Gun Ownership Research Articles

Analisis Keberadaan Senjata Airsoft Gun dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Negara Republik Indonesia


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Misuse of an object that is not in accordance with its designation is no longer new, but lately the public is being shocked by a replica weapon that is often used for criminal acts, and law enforcement officials themselves have often cracked down on the misuse of replica weapons, but the question is still what is the position of the airsoft gun itself in our laws and regulations and whether it is airsoft The gun itself is included as a firearm? And what are the normative legal consequences that can be given to the ownership and distribution of airsoft guns that are carried out not with requirements in accordance with applicable regulations? The author's hope in raising the theme itself is to hope that the position of the airsoft gun itself becomes clear whether the tool is included as a firearm or not, considering previous research that considers that airsoft guns are not firearms and cannot be dealt with by the Emergency Law. This research is carried out normatively, and the approach is carried out by reviewing existing laws and regulations (Statute Approach). And after examining through related laws and regulations and police regulations, it was found that airsoft guns are replica weapons classified as firearms for sports purposes, and therefore their possession and circulation can be criminally charged with Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951 considering that airsoft guns are classified as firearms, the results of this study certainly have novelty with previous research conducted where It was found that the airsoft gun is not a firearm and its possession without permission and its circulation cannot be charged with Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951, in other words the research conducted by this author contains elements of novelty
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Association Between Firearm Purchasing in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress, August 2021

ObjectiveTo estimate the association between firearm purchasing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms and stress MethodsWe analyzed data from a survey that approximated a nationally representative sample of American adults (n=3528) who either did not own firearms (n=2327) or who purchased firearms for the first time in response to the pandemic (n=240). Self-reported stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were determined using standardized self-assessment questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-4], Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-2], and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale [DASS] respectively). Using multivariable logistic regression, we assessed the association between firearm-purchasing and each mental health measure after controlling for demographics and other determinants. ResultsIn each model, first-time firearm owners were more likely to be younger, live in urban areas, believe the government does too much for its citizens, stay home, stock up on items, and keep their children at home. Compared to nonowners, first-time owners had a significantly higher odds of anxiety and depressive symptoms (adjusted Odds Ratio[aOR]=1.05, 95%Confidence Interval[CI]:1.04-1.07 and aOR=1.15, 95%CI:1.04-1.26, respectively). ConclusionsFirst-time firearm purchasers report higher depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to non-owners, suggesting that there may be a risk for suicide and other related firearm violence.

Importance of categories of crime for predicting future violent crime among handgun purchasers in California

BackgroundProhibiting the purchase and possession of firearms by those at risk of violence is an established approach to preventing firearm violence. Prior studies of legal purchasers have focused on convictions for specific crimes, such as violent misdemeanors and driving under the influence (DUI). We broaden that line of inquiry by investigating and comparing the associations between prior arrests for most categories of crime and subsequent arrest for violent offenses among legal handgun purchasers in California.MethodsIn this longitudinal cohort study of 79,678 legal handgun purchasers in California in 2001, we group arrest charges prior to their first purchases in 2001 according to categories defined by the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Handbook. We use a gradient boosting machine to identify categories of offenses that are most important for predicting arrest for violent crime following firearm purchase. For each category identified, we then estimate the difference in risk of subsequent arrest for a violent offense using survival regression models.ResultsWe identified eight crime categories with high predictive importance: simple assaults, aggravated assaults, vehicle violations, weapon, other crimes, theft, drug abuse, and DUI. Compared to purchasers with no prior arrests, those with a prior arrest for any one of the eight important categories and no other categories were found to be at increased risk of arrest for a Crime Index-listed violent crime (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault), with the greatest estimated risk corresponding to the simple assault UCR category (adjusted hazard ratio 4.0; 95% CI 2.8–5.9). Simple assault was also associated with the greatest risk for subsequent arrest for firearm violence (adjusted hazard ratio 4.6; 95% CI 2.4–9.0) and any violent offense (adjusted hazard ratio 3.7; 95% CI 2.7–5.0).ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that prior arrests for a broad array of crimes, both violent and non-violent, are associated with risk of subsequent violent crimes, including Crime Index-listed violent crimes and firearm violence, among legal purchasers of firearms. Current policies aimed at restricting access to firearms for individuals at increased risk of violence should be re-examined considering these findings.

Surgeon views on firearm safety counseling in clinical practice: A cross-sectional survey.

Firearms are commonplace in the United States, and one proposed strategy to decrease risk of firearm injury is to have physicians counsel their patients about safe firearm ownership. Current rates of firearm safety counseling by surgeons who care for injured people are unknown. This study used an anonymous cross-sectional survey derived from previously published survey instruments and was piloted (n = 13) at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (2022). The finalized survey was distributed using a quick response code during two sessions at the 2022 American College of Surgeons Clinical Congress. Eligible participants included the surgeons and surgical trainees who attended these sessions. One hundred fourteen individuals completed the survey (20% response rate), and a majority were male (n = 71 [62.3%]), attending surgeons (n = 108 [94.7%]), and specialized in acute care surgery (n = 72 [63.2%]). Few participants (n = 43 [37.7%]) reported counseling patients on firearm safety as part of their routine clinical practice; however, the majority (n = 102 [89.5%]) believed that surgeons should provide firearm safety counseling. Counseling rates did not vary significantly by age, sex, surgical specialty, or region of practice, but attitudes toward counseling did differ by firearm safety counseling practices ( p = 0.03) and region of practice (0.04). Noted barriers to counseling included lack of time (n = 47 [41.2%]), perceived lack of training (n = 43 [37.7%]), and lack of firearm knowledge/experience (n = 36 [31.6%]). Most surgeon respondents did not provide firearm safety counseling to their patients despite the fact the majority believed they should. This suggests that counseling interventions that do not solely rely on surgeons for implementation could increase the number of patients who receive firearm safety guidance during clinical encounters. Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level III.

Engagement with Preventive Health Behaviors and Safe Firearm Storage Practices Using the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

"Behavioral bundling" is a theory that explains how some health behaviors reinforce one another. This study aims to investigate the relationship between preventive health behaviors (PHBs) and safe firearm storage. This study used a cross-sectional design using 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey data. Survey participants resided in California, Idaho, Kansas, Oregon, Texas, and Utah. There were 12,817 people living in households with a firearm included in this study. We classified individuals' engagement in 5 PHBs: cholesterol screening, influenza immunization, physical activity, primary care, and seatbelt use. We defined safe firearm storage as storing a firearm unloaded, or loaded but locked. Using Poisson regression models, we calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) to estimate the association between engagement in the five PHBs with safe firearm storage. Most firearm owners reported safe firearm storage (80.3%). The prevalence of safe firearm storage was 3% higher for each additional PHB engaged in (aPR = 1.03 [1.01, 1.05]). There was a higher prevalence of safe firearm storage among those who always wore a seatbelt while driving or riding in a car compared to those who did not (aPR = 1.12 [1.05, 1.18]). This study found preliminary evidence to suggest that engagement in seatbelt usage may be bundled with safe firearm storage, though we are not able to determine causality.

Firearms and post-separation abuse: Providing context behind the data on firearms and intimate partner violence.

The aim of this study is to provide insight from maternal survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) describing their experiences with their ex-partners' firearm ownership, access, storage and behaviours in the context of co-parenting and separation. We conducted a qualitative descriptive study informed by the IPV and Coparenting Model. The analytic sample consists of self-identified maternal survivors (n = 14) who completed semi-structured qualitative interviews between January and May 2023 describing experiences of post-separation abuse. Participants were recruited through social media and domestic violence advocacy and legal aid organizations. In the interview guide, participants were asked one item about firearm exposure: Have you or your children had any experiences with guns and your ex-partner that made you or your children feel scared? Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Interview transcripts were managed and coded in ATLAS.ti using a codebook. Codes were applied using descriptive content analysis, discrepancies reconciled and themes related to firearm exposure in the context of post-separation abuse identified. Six themes emerged related to firearm experiences and post-separation abuse: (1) gun ownership (2) gun access; (3) unsafe storage; (4) direct and symbolic threats; (5) involving the children; (6) survivors' protective actions. This manuscript provides context on how abusive ex-partners' firearm ownership, access and threats cause terror and pervasive fear for mothers and children following separation. Analysis of qualitative data provides important insights into opportunities to address firearm injury prevention. Findings add to the contextual understanding of how survivors of IPV experience non-fatal firearm abuse. Existing quantitative data may not capture the full extent of fear caused by perpetrators' gun ownership access and symbolic threats. Data from this study can help inform firearm injury prevention efforts. The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the individuals who helped in cognitive testing of the interview guide prior to conducting interviews with participants, including (3) survivors of post-separation abuse. The authors would also like to acknowledge domestic violence advocates and those individuals who helped with recruitment and connected us with participants. Importantly, with deep gratitude, the authors would like to thank the participants who generously shared their time and stories with us.

Loneliness and firearm acquisition among low-income U.S. veterans: Findings from the National Veteran Homeless and Other Poverty Experiences (NV-HOPE) study

RationaleThere are theoretical reasons to expect loneliness related to firearm purchasing. For instance, loneliness might amplify social isolation and feelings of insecurity, anxiety, perceived danger, and need for self-reliance. Purchasing a firearm might be seen as a way to bolster one's security and gain a sense of control when faced with potential threats, yet there is a lack of research assessing this possibility. ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the relationship between loneliness and purchasing a firearm among a sample of low-income U.S. military veterans. MethodsData are from a national survey of 1,004 low-income U.S. veterans collected in December 2022 and January 2023. Firth logistic regression—a rare event logistic regression model to address small-sample bias stemming from rare outcomes through a penalized likelihood approach—was used to estimate the adjusted association between loneliness and purchasing a firearm in the past year. ResultsApproximately 5.4% reported the purchase of a new firearm in the past year, and respondents reported an average loneliness score of 1.82 (standard deviation = 1.96; range = 0–6). Results of Firth Logit regression analyses found that net of control variables for demographic, socioeconomic, and household characteristics, loneliness was positively associated with purchasing a firearm in the past year (OR = 1.167, 95% CI = 1.006, 1.352). ConclusionThe findings indicate that loneliness among U.S. military veterans is associated with firearm purchasing. Considering the risks posed by both loneliness and firearm ownership for veteran suicide, the findings suggest the need for greater focus and synergistic strategies to address loneliness and safe firearm practices among U.S. veterans.

Suicide Attempt by Successive Nail Gun Discharges to the Head and Chest: A Case Report

As firearms are frequently used in suicide attempts, there is wide recognition of this potential danger with restrictions and barriers present in many jurisdictions to limit the purchase and possession of firearms. However since nail guns were introduced in the 1950s, nail gun discharge (NGD) injuries have been an increasing phenomenon due to more widespread availability and ease of use without restrictions on possession. Although existing literature has described suicide attempts by NGD to single body sites, reports of injuries to multiple body sites are rarer. In this case report, we present the case of a patient who survived multiple, severe, self-inflicted penetrating wounds secondary to a suicide attempt by NGD. Through this case report, we aim to identify future opportunities to tailor aspects of risk assessment for patients who may have occupational access to tools such as nail guns, as this should be a consideration when screening for risk and safety planning. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2023;53(11):525–527.]

