Positive Politeness Strategies Research Articles

Positive Politeness Used in the Interviews Conducted by Desi Anwar to Dewi Soekarno and Bill Gates

Interview is a popular means of gathering information in our society. However, there is little research on cross-cultural interviews which has been conducted. This research is a descriptive qualitative study which aims to examine Desi Anwar’s choice of positive politeness strategies in relation to her interviewees’ cultural backgrounds, i.e., Dewi Soekarno (Japanese) and Bill Gates (American). The interviews are transcribed and coded based on the positive politeness strategies used and the cultures of Japanese and American communication styles. The instrument used in analyzing the data is Excel Matrix. Findings show that the interview with Dewi Soekarno (Japanese interviewee) contains more positive politeness strategies than the interview with Bill Gates (American interviewee). The positive politeness strategies used in the interview with Dewi Soekarno are Exaggeration, Repetition, Including Both S and H, and also Compliments. This result is contradictory to Japanese and American communication styles, which Japanese do not prefer positive politeness; while Americans do. This study will shade some light on positive politeness used in cross-cultural interviews involving Japanese and American interviewees. Since both interviewees in this research are from different genders, it would be satisfactory if future research includes this aspect into consideration.

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN “ALADDIN” MOVIE

This research is a descriptive study on the use of politeness strategy in movie. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative approach. This research focused on describing politeness strategies used by the main characters of Aladdin movie. The data were analyzed from conversation script in form of utterance. The researchers used analysis method by Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The research results showed that the types of politeness strategies used by the four main characters in the film Aladdin are the bald-on record strategy, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, and off-record strategies. Bald on record is the most widely used. It appeared 11 times (37%). It is followed by positive politeness which are uttered 7 times (23%) and off record which are also uttered 7 times (23%). The forth is negative politeness that uttered 5 times (17%). The researcher suggest to the English teachers to use Aladdin movie as teaching resource for politeness strategy. The researcher also suggested to the students could apply the politeness strategy in their life especially with the teachers and mates during learning process. For the further researcher, there are many aspects which can be analyzed about Pragmatics including politeness strategy. The reseracher suggests to the other researchers to analyze other aspects of Pragmatics in different works.

The Students’ Strategies in Online Learning Interaction: Exploring Politeness in Zoom Class during Covid-19 Pandemic

Studies of teacher-students politeness are presented mostly in direct communicationor face-to-face communication. filling the gap of politeness between teacher and students in online learning is the aim of this study, specifically in one of the very popular educational platforms applied during the Covid-19 pandemic. The platform is Zoom Class. This study applies qualitative research method to describe the phenomenon of the language. This study observed the interaction of 7 zoom classes of English Department students from September to November 2021. The researchers did the analysis on students’ interaction with their lecturer based on the theory of politeness stated by Brown and Levinson. It is found that there are five strategies which 3 of them belong to positive politeness strategies, namely greeting, gratitude, and address term, then negative politeness strategies namely apology and mixing language. The gratitudeis dominantly applied by students with the utterances “thank you” to minimize the threat and maintain the relationship between them. these politeness strategies also used to ensure the effectiveness of online learning interaction as it increases students’ language competence. However, the problem also faced by students and lecturer during the learning process by online learning. Fortunately, the problem could be solved. Thus, this finding contributes to enrich the aspects of politeness interaction in zoom class and provide future researchers to explore politeness in other context.

POLITENESS IN BUGINESE WEDDING CEREMONY

<p>One of the cultural elements of communication that must be considered is politeness. Politeness is indispensable in communication, especially in Southeast Asian cultures, which have degrees of politeness. As cultural aspects affect the communicative language, politeness would be expected in society. One of the politeness implementations is the polite language used in the Buginese traditional wedding ceremony. In order to reveal politeness and its strategies in the traditional Buginese wedding ceremony, the study employed a qualitative method with observation and analytical descriptive approach by examining the politeness strategies and conversational language used in the Buginese wedding ceremony processions. The data were obtained from the video recordings of the wedding ceremony and the interviews with four newlyweds. The result showed that positive politeness strategies were predominantly used in the Buginese wedding ceremony. The study also revealed that the positive politeness strategies were closely connected to the cultural values of South Sulawesi, which showed a strict sequence of the traditional wedding ceremony that must be followed. The sequence symbolizes the tie that binds two human beings in goodness and beneficence, which must be conducted religiously. The study concludes that the language used during the traditional Buginese wedding ceremony adhered to the positive politeness principle, although the nature of the language was conversational.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: politeness, politeness strategy, polite conversational language, Buginese wedding ceremony.</p>

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY LECTURERS AND STUDENTS IN THESIS GUIDANCE THROUGH VIRTUAL COMMUNICATIONS

