation technique and reported the highest Seebeck coefficient and power factor for first time. The ZTO nano-structures were grown by a simple thermal evaporation method using direct evaporation of Zinc and Tin metal powders under constant oxygen flow rate of 100 sccm in a tube furnace. The post growth annealing was performed in the temperature ranges of 600–900 °C with a step of 100 °C in the programmable muffle furnace. The structural, electrical, morphological and thermoelectric properties of as grown and annealed samples were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Hall data and Seebeck effect. The XRD results confirmed the formation of Wurtzite hexagonal structure and the vibrational mode of ZTO at 437 cm−1 is verified by Raman spectroscopy measurements. It was also observed that the crystal structure of ZTO was improved with annealing temperature. SEM micrographs showed the nanowires like morphology of the un-annealed sample but it transformed into nano-crystalline grains by post growth annealing. Seebeck data demonstrated that the values of Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and power factors were found to be increased with annealing temperature because Sn atoms get more thermal energy at high temperature and contribute in the carrier concentration.

Time-resolved spectroscopy of Fe3+d-d transition in bulk ZnSe polycrystal

We report temperature dependent time-resolved photoluminescence studies of Fe3+ in ZnSe polycrystals over 10–300 K temperature ranges fabricated by the post growth thermal diffusion technique. The d-d transitions of Fe3+ assigned to the 4T2(G)→6A1(S) and 4T1(G)→6A1(S) transitions are clearly identified at 528 and 627 nm, respectively, at 10 K. The observed emission peaks in the near bandgap region are red-shifted from 439 to 463 nm as the temperature increases, resulting in a temperature coefficient of 10.21×10−4 eV/K and Debye temperature = 336 K fitted by the Varshni equation. The radiative lifetime at 528 nm by time-resolved photoluminescence is evaluated as τrad = 774 ± 4 ps, activation energy (ΔEa) = 717.2 cm−1, and relaxation time rate (1/W0) = 3.1 ps.

Impact of Global Value Chains’ Participation on Employment in Turkey and Spillovers Effects

This study examines the impacts of the integration of Global Value Chains (GVCs) through backward and forward linkages on the employment in Turkey. This study is based on the world input–output data (WIOD) table of 2016. The study analyzes the trends of GVCs participation indicators from 2000 to 2014. It is observed that manufacturing sectors post faster growth through backward linkages, whereas service sectors through forward linkages. Using fixed effects estimation and controlling for the spillovers effects of GVCs indicators using a spatial weigh matrix approach, the study reveals that jobs creation depends not only on GVCs integration within the own sectors but also on the changes in GVCs participation in neighboring sectors, indicating significant spillovers effects across sectors. Moreover, employment in manufacturing benefits most from GVCs integration via backward linkages; however, employment declines with higher backward linkages in neighboring sectors. GVCs integration via forward linkages appears to displace labor in the service sectors.

Effect of morphology and surface treatment on the performance of ZnO nanorod-based dye-sensitized solar cells

The effect of morphology and surface treatment on the performance of solution-grown ZnO nanorods as an electrode in a dye sensitized solar cell is demonstrated. Treatment includes the addition of EosinY during growth, post growth NaOH-based treatment and the production of nanorod-nanoparticle hybrid structures. The electrodes were sensitized using the organic indoline dye DN216 and dye-sensitized solar cells were prepared. Charge transfer dynamics and light harvesting properties were studied by absorbance spectroscopy, I–V measurements, voltage-decay measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The introduction of EosinY to the precursor solution was found to increase the diameter of the rods and to produce nano-scale roughness. This lead to an improvement in dye loading and surface passivation against recombination leading to both an increase in VOC and JSC of the device, compared to ZnO nanorods deposited without EosinY. Subsequent treatment of as-deposited ZnO nanorods in aqueous NaOH increased the surface area by producing tube-like nanostructures, without compromising the electron mobility. When compared to untreated nanorods, this morphology improves dye loading and increases electron lifetime, which then leads to a higher fill factor and Voc. A significant increase in JSC and drastic decrease in VOC are obtained for a hybrid electrode consisting of nanorods and nanoparticles which is both caused by a higher surface area and faster back-recombination. Highest efficiencies were obtained by post-deposition treated nanorod electrodes deposited from EosinY containing solutions.

Growth of Mg2GeO4 nano-crystals on Si substrate and modulation of Seebeck coefficient by post growth annealing technique

Abstract We have reported the successful growth of Mg2GeO4 nano-crystals by simple thermal evaporation technique. The Mg and Ge metal powders were evaporated on the Si substrate and kept the oxygen flow rate of 100 sccm. The modulation of structural, morphological, thermoelectric and electrical properties was performed by controlling the thermal energy of carriers using different annealing temperatures. XRD data showed a peak at 61.80 which was related to (212) plane of Mg2GeO4. XRD data further suggested that sample annealed at 700 °C has stable crystal structure while sample annealed at 800 °C posses degraded structure because the presence of highest density of donors defects. This defect concentration causes an increase in the conductivity of annealed samples as evident by the Hall data. This argument was also supported by Raman spectroscopy which showed that sample annealed at 700 °C has strongest Mg2GeO4 Raman peak. SEM images also verified the smooth surface of the sample annealed at 700 °C. The temperature dependent (25–100 °C) Seebeck effect measurements were performed to calculate the Seebeck coefficient of Mg2GeO4 nano-crystals at different measurement temperatures. The highest value of room temperature Seebeck coefficient (397 μV/0C) for the sample annealed at 800 °C is due the high density of carrier concentration.

Early orthognathic approach combined with SABG for congenital dentofacial deformity-A rare case report

Early orthognathic approach combined with SABG for congenital dentofacial deformity-A rare case report - IJODR- Print ISSN No: - 2581-9356 Online ISSN No:- 2581-9364 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijodr.2019.008, IP Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research-IP Indian J Orthod Dentofacial Res

High crystal quality strained Si0.5Ge0.5 layer with a thickness of up to 50 nm grown on the three-layer SiGe strain relaxed buffer

In this work, a novel stacking structure of three-layer SiGe strain relaxed buffer/strained Si0.5Ge0.5 layer for shallow trench isolation last scheme is successfully developed. Firstly, a three-layer SiGe epitaxy with Ge concentration increased from bottom to top by roughly 10% combining with each layer post growth in-situ annealing is employed to effectively constrain the threading dislocation defect in the bottom and middle strain relaxed buffer layer and the top layer of strain relaxed buffer with thickness of ∼1 μm has no obviously defect impact. Before Si0.5Ge0.5 layer epitaxy on the top of this strain relaxed buffer layer, a chemical-mechanical planarization step is employed to improve surface roughness of strain relaxed buffer layer from 6.09 nm to 0.23 nm and final Si0.5Ge0.5 layer surface roughness from 6.73 nm to 0.76 nm. Finally, on the post CMP three-layer SiGe strain relaxed buffer, a smooth and high crystal quality strained Si0.5Ge0.5 layer with a thickness of 50 nm, which is larger than its critical thickness of ∼20 nm, is successfully prepared by utilizing our new developed technique.

SUN-290 Responsiveness of Growth Hormone Therapy in a Patient with Complex Chromosome 4 q Interstitial Deletion

Background Information: Chromosome 4 q interstitial deletion is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by post natal growth retardation, developmental delay, craniofacial dysmorphism and behavioral problems. Not only are the characteristics of growth failure in these patients ill defined, but their responsiveness to growth hormone (GH) treatment is also lacking in the literature. An index case of a 7 year old male with unique interstitial deletion of chromosome 4 q deletion at q13.3 and q22.12 with a normal segment in between presented with significant growth failure in early infancy and was treated with growth hormone as described below. Case Report: He was born at 36 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 4 pounds 6 ounces (3rd percentile) and a birth length of 19 inches (50th percentile). Pregnancy was complicated by oligohydraminos. Post natal course was complicated by feeding difficulties and jaundice. He grew along the 5th percentile till age 6 months and then started faltering off below the 3rd percentile in both height and weight. He was started on dense caloric formula but his growth parameters continued to decline. His intake was reported good and had no diarrhea or vomiting. A TFT obtained demonstrated a slightly elevated TSH of 9.4 mcIU/ml (reference range 0.4-9.2) and marginally low Free T4 of 0.76 ng/dl (reference range 0.89-1.48). He was started on a small dose of 12.50 mcg thyroxin daily which did not improve his growth (thyroxin was discontinued at age 4 ½ year). His chemistry panel, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 obtained were all normal. A bone age was concordant with his chronological age. Karyotype was 46 XY. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array revealed a de novo 2.2 Mb deletion at 4q 13.3 and 2.2 Mb deletion at 4q22.1-q22.3. Deletions were separated by 18.3 Mb of normal copy number sequence. Other tests obtained demonstrated a normal pituitary gland on brain MRI and no tethered cord on the spinal MRI. He was started on GH for small for gestational age indication at age 13 month. His height and weight percentile improved significantly from <1% at age 13 month to 5th% by age 2 year and has continued to grow along 10-12 % since age 4 year. His other associated medical problems include improving developmental delay (attends special class with IEP and speech therapy), sleep disturbances (on melatonin and clonidine), mild hypotonia (received OT and PT, now resolved), poor dental enamel (has needed 8 crowns), obstructive sleep apnea with high arched palate (status post turbinate reduction and CPAP), clinodactyly, hyperopia with astigmatism (wears glasses) and sacral dimple. His behavior problems include high anxiety and obsessive/perseveration behavior. Conclusions: Growth failure is a characteristic feature in patients with chromosome 4 q deletion. These patients with growth retardation when treated with GH may respond with improved growth velocity and weight gain and hence should be considered.