American Gun Violence & Mental Illness: Reducing Risk, Restoring Health, Respecting Rights & Reviving Communities

Abstract Intentional injuries claimed nearly two hundred lives every day in the United States in 2020, about two-thirds of them suicides, each a story of irretrievable human loss. This essay addresses the complex intersection of injurious behavior with mental illness and access to firearms. It explores what more can be done to stop gun violence while respecting the rights of lawful gun owners, preserving the dignity of persons with mental illnesses, and promoting racial equity. Strategies to prevent firearm injury in the United States are uniquely conditioned by a constitutional right to bear arms, the cultural entrenchment and prevalence of private gun ownership, and strident political disagreement on regulatory solutions to stem gun violence. Broad implementation of a range of complementary policies is needed, including community-based programs to address the social and developmental determinants of violence, improved access to a continuum of mental health services, firearm restrictions based on behavioral indicators of risk (not mental illness, per se), licensing for firearm purchase or ownership, comprehensive background checks for firearm purchase, and supply-side approaches to interrupt illegal firearm markets.

Trends in Domestic Violence and Firearm Domestic Violence During COVID-19 in Five US Cities

Abstract Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting social and economic disruptions may be associated with increased risk for reported domestic violence (DV) and firearm-involved DV (FDV). This study examines trends in DV, FDV, and the proportion of DV incidents that involved firearms (FDV/DV) in five large US cities before and during the coronavirus pandemic. Method We examined monthly trends in DV and FDV during January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2020, which included the early part of the pandemic, using Poisson or negative binomial regressions. We used binomial regressions to assess trends in FDV/DV. We considered the onset of the pandemic to be March 2020. Results Findings varied across outcomes and cities. DV decreased in three cities: Kansas City (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR), 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86–0.90), Los Angeles (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99–1.00), and Nashville (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99–1.00) relative to trends pre-pandemic. FDV increased in three cities: Chicago (IRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.08), Los Angeles (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06–1.10), and Nashville (IRR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05) and decreased in one: Kansas City (IRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90). FDV/DV increased in three cities: Chicago (Risk Ratio (RR), 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.06), Los Angeles (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07–1.11), and Nashville (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.06). Conclusions We found variation among cities in trends in reported DV, FDV, and FDV/DV during the first months of the coronavirus pandemic. Variation may be due to a number of factors, including differences in baseline DV and FDV rates; economic strain and unemployment; compliance with social distancing; firearm ownership and purchasing; the availability of DV services; delays in court processing and the early release of prisoners; and community-law enforcement relations.

Racially Disparate Policy Responses to Mass Shootings

This study examines the differential impact of mass shootings on state gun policy restrictions and posits that victims' race and ethnicity plays a pivotal role. Since the 1970s, pro-gun movements have exploited latent racial biases to oppose gun control measures. They frame gun control as prioritizing the protection of racial minorities over the rights and safety of White Americans, creating political resistance. However, when mass shootings affect White communities, perceptions of the primary beneficiaries of gun control temporarily change. Utilizing a 30-year state panel dataset, the study demonstrates that ten White mass shooting fatalities lead to approximately 1–1.5 restrictive state firearm laws on average, while the same number of fatalities among racial and ethnic minorities has a negative but inconsistent effect on state gun restrictions. These findings are robust to a wide range of modeling specifications and when controlling for other victim-level demographic characteristics. Empirical evidence suggests that legislators and gun control interest groups display stronger support for restrictive legislation following mass shootings involving White victims but not racial and ethnic minority victims.

Pertanggungjawaban Pemilik Senjata Api Legal yang Disalahgunakan Oleh Orang Lain

This study aims to obtain information and analyze the law regarding the ownership of legal firearms that are misused by others. Using the approach method in this study is a normative juridical approach. The widespread spread of firearms among civilians is a global phenomenon. The lack of supervision of firearm ownership, both legal and illegal owned by the general public, police and TNI, is one of the causes of crimes with misuse of firearms in Indonesia. While the victims who died as a result of this crime were mostly civilians. In Indonesia, exact figures on the trade in firearms, legal or illegal, are difficult to obtain, although their circulation in civil society is certain to increase sharply. Due to the lack of order and supervision of firearm administration, police officers do not know for sure how many firearms are circulating in the community, making firearm ownership very difficult to trace. The circulation of firearms will certainly cause unrest in the community, considering that firearms are very dangerous. The use of firearms is legal alias licensed as owned by members of the police, TNI, agencies / agencies and the general public. But there are also illegal alias unlicensed, unlawful and very potentially used for crime. The use of legal firearms in practice is inseparable from various problems, in addition to unscrupulous officers who misuse their firearms, there are also people who have firearm permits who violate the rules, such as for criminal acts.
 