Politeness is an essential element of communication and is used to assure the quality of a relationship through language. Politeness in English classes is paramount to study because the sense of decency is indispensable. In another condition, virtual communication to some extent is challenging since it requires some rules to run proper interactions between lecturers and students. The use of polite expressions is one of the rules to obey, especially in thesis guidance. This study is strived to see the use of politeness strategies in the interaction between lecturers and post-graduates at one state university in Lampung through virtual communication. This study employed qualitative method where the documentation was used to collect the data. The data of this study were conversation between the lecturer and the students through virtual communications: WhatsApp and E-mail. The findings reveal that (1) the positive politeness strategy was strategy mostly used by the students; (2) the lecturer mostly utilized bald-on record strategy, and (3) several factors were believed to influence the use of politeness strategies such as power, institutional position, social distance, age as well as social culture.

Politeness Strategies used by the First Semester EFL Students in Online Classroom Interaction at UNISMUH Makassar

This research highlights the politeness strategies used by the first semester EFL students in online classroom interaction at UNISMUH Makassar. The objectives of this research were: (1) find out the types of politeness strategies used by the first semester EFL students in online classroom interaction (2) examine the reasons why the first semester EFL students use politeness strategies in online classroom interaction (3) explore the lecturers’ perception about the politeness strategies used by the first semester EFL students in online classroom interaction. This research used descriptive-qualitative method. The subject of the research consisted of three classes in the first semester English Education Department at UNISMUH Makassar. The data were collected by using observation checklist, audio recorder and interview guides. The result of this research revealed that (1) there were four politeness strategies used by the first semester EFL students in online classroom interaction at UNISMUH Makassar, they were bald on record strategy, positive politeness strategy, and negative politeness strategy and off record politeness strategy. From a total of 220 utterances, the most frequently used strategy was bald on record politeness strategy (109 times), positive politeness strategy (43 times), negative politeness strategy (65 times) and off record (3 times), (2) the reasons why students used politeness strategy were to make comfortable communication, create harmony, mutual respect, make the class calm and peaceful, and build intimacy and solidarity to avoid disputes and misunderstandings, (3) In lecturers' perceptions, in order to be polite in online classroom interaction, the first semester EFL students used greeting, saying farewell, apologizing, permission, give deference and good cooperation in class. The lecturers highly appreciate and have a good perspective on the politeness strategies used by the EFL students in online classroom interactions.

Politeness Strategies in Request E-Mails of Iraqi Undergraduate Student

The aim of this study was to identify the politeness strategies employed by Iraqi EFL undergraduate learners in their request emails to their lecturers during their study period in Malaysia. A content and discourse analysis approaches were conducted to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the data. Emails were analyzed first for the level of directness following the framework proposed by Blum-Kulka et al. (1989). This contributed to assign the types of the politeness strategy used in students’ emails following Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. The results showed that students used almost a variety of politeness strategies as they used varied levels of directness. Positive politeness strategy was the most prominent as the students mainly expressed their opinion, agreement and disagreement through their requests, which requires positive politeness to save the positive face of the addressee. The findings also showed that Iraqi undergraduate students are mitigating the possible threat to each other’s face by using expressions of positive politeness to show solidarity, like-mindedness and friendship.

Politeness Strategies in Social Media: the Case of “Covid -19” Pandemic in Facebook and Twitter Posts

This study deals with the types of politeness strategies on social media: Facebook posts and Twitter, according to Brown and Levinson's (1987) theory. This research is included in the type of descriptive qualitative research. To answer questions in the research, the author took 30 Facebook posts and Twitter data according to Creswell's (2009) theory, namely by downloading posts from Facebook and Twitter randomly with the theme of Covid-19. Then the data was condensed, displayed and verified conclusion drawn. The results of this study found that there were 5 types of positive politeness strategies and 6 negative politeness strategies. The positive sub strategies are: making offer, showing a sense of optimism, involving the interlocutor and speaker in a certain activities , giving and asking for reasons, and expector demand reciprocity. while the negative politeness strategies include: indirect expression), using fences, stating FTA as a general social, stating clearly that the speaker has given goodness.

‘けど’로 종결되는 ‘미완결발화표현’ - politeness이론과의 연관성에 대하여 -

This study analyzes the relationship between the Suspended Clauses and the function of politeness theory in the free dialogue of the Meidai Dialogue Corpus that is a natural discourse. As a result, the function of providing information that fulfills the function of preface, topic presentation, and opinion expression by the speaker's utterance function of 'KEDO' has a function as the speaker's positive politeness strategy. In addition, it becomes clear that the function of requesting information, such as supplementing, correcting explanations, expressing caution, and requesting expressions, is related to the speaker's negative politeness strategy. In this way, the politeness discourse function by ‘KEDO’ seems to be at a higher level when compared with the basic utterance function ‘KEDO’ is uttered in discourse. Further analysis of the relationship with the politeness theory is the main issue for future discourse study, and it is necessary to deepen the consideration and enhance the study.

Politeness and Gender in a Saudi TV Show

Gender is considered a vital factor that contributes in affecting the use and interpretation of politeness strategies by interlocutors (Mills, 2003) which is affirmed by various studies. The objective of the present study is to investigate the use of politeness strategies among male and female interlocutors (a male interviews male and female interviewees) in a Saudi TV show to examine differences in case there are any. The present study is primarily based on the theoretical framework proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). Such framework gives rise to a systematic network of politeness strategies, presupposing that speech acts are generally linked to the abstract cultural notion of “face”. Two questions are addressed as; firstly, Does the male interviewer use the same politeness strategies with both male and female interviewees? Secondly, what are the politeness strategies used by male and by female interviewees in their interaction with the male interviewer? Are they the same or different? The results show that the female interviewer on one hand, uses negative politeness most of the time. The male interviewer, on the other hand, was neutral with the female interviewee. Moreover, the male interviewee uses only positive politeness strategies in his interaction with the interviewer. Similarly, politeness strategies used by the interviewer are positive. Such strategies that are used between male interlocutors indicate a common ground and convey that both are co-operators.

Shaping political image through politeness strategies in the presidential debates

Politeness involves evaluations and attitudes which are closely connected to the assessment of actions. Politeness investigations in presidential debates enables voters to assess the candidates’ behavior to make well-informed decision during the election. The present study investigated politeness strategies in two different presidential debates within the United States electoral context: the Democratic party and the final presidential debates. Data were analyzed by adopting the coding scheme in Brown and Levinson’s frameworks. The overall result indicated that both the presidential debates used more positive politeness strategies than the negative politeness. PPS-10 (offer and promise), PPS-12 (include speaker and hearer in the activity) and NPS-2 (hedge) were more frequently used in both types of debates. PPS-3 (intensify interest to hearer) was frequent in the democratic debate alone. Meanwhile, PPS-15 (give gits to hearer) was frequent in the final presidential debate alone. The findings imply that the use of the politeness strategies can shape the candidates’ positive political images in the presidential debates.

An Analysis of The Politeness Strategy used in Mata Najwa Talk Show on Trans7

This study aimed to describe the Politeness Strategies used in Mata Najwa Talk Show. This study applied a qualitative research design to explore the politeness strategies used by the participants in Mata Najwa Talk Show in their interactions. The participants in this study were Najwa Shihab as a host, Erick Thohir and Nadiem Makarim as guests. The data in this study were in the form of utterances that contain politeness strategies.
 The result showed that the host not only use Positive Strategy to reveal the guests’ issue but also use a Negative strategy to reduce the interference with the guests’ freedom of action. The guests tend to use Positive Politeness because they tried to convince society about their new policies and state that they share the same specific wants, goals, or values, namely a better condition for this country. From the analysis, the researcher found out the result that Positive politeness (76,32%), Negative Politeness (18,42%) and off Record Strategy (5,27%) and there is no Bald Record Strategy used in this analysis.

“Thank you for reaching out:” Brand relationship management and the conversational human voice of customer care in online service encounters

Motivated by increased calls for research on language use in service encounters, this study examines how customer care agents working in the retail banking sector linguistically operationalize a conversational human voice in their online service encounters to support brand-customer relationships on social media. Applying a rhetorical move analysis framework to an extensive corpus of customer care agents’ responses to customers’ queries, comments, and complaints on Facebook, this study describes the discourse structure of these responses to identify the conventionalized moves performing the relational work in these brief online encounters. By examining the linguistic features that characterize these moves, my findings confirm that the linguistic elements supporting message personalization, positive politeness strategies, and invitational rhetoric collectively create the recognizable conversational voice that supports agents’ efforts to initiate and manage brand-customer relationships online. My findings also highlight the role of digital punctuation and emoji usage to support positive politeness strategies and to communicate agents’ attitudinal stance in their efforts to deliver service with a smile in an online environment. Finally, this study calls attention to and provides insights into language usage, online social interaction, and webcare discourse within one facet of the banking services industry.

Дискурсивно ориентированное изучение невежливости в межгенерационном общении

The research aims to study the destructive aspects of impolite verbal behaviour in two age groups (the elderly - young people) in intrafamilial and extrafamilial communication from the viewpoint of the younger generation. The survey revealed a discrepancy in the understanding of polite behaviour between the two generations: the predominance of positive politeness strategies among senior citizens and the preference for distancing strategies among young people. Scientific novelty of the paper lies in applying a discursive approach to the study of impolite behaviour mechