Positive Reassessment Research Articles

The relationship of protective and coping behavior with the manifestation of envy in students of different profiles of training

The article considers the typology of forms of envy, its functions, analyzes the ratio of types of envy with different types of protective and coping behavior in students of different training profiles. The study involved 50 students from 19 to 22 years old studying in different specialties of the university. Student age is a period of development of mature mechanisms of protection, constructive coping and envy as a personality trait. The authors started from the assumption that different types of envy are related to different types of protective and coping behavior and their difference among students of different learning profiles. The results of the study prove there is a relationship and interdependence of types of envy with strategies of coping and psychological protection. It was revealed — there is a close relationship between types of envy and coping strategies. It is established that different types of envy are characteristic of students of different profiles of study. Envy-dislike is more pronounced in students of a technical orientation, envy-despondency is the dominant type of envy in humanitarian students. It is proved that avisity-dislike has a positive close relationship with maladaptive confrontational coping in humanitarian students. Planning a solution to the problem and positive reassessment are interdependent and interrelated with envy-hostility among students-technical profile of training. Substitution and hypercompensation are positively interrelated with envy-hostility among humanitarians. Students of the technical profile of education revealed an inverse relationship of envy-despondency with projection and a direct connection with displacement. Envy-dislike is interrelated and interdependent with rationalization. The author plans to associate further research with the development of diagnostic tools and measures to prevent and correct feelings of envy.

Validación del Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire kids (CERQ-k) en niños mexicanos

La regulación emocional es un proceso esencial en la vida diaria de las personas, quienes utilizan diferentes estrategias, acciones encaminadas al logro de objetivos, o habilidades, capacidad para llevar a cabo con éxito determinada actividad, para modificar tanto el curso, como la intensidad, duración y expresión de las diferentes emociones. Es durante la infancia en donde se aprende cómo reaccionar ante un evento emocional, una regulación emocional deficiente en esta etapa de la vida se ha relacionado con problemas de ansiedad social, depresión, tristeza, miedo y enojo, así como un bajo rendimiento académico. Disponer de estrategias adecuadas puede apoyar a niños y niñas a mantener la calma y reevaluar la situación problemática que están viviendo, pueden llegar a resignificar un evento para cambiar su efecto emocional; dicha habilidad les permitiría disminuir los efectos negativos e incrementar su bagaje de respuestas ante una problemática. Método: Se utilizó un diseño transversal, cuantitativo, con alcance descriptivo y con una muestra intencional. Se tuvieron 600 participantes con edad entre 9 y 11 años (M = 10.0; DE = 0.81), 49% eran niños y 51% niñas. Se utilizó el Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-k) de Garnefski, Rieffe, Jellesma Terwogt y Kraaij (2007) y la Escala para Ansiedad para Niños de Spence (SCAS) validada para niños mexicanos por Hernández-Guzmán, Bermúdez-Ornelas, Spence, Gonzalez, Martínez-Guerrero, Aguilar y Gallegos (2003). Para analizar y verificar las dimensiones subyacentes al instrumento, los reactivos fueron sometidos primero a un análisis factorial exploratorio y posteriormente a uno confirmatorio. Resultados: Del análisis factorial exploratorio se obtuvieron cinco factores: Autoculpa, Rumiación, Culpar a otros, Reenfocarse en los planes y Reevaluación positiva. Con una varianza total explicada de 49.97%, un alfa de Cronbach total de .82, conservando 19 de los 35 reactivos originales. Los índices Chi2 con valor p<.05, GFI > .95, CFI > .90, RMSEA < .08 y el índice RMR < .05 denotan un adecuado ajuste entre el modelo teórico y los datos analizados en este modelo. Los resultados encontrados en conjunto con los observados en las comparaciones de los indicadores Chi2 y CFI permiten concluir que la estructura del instrumento es equivalente para los niños y niñas de la muestra en el número de dimensiones, en los reactivos que componen cada dimensión, en las covarianzas entre las dimensiones y en los residuales de las variables observadas. Discusión: La infancia es una etapa en que niñas y niños aprenden como se realiza la expresión de las emociones en su contexto cultural es por ello por lo que contar con instrumentos confiables son un gran soporte para proponer estrategas de intervención que los puedan apoyar en la consolidación de aquellas que los apoyan de manera eficiente y dejar de utilizar las que no los apoyan a resolver las situaciones complejas que se les presentan.