Law enforcement and firearms: understanding firearm ownership and storage habits

ObjectiveThis study seeks to better understand firearm ownership among law enforcement officers (LEO), with the goal of informing future firearm injury and suicide prevention efforts. We describe the frequency and...

Research Project on the Factors Impacting Gun Fatalities in the US and the Most Effective Gun Laws Using Correlation and Regression Analysis

This paper is a study of various factors impacting gun violence in the US over the last decade. The factors chosen for this analysis are Social - Mental Illness; Economic - Unemployment, Consumer Price Index and Personal Income; Demographic – Gun Ownership and Legal- Gun Laws. Data for this analysis is sourced from various government bodies and forums. The compiled data has been analyzed using correlation and regression analysis to study the strength of correlation of each of these factors to gun violence fatalities. Based on the correlation analysis, a further analysis has also been done to examine the most impactful gun laws that have been implemented by some States, which can be effective in controlling gun violence in other States as well.

Gun Laws and Gun Deaths: An Empirical Analysis and Theological Assessment

The current state of gun violence in the United States involves an uneven distribution of firearms’ lethal violence that undermines the common good by creating intolerable risks of gun death for certain communities and certain people. Building on Catholic commitments to the dignity of every human life and the importance of solidarity as a counterbalance to structural sin, this article explains how Catholics can respond to this problematic status quo in a fashion that aligns with their faith convictions. The article draws on empirical data about the correlations between firearm availability and firearm mortality rates both internationally and within the United States to lay the foundation for a more nuanced evaluation of gun control laws, consistent with the expectation that Catholics will engage political life thoughtfully and with prudential judgment.

Moral Theology and Guns in the United States: Staging an Encounter

Guns hold a vexingly unique place in US American life. The United States has, by far, the highest prevalence of private firearm ownership and firearm-caused death among high-income nations in the world. Yet, there exist few sustained treatments of guns in the United States by moral theologians and Christian ethicists. This essay introduces the Journal of Moral Theology special issue on guns in US American life, which aims to stimulate theological reflection on this timely and pressing issue. It provides a brief overview of existing scholarship on the sociology of guns and moral theological treatments of guns and gun violence, and introduces the volume’s essays.

Firearm availability and police shootings of citizens: a city level analysis of fatal and injurious shootings in California and Florida

BackgroundA growing body of research has found a link between firearm availability and police shootings of citizens across place. The problem, however, is that the previous studies on the topic tend to suffer from several limitations: a near exclusive focus on citizen fatalities, units of analysis at the state or county levels, and a variety of proxy measures tapping into community-level firearm access. The current study set out to address these issues by examining the relationship between different forms of firearm availability and both fatal and nonfatal injurious police shootings of citizens at the city level.MethodsMore specifically, it merged The Trace’s “Missing Pieces” measures of guns reported lost and stolen to police as well as licensed firearms dealers across jurisdictions from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives as proxies for firearm availability with data on police shootings of citizens in California and Florida from California’s URSUS system and the Tampa Bay Times’ “Why Cops Shoot” database, respectively. Negative binomial regression analyses were performed on a sample of 253 cities across the two states and a sub-sample of cities with licensed firearms dealers.ResultsFindings uncovered a small positive association between rates of federally licensed guns stores and the number citizens shot by police as well as police shooting incidents while controlling for several community-level measures (e.g., concentrated disadvantage, gun homicide rates). Rates of guns lost or reported stolen were generally not significantly associated with the outcome measures in the multivariate models.ConclusionsFirearm availability is a significant correlate of police shootings. Pooled counts of both citizens shot by police and police shooting incidents are heightened in jurisdictions with higher rates of licensed gun dealers, which may be due to the fact that all firearms sold in the USA first make their way to the public through these mechanisms. Such licensed gun dealers must be appropriately monitored and audited to reduce illicit behavior and prevent firearms from making their way into secondary markets. Addressing access to firearms can be meaningful for a host of gun-related morbidity and mortality outcomes, including police shootings of citizens.