Approach to Defect-Free Lifetime and High Electron Density in CdTe

Achieving simultaneously high carrier density and lifetime is important for II–VI semiconductor-based applications such as photovoltaics and infrared detectors; however, it is a challenging task. In this work, high purity CdTe single crystals doped with indium (In) were grown by vertical Bridgman melt growth under carefully controlled stoichiometry. Two-photon excitation time-resolved photoluminescence was employed to measure bulk recombination lifetime by eliminating surface recombination effects. By adjusting stoichiometry with post growth annealing, high-net free carrier density approaching 1018 cm−3 was achieved simultaneously with lifetime approaching the radiative limit by suppressing non-radiative recombination centers.

Postnatal depression and infant growth in an urban area of Bangladesh

Postnatal depression (PND) has been a common depressive mental disorder among the mothers in a low-income country like Bangladesh where stunting, underweight and wasting are prevalent among infants. The present prospective cohort study was carried out among 297 non-depressed and 103 depressed mothers (ages 18–36 years) to find the association between post natal depression and growth of infants. Data were collected by face to face interview through semi-structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were taken with proper anthropometric techniques and calibrated instruments. Postnatal depression was assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and infants' physical growth was assessed by Z score of weight, length and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). The overall prevalence of post natal depression was found 22% [95% CI, 21.71–30.29]. Infants of depressed mothers were found iller in comparison with the infants of non-depressed mothers (p < 0.001) which could result in growth retardation of infants. According to the MUAC level, infants of depressed mothers were more at risk of malnutrition (p < 0.001). Early detection of postpartum depression, implementation of interventions, prevention or treatment of maternal depressive disorders and effective strategies will not only ameliorate the impact of PND among mothers but also facilitates infant growth.

Impact of Crystal Structure and Particles Shape on the Photoluminescence Intensity of CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals.

To study the influence of the chemical and crystalline composition of core/shell NCs on their photoluminescence (PL) the mean structural profile of a large ensemble of NCs has to be retrieved in atomic resolution. This can be achieved by retrieving the chemical profile of core/shell NCs using anomalous small angle x-ray scattering (ASAXS) in combination with the analysis of powder diffraction data recorded by wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS). In the current synchrotron based study, we investigate CdSe/CdS core/shell NCs with different core dimensions by recording simultaneously ASAXS and WAXS spectra. The CdS shells are grown epitaxial on nominal spherical CdSe cores with core diameters from around 3.5–5.5 nm. Three different CdSe shell thicknesses are realized by depositing around 4, 6, and 8 monolayers (MLs) of CdSe. We reveal that the epitaxial core/shell structure depicts a chemical sharp interface, even after a post growth annealing step. With increasing NC diameter, however, the CdSe/CdS NCs deviate significantly from a spherical shape. Instead an elliptical particle shape with pronounced surface facets for the larger core/shell NCs is found. In combination with the powder diffraction data we could relate this anisotropic shape to a mixture of crystal phases within the CdSe core. The smallest CdSe cores exhibit a pure hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure, whereas the larger ones also possess a cubic zincblende phase fraction. This mixed crystal phase fractions lead to a non-spherical shell growth with different thicknesses along specific crystallographic directions: The long axes are terminated by basal crystal faces parallel either to the a- or c-axis, the short axes by “tilted” pyramidal planes. By combining these structural data with the measured PL quantum yield values, we can clearly connect the optical output of the NCs to their shape and to their shell thickness. Above 6 ML CdS shell-thickness no further increase of the PL can be observed, but for large aspect ratio values the PL is significantly decreased. The gained understanding of the internal crystal structure on CdSe/CdS NCs is general applicable for a precise tuning of the optical properties of crystalline core/shell NCs.