THE FEATURES OF COPING STRATEGIES IN ADOLESCENCE

The article considers the features of coping strategies in adolescence. The article aim is to study and analyze adolescents’ coping strategies and the coping features characteristic for delinquent adolescents. To achieve this goal, the authors solved the following tasks: to analyze the peculiarities of coping behavior in adolescence and to determine its connection with behavioral disorders, to identify life situations especially difficult for adolescents, to identify leading coping strategies in adolescents and to conduct comparative analysis of coping strategies used by delinquent adolescents and adolescents with normative behavior. The authors analyzed maladaptive coping strategies: confrontation strategy, escape-avoidance strategy, distancing strategy; as well as adaptive coping strategies: positive reassessment, self-control and responsibility, social support and planning. Overcoming difficult life situations requires mobilization of personal resources, which is manifested in coping strategies. Their features largely depend on personal characteristics, life experience and situational factors that determine the individual uniqueness of mastering strategies. Among the variety of coping strategies, there are emotional, cognitive and behavioral coping. The coping strategies that focus on problem solving, seeking social support and avoidance are basic. The authors conducted the study with two groups of adolescents with normative and delinquent behavior and found that adolescents with normative behavior, unlike delinquents, were not prone to aggressive efforts and risks in solving difficult situations. At the same time, delinquent adolescents were characterized by maladaptive coping strategies. Copings are aimed at adapting a person to the requirements of a situation, mitigating its requirements, avoiding or getting used to them. In general, it reduces the impact of a difficult situation, ensures and maintains an individual’s physical and mental health, well-being, and satisfaction with social relations. The obtained results indicate that adolescents with normative behavior in difficult life situations are more active in making arbitrary, problem-focused efforts to change the situation; they make more efforts to analyze ways to solve the problem than delinquent adolescents. Adolescents with normative behavior are prone to: planning, positive reassessment, self-control, acceptance of responsibility, and also have a low level of stress in copings. Delinquents clearly have a tendency to the maladaptive “avoiding problem” strategy. They are prone to confrontation, avoidance, detonation. Delinquent adolescents experience more difficult situations. The coping system of adolescents with delinquent behavior is more intense, which indicates that they experience higher levels of stress. In adolescence, coping behavior is actively formed and is a prerequisite for psychological well-being. It aims to improve adolescents’ adaptation and is manifested through a set of coping strategies. The studied causes of delinquent behavior show that they are closely related to coping strategies. When delinquency is development, maladaptive behavioral patterns are formed that prevent adequate coping with stressful situations. This is confirmed by the data obtained during the study. A comparison of coping strategies of the studied groups shows a qualitative difference in the structure of coping in difficult life situations for adolescents with normative and delinquent behavior. The data obtained will expand the understanding of the causes underlying adolescents’ destructive behavior. The authors’ study is of practical importance, its results can be used by psychologists and social educators to identify ways to optimize mental development of all adolescents and adolescents with delinquent behavior, in particular through the purposeful formation of more effective coping strategies.

Толерантность к неопределенности как предиктор стратегии адаптации в условиях пандемии COVID-19 студентов-психологов

The aim of the study is to identify the correlation between tolerance/intolerance to uncertainty with coping strategies and mechanisms of psychological protection of the individual in the conditions of adaptation to situations with a high degree of uncertainty associated with the coronavirus pandemic. A positive correlation was established between tolerance to uncertainty and the protective mechanisms of “humor” and “compensation”, and a negative correlation with the mechanism of “omnipotent control”. Increasing the level of tolerance to uncertainty entails: 1) increased levels of regression and withdrawal in uncertain situations; 2) reduced readiness for systematic problem solving and the emergence of an inability to separate emotions about the situation from its cognitive solution; 3) reduced ability to enter into active opposition with uncertainty, reduced ability to humor and positive reassessment of an uncertain situation. In addition, an increase in the level of interpersonal tolerance to uncertainty leads to an increase in the defense mechanisms and used coping strategies (passive aggression, dissociation, projection, displacement, substitution, distancing, etc.), which clearly indicates the perception of an uncertain situation by such students as extremely difficult, threatening, negative. Thus, tolerance to uncertainty is a significant resource for adaptive living by a person in the conditions of uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic. Students with a high interpersonal tolerance to uncertainty are the most vulnerable to the uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The practical significance of the study is in the need to form the ability to constructive activity in conditions of uncertainty, which can be implemented in the process of training interventions. Further research may be based on considering the relationship between tolerance to uncertainty and other factors of adaptation to the conditions of uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The relevance of the study is associated with the scarcity of works on the assessment of adaptive resources of the individual in the conditions of uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

PREDICTORS OF COPING BEHAVIOR OF FOREIGN STUDENTS

This article presents the results of an empirical research aimed at studying the coping strategies in difficult life situations and the factors that determine their choice among foreign students. The main group consisted of foreign students from Iraq (N=108 people), and the comparison group consisted of Russian students (N=80 people). The study used descriptive statistics, Student's parametric t -test, r -Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. It is established that foreign students tend to use the strategy of “positive reassessment” to a greater extent, to look for a positive meaning in difficulties, to comprehend them from the point of view of personal growth. They often use the strategy of "planning to solve problems", resort to a strategy of maintaining control over feelings and behavior, and to a lesser extent use the strategy of "finding social support" and "confrontational coping". It is revealed that foreign students are very religious, have high self-esteem, high willpower. With negative expectations, they try to extract more positive experiences and not focus on the bad ones. In difficult life situations in relationships with others, foreign students resort to collective coping and coping to avoid problems.

Coping strategies of family members of intensive care unit patients

ObjectiveTo analyse the coping strategies of family members of patients admitted to intensive care units. DesignA cross-sectional study developed with 70 relatives of patients admitted to the intensive care unit. SettingAn adult intensive care unit at a university hospital in Brazil. Main Outcome MeasuresCoping strategies were identified by the Folkman and Lazarus Inventory of Coping Strategies and statistically compared to the sociodemographic data of family members and patients’ clinical data. ResultsCoping strategies focused on emotion were the most used, especially those attributed to the escape-avoidance factor. There was a significant association (p < 0.05) between women and the use of adaptive strategies focused on the problem; less education and lower income with maladaptive strategies focused on emotion; second-degree relatives and the positive reassessment factor; participants involved in religious activities and the social support factor. Regarding the clinical variables, patients admitted to the intensive care unit for more than seven days showed an association (p < 0.05) with the social support factor. ConclusionFamily members used adaptive coping strategies more focused on emotion. Additionally, the lower the educational and economic levels, the greater the use of maladaptive strategies focused on emotion.

DISABLED STUDENTS’ COPING STRATEGIES AS A FACTOR OF THEIR SELF-REALIZATION

The article presents the empirical research on coping strategies of students studying in integrated groups and the strategies with self-realization. The research purpose was to study the features of self-realization characteristic for students in the integrated educational environment by examining of the structure of their coping strategies, their correlations with self-realization and the predictors of self-actualization. The following methods were used: Folkman and Lazarus' Ways of Coping Questionnaire (adapted by L.I. Vasserman); E. Shostrom’s Personal Orientation Inventory, modified by, A. Lazukin, N. Kalina; the methods for data processing and interpretation: quantitative and qualitative analysis (factor, correlation, regression analyses). We have revealed differences in the factor structure of coping strategies characteristic for disabled students and relatively healthy students. Thus, there are correlations between an individual’s coping strategies and self-realization. The success of disabled students’ self-realization is determined by their ability to use social support (informational, emotional, effective), their rational approach to problem solving, self-regulation, cognitive avoidance of difficult situations. The success of relatively healthy students’ self-realization is determined by their rational approach to problem solving, positive reassessment of a problem and its inclusion into the context of personal development.

Psychological resistance of student youth to information stress in the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction. Self-isolation, accompanied by intensive inclusion in the digital information environment, has led to a deterioration in students’ psychological well-being and the emergence of information stress. Information stress is associated with the compulsive use of social networks, viewing aggressive news content, disseminating misinformation. The purpose of the study was to study the features of information behavior, psychological stability and ways to cope with information stress for Russian students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study participants and methods. The sample consisted of 218 students from Moscow and Ivanovo aged 18 to 26 (M=19.5) (33% men, 67% women). A specially developed questionnaire was used to identify the features of students’ information behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic; to assess psychological stability and determine coping strategies in conditions of information stress, the methodology “Questionnaire of Coping Methods” (QCM) was used (R. Lazarus, S. Folkman, in Russian-language adaptation by T.L. Kryukova, E.V. Kuftyak, M.S. Zamyshlyaeva). Results and scientific novelty. The cluster analysis allowed identifying four types of students’ information behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: phobic (20%), cognitive (45%), nihilistic (20%) and circulating behavior (15%). To a greater extent, in order to cope with information stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, student youth use constructive coping strategies for planning (xave = 58.5±21.7), positive reassessment (xave = 51.9±19.3), self-control (xave = 47.5±17.8), characterized by a purposeful analysis of the situation and possible behavior options, including the determination of personal development directions. Besides, a significant part of students resort to the use of destructive coping strategies of avoidance, confrontation, distancing, caused by negative experiences, leading to the circulation of unofficial information about the pandemic. Half of the respondents need social support. The regression analysis made it possible to identify predictors of psychological resistance (coping strategies) to information stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical significance. The identified types of information behavior can be used in educational work with students and their psychological support in order to personalize the communicative impact, as well as in the monitoring system of students’ psychological state and their perception of risks, the level of awareness and trust in the information received, the adoption of established rules and the willingness to follow them.

Analysis of the socio-psychological adaptation of foreign students at medical universities in the Southern Federal District

The article presents the results of a psychodiagnostic study of the socio-psychological adaptation of foreign students at medical schools in the Southern Federal District. Socio-psychological adaptation is a dynamic aspect of involving an individual's personality in a system of socially significant relationships, socio-psychological and professional-activity communications, in the implementation of the corresponding role functions. It has been established that medical students are exposed to many risk factors that violate the harmonious process of socio-psychological adaptation. Among the leading factors, the following are distinguished: the study of one of the most complex languages – Russian; differences in the cultural, communicative and linguistic characteristics of foreign students and residents of Russia; the risk of early emotional burnout during the acquisition of practical skills and intensive on the duration of classes in junior courses in a pandemic of new coronavirus infection. The study revealed that students in both samples have a normative level of socio-psychological adaptation, despite studying in different regions and in different languages (Volgograd State Medical University students study in English, ASMU students in French and Russian as a foreign language). At the same time, it was established that the most preferred strategies for behaviour in stressful situations in both groups are distance, positive reassessment, flight-avoidance and confrontation. The authors presented a statistical analysis of the data, which indicates that there are no statistically significant differences in the socio-psychological adaptation between the two samples for any of the tests performed. The results of this study can be used by the teaching staff, focused on the adaptation support of foreign students in medical universities, tutors and teachers of biomedical orientation for motivational and correctional activities of the pedagogical process. Also, these results will be useful for individual psychological correction of respondents with high maladaptation rates, low sociability indicators, and those who have problems with self-assessment of their capabilities.

ДИНАМИКА СТРАТЕГИЙ СОВЛАДАЮЩЕГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПСИХИЧЕСКИМИ РАССТРОЙСТВАМИ

The article presents data on the relationship between feelings of loneliness and non-adaptive coping confrontation and distancing. After completing the rehabilitation cycle, patients showed a decrease in cognitive impairment, a decrease in the rate of loneliness and the manifestation of adaptive coping by type of acceptance of responsibility and positive reassessment, a decrease in the level of exhaustion.

Estilos de afrontamiento y Estilos de pensamiento en Administrativos de la Policía

La investigación tuvo como objetivo, establecer la relación entre estilos de afrontamiento y estilos de pensamiento del personal del área administrativa de la policía del departamento de Nariño. Esta investigación se basó en un paradigma cuantitativo, de enfoque empírico analítico y de tipo correlacional, con diseño no experimental transversal. La población correspondió a 70 policías. En cuanto a la recolección de información, se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación de dos instrumentos: Cuestionario de Afrontamiento de Estrés y la Encuesta para el Diagnóstico Integral de Dominancia Cerebral.Los resultados señalan un uso acentuado de los siguientes estilos de afrontamiento: focalizado en la solución del problema, búsqueda de apoyo social y reevaluación positiva. Asimismo, se encontró que existe una marcada puntuación del cuadrante B (organizado). Finalmente, a través del programa estadístico SPSS se encontró que existe una correlación muy débil o inexistente entre las variables.

Factors Influencing Delayed Diagnosis in Oncology

Background: In Romania there is a discrepancy between cancer incidence (last place in Europe) and mortality rate (over the medium rate in Europe), possibly due to a higher number of late diagnosis. This study aims to determine associations between delayed cancer diagnosis and psychosocial characteristics (depression, coping style, social support). Methods: Cancer patients were administered a battery of tests for depression, anxiety, coping mechanism, social support, social status, medical and family history, and time between first symptoms and diagnosis. Results: Delayed presentation was positively correlated with female gender (p=0.031), rural area (p=0.033) and law stress levels (p=0.045), depression (p=0.02). positive reassessment (p=0.002) and low positive refocusing (p=0.006). Conclusion: Coping styles, depression and gender influence delayed diagnosis of cancer, this potentially contributing to a bad prognosis of oncology patients. Further longitudinal studies and screening procedures could contribute to a better understanding of individual contribution of these factors to delayed diagnosis.

Reinventing and Promoting Northern Industrial Heritage: Regeneration in the Textile Sites of Ancoats and Saltaire

The promotion of heritage and culture-led regeneration in Ancoats and Saltaire, two formerly industrial districts of Manchester and Bradford, are comparatively examined in this article. It seeks to analyse the role of industrial heritage amidst initiatives aiming at the regeneration and reuse of the historic built environment, in a context suggesting a positive reassessment of industrial vestiges in the North of England. If both northern post-industrial cities are determined to improve their image and to promote themselves as tourist destinations, they strongly differ with regard to the use of industrial heritage as a promotional tool, thereby implying a swaying between the acknowledgment of the industrial past and the will to move forward.

Specificity of behavioral copying in long-sealing seamen with different levels of mental health and stress load

The features of coping as a basic construct of the behavioral repertoire of long-distance sailors, taking into account the state of their mental health and the level of psychosocial stress were investigated. During 2016-2019, 110 officers of the command staff of the Maritime Merchant Navy, 90 sailors of the Maritime Merchant Fleet, 70 representatives of the command unit of the Maritime Passenger Fleet and 30 privates of the Maritime Passenger Fleet were surveyed. All persons were examined by men, citizens of Ukraine. The study included the use of clinical-psychopathological and psychodiagnostic methods. The general trend in the distribution of coping tensions was its association with the level of aircraft inlierent in the surveyed, namely, increasing the quantitative indicators of the use of unconstructive strategies (confrontational coping, escape-avoidance, distancing) and reducing the use of constructive coping (positive reassessment, self-support, social support), taking responsibility, planning to solve the problem) with the increasing severity of the stress experienced and the deterioration of mental health, up to the development of clinically defined disorders of adaptation. A common difference identified in the study was the low intensity of the use of seafarers’ responsibilities, regardless of the type of navy and the level of the aircraft, and, conversely, its high performance, along with a strategy of self-control using command and trade, and passenger fleets, with a decrease in their tension as the stress load experienced by the captains. The identified patterns should be taken into account in the development of specific measures of psychotherapy and psychoprophylaxis for this contingent. Keywords: long-distance sailors, psychosocial stress, coping behavior.