Armed to Kill: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Examining the Links between Firearms Availability, Gun Control, and Terrorism Using the Global Terrorism Database and the Small Arms Survey

ABSTRACT According to the Global Terrorism Database, the use of firearms in terrorist attacks has been on the rise, and firearms-based attacks are the most lethal. In the aftermath of mass-casualty attacks perpetrated with firearms, policymakers across the world advocate tightened gun control to restrict terrorists’ access to both licit and illicit guns. However, academic research on the linkages between firearms availability, gun control legislation, and terrorism is scarce. This study fills this research gap by conducting a systematic cross-sectional analysis of the linkage between gun control, licit and illicit stocks of firearms, and terrorist attacks in 2015–2019, based on a novel dataset incorporating the Global Terrorism Database and the Small Arms Survey. Our estimation using OLS regression shows a strong relationship between the availability of firearms and the incidence of gun-based terrorism, especially for lone wolf attacks. Furthermore, terrorists in stable, democratic countries are comparatively more likely to select firearms as their weapon of choice. Conversely, strict gun control only slightly alleviates the overall risk of terrorism in stable countries but does not impact weapon selection. In unstable countries in the grip of intrastate conflict, gun control significantly reduces lone wolf-style attacks, while organized multi-perpetrator attacks are not deterred.

Violent Experiences and Patterns of Firearm Ownership From Childhood to Young Adulthood

Young adults in their 20s are at high relative risk for self- and other-directed firearm injury, but little is known about gun access patterns for this group. To describe the longitudinal patterns of firearm access from childhood to young adulthood and to estimate whether violence experienced as a child or as an adult is associated with gun ownership in young adulthood. The Great Smoky Mountains Study included participants from 11 contiguous, mostly rural counties in the Southeastern US. The first wave was completed in 1993 and the most recent in 2019. Periodic survey data were gathered in adolescence through participants' late 20s. In 2023, adjusted Poisson regression with incident rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs were used to estimate associations between violence and gun ownership in young adulthood in 3 age cohorts from the original sample. Violent experiences in childhood (bullying, sexual and physical abuse, violent events, witnessing trauma, physical violence between parents, and school/neighborhood dangerousness) or adulthood (physical and sexual assault). Initiating gun ownership was defined as no gun access or ownership in childhood followed by gun ownership at age 25 or 30 years. Maintaining gun ownership was defined as reporting gun access or ownership in at least 1 survey in childhood and ownership at age 25 or 30 years. Among 1260 participants (679 [54%] male; ages 9, 11, and 13 years), gun access or ownership was more common in childhood (women: 366 [63%]; men: 517 [76%]) than in adulthood (women: 207 [36%]; men: 370 [54%]). The most common longitudinal pattern was consistent access or ownership from childhood to adulthood (373 [35%]) followed by having access or ownership in childhood only (408 [32%]). Most of the violent exposures evaluated were not significantly associated with the outcomes. Being bullied at school was common and was associated with reduced ownership initiation (IRR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.94). Witnessing a violent event was significantly associated with increased probability of becoming a gun owner in adulthood (IRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03-1.49). In this cohort study, gun ownership and access were transitory, even in a geographic area where gun culture is strong. Early adulthood-when the prevalence of gun ownership was relatively low-may represent an opportune time for clinicians and communities to provide education on the risks associated with firearm access, as well as strategies for risk mitigation.

Experiences of Violence and Firearm Access and Ownership in the Transition From Childhood to Young Adulthood

Experiences of Violence and Firearm Access and Ownership in the Transition From Childhood to Young Adulthood