Origins of optical defects in rapidly grown DKDP crystals

Origins of the optical perturbations observed in slabs cut from rapidly grown DKDP crystals were identified. One is related to a post growth aging specific to DKDP and the other is a growth related segregation of traces of impurity. In addition, we propose a model which allows estimating the contribution of both origins to the observed optical heterogeneities.

Growth and survival rate vannamei shrimp (&lt;i&gt;Litopenaeus vannamei&lt;/i&gt;) in various doses of fertilizer and density

Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a commodity that is expected to not only increase options for farmers but also sustain the rise of shrimp farming business in Indonesia. One important factor in shrimp farming is the availability of feed. In addition to the availability of natural feed during cultivation, stocking density is also very influential in the survival rate and growth of shrimp vannamei. The research was conducted in September-December 2016 farms Bonea Village District of Lasalepa Muna with Test the different dosages with different stocking density. The study used a Random Group Factorial, which is based fertilization (Factor A) with three levels and stocking density (Factor B) as many as three levels, each with three replications so that all 27 units experimental unit. The results showed that the combination of factors dose of 0.7 g of urea + 0.9 g TSP and stocking density factor of 10 individuals per container provides prawn post larvae growth vannamei most excellent and a combination of factors Urea fertilizer dosage of 0.9 g TSP + 1.1 g and stocking density factor of 20 individuals per container provides a survival rate of post larvae vannamei most good. Water quality media for research in the range that is optimal for the growth and survival of post larvae vannamei.

Gram scale synthesis of monoclinic VO2 microcrystals by hydrothermal and argon annealing treatment

We report gram scale synthesis of 100% phase fraction of VO2 (M) monoclinic in powder form with reversible phase transition by combining hydrothermal method and Ar annealing at high temperature. Optimization of single phase VO2 (M) growth and its phase transition characteristics have been analysed systematically by varying growth parameters such as time, synthesis temperature and post growth annealing conditions. Argon annealing of hydrothermally grown VO2 powders at 800 °C found to play key role in obtaining VO2 (M) phase in gram scale with characteristic phase transition temperature of 68 °C. In-situ TEM has been performed to investigate the microstructure and phase change across the annealing temperature. Detailed characterizations have been carried out to correlate the phases, microstructure and transition temperature of VO2 with respect to growth parameters.

Unidirectional crystal growth, luminescence and scintillation characteristics of t-stilbene single crystals

Temperature gradient based unidirectional solution growth set-up was specially designed to felicitate the growth of unidirectional crystals of t-stilbene with cylindrical dimension of 6 cm × 2 cm without the need of post growth machining process for scintillator application. A growth rate of 1 mm/day was achieved along <011> direction. The PXRD establishes the phase purity of the grown material. FT-IR and Micro-Raman spectrometers were utilized to justify the presence of the functional groups of the t-stilbene and anisole (solvent). The recorded narrow aromatic vibrations in FT-IR and Raman ascertain the undetectable limit of solvent inclusion in the grown crystal. Absence of new vibrations other than the expected supports the chemical purity of the crystal. The transparency in visible range establishes the suitability of the material for scintillator application where its characteristic emission wavelength under high energy radiation lies. The thermal stability up to 120 °C without any structural/phase change was evident from TG/DTA. The radioluminescence spectra were carried out under β and γ and found the grown crystal exhibits emissions at 384 and 405 nm which is very similar to the studied photoluminescence characteristics. The scintillation characteristics of the t-stilbene investigated using γ –rays from various radioactive sources such as 137Cs, 133Ba and, 109Cd. The scintillation decay time of the grown crystal also studied using the same 133Cs source and fitted with single exponential component of 12 ns.