Discretionary fiscal policy in the Euro area: Past, present and future

During the years of the so-called Great Moderation, monetary policy and automatic stabilizers were deemed sufficient for counter-cyclical purposes. However, the depth and the length of the recent crisis, together with policy interest rates at the zero lower bound, induced a more positive re-assessment of a countercyclical fiscal stance, especially in the euro area. Against this background, we look at discretionary fiscal policy in the euro area from three different perspectives. First, we provide evidence that the discretionary fiscal policy in euro area countries has been mostly acyclical even if our estimates suggest that it could have been useful, particularly during the crisis. Second, focusing on the short-run - i.e. taking as given the economic and institutional constraints that currently make a significant fiscal expansion quite unrealistic in Europe - we discuss some budget-neutral proposals aimed at fostering economic growth. Finally, taking a more forward-looking perspective, we discuss the issue of the appropriate fiscal stance for the euro area as a whole, and argue that the advantages of having a coordinated approach (e.g. through a fiscal capacity at the central level) can be substantial.

ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ЧИННИКИ ПОСТТРАВМАТИЧНОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ УЧАСНИКІВ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ НА СХОДІ УКРАЇНИ

The article presents the empirical study of individual psychological factors helping post-traumatic growth among military personnel - participants of the anti-terrorist operation (ATO). The sample consisted of 297 ATO participants (278 men and 19 women) of 19 to 54 year old. The following individual psychological factors examined to reveal their influence on ATO participants’ post-traumatic growth: basic personal characteristics; dispositional optimism; coping strategies; locus of control. The obtained data allowed us to determine the dependence of post-traumatic growth on ATO participants' several personal characteristics, dispositional optimism, the internal locus of control and some coping strategies. In particular, the overall post-traumatic growth correlated significantly with such personal characteristics as “benevolence” and “diligence”. We also found that factor 1 (“changes in self-perception / new opportunities”) of post-traumatic growth correlated statistically significantly with the “Open-mindedness”; factor 2 (“interpersonal relationships”) of post-traumatic growth correlated significantly “benevolence”; factor 3 (“life philosophy”) of post-traumatic growth correlated significantly with such personal characteristics as “extraversion”, “kindness”, and “diligence”. In addition, there were positives correlation of optimism in general with post-traumatic growth as a whole and with some its indicators. Only one coping strategy - a positive reassessment - correlated statistically significant with combatants’ post-traumatic growth. The correlations determined in our study are consistent with the results obtained at foreign studies.

Опосредующая роль регуляции эмоций и временной перспективы во взаимосвязи между темпераментальными чертами и эмоциональными состояниями

The article presents the results of a study of the mediating effect of emotion regulation and time perspectives on the relationship between neuroticism / extraversion and emotional states. According to J. Gross’s Model of emotion regulation and ideas on the time perspective of F. Zimbardo, it was assumed that emotion regulation strategies and time perspectives mediate the influence of temperamental traits — extroversion and neuroticism — on emotional states. Emotional states were determined through indicators of the severity of positive and negative affects. The study involved 295 university students in Moscow and Arkhangelsk aged 17 to 23 years. It is shown that regulating emotion strategies “cognitive reappraisal”, “catastrophization” and “rumination”, along with ideas about the negative past, partially mediate the influence of neuroticism on the severity of negative affect. The “positive reassessment” strategy and ideas about the future partially mediate the effect of neuroticism on positive affect, in addition — the effect of extraversion on positive affect is partially mediated by “positive reappraisal”. Contrary to expectations, refocusing attention (distraction) showed no significant effect on either positive or negative component of emotional states. The results are discussed in terms of their application in the processes of providing psychological help to persons with high neuroticism.

EMOTIONS AND COPING STRATEGIES OF MEN TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the emotions and coping strategies of men living in Brazil to the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: a qualitative socio-historical study, carried out with 200 men residing in Brazil. A semi-structured form was applied, made available on an online platform between March and May 2020. The data were analyzed by the Collective Subject Discourse method and sustained in the theoretical reference of Coping. Results: the strategies most used by the men were the following: compliance with preventive measures, strengthening of family/social ties, promotion of psychological well-being, self-care, emotional suppression, externalization of negative feelings, emotional control, positive reassessment, intellectual investment/professional qualification, maintenance of daily routines, adaptation to home office work, physical activity, control of marital conflicts, acceptance, and strengthening of belief and faith. Conclusion: the coping strategies adopted by the men are focused on following a pandemic coping protocol, and on the meaning and channeling of emotion and sense.

Right-wing populism’s (ab)use of the past in Italy and the Netherlands

Historical analysis is increasingly used as a tool in the study of present-day populism in Europe. The past is often explored as a source of analogies through which to examine today’s populism, and at other times in search of causal mechanisms to explain the current populist wave. In this paper we focus on a third kind of link between populism and the past, namely the ways populist movements and leaders use and abuse history and historical memory in their quest for mass support. This angle on the populism/history nexus can yield deep insight into the ideological make-up of these movements and their voters, and populism’s discursive dynamics and strategies.Focusing on contemporary right-wing populism and its approach to the dark past of European countries, the paper conducts an exploratory analysis that posits three ways in which the past is (ab)used by populists: (a) the positive reassessment of dark history; (b) the recourse to fake history; (c) the evocation and subsequent denial of links with the dark past. In examining each, we use examples taken from the cases of Italy and The Netherlands to check the plausibility of our categories across different national cases.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EMOTIONAL SPHERE AND COPING STRATEGIES AT AGING

The article analyzes theoretically elderly people’s emotional sphere, the internal and external factors, leading to strong negative emotions and lower emotional durability, and the factors leading to strong negative emotional states and, at the result, to the emotional aging. Elderly people can resist o aging, psychological, social and physical problems, if they have formed psychological maturity and high volitional qualities.The article specifies that elderly people are characterized by negative emotions, negative attitudes to their life, and pessimistic mood, and also they do not have a vision of their future prospects. However, it is noteworthy that aging is different for different people and it can be of the convergent type, as well as of divergent type, and these types have different options.The following methods were used for the empirical study: Self-Assessment of Psychological States (according to G. Eysenck); “Copying Strategies” questionnaire developed by R. Lazarus, S. Folikman, and adapted by T. L. Kryukova, E. V. Kuflyak, M. S. Zamshelova.This empirical study was done in two stages, the first stage was in 2011, and the second one was in 2018. The empirical study aim was to determine specifics of elderly people’s emotional states and the coping strategies used actively by them. The comparative analysis of the data from two groups was performed.The following results were obtained during the study analysis: such emotional states as anxiety, frustration, and rigidity prevail at elderly people, but aggressive behavioural patterns are not used by elderly people. Elderly people show passive behaviour: distance and social support, but also active behaviour: self-control, acceptance of responsibility and positive reassessment in their behavioural repertoire. The results of two groups were compared with the help of the statistic analysis, and it shows that the data of the groups are not different statistically. But, an important change in elderly people’s emotional states and coping-strategies has been identified. The indicators of anxiety, frustration and rigidity have stayed on the high level, but the indicators of such coping strategies as “distance”, “social support” have risen, and the indicator of “avoidance” has become lower.The next research task is to determine factors contributing to formation and fixation of negative emotional states and unproductive coping strategies of elderly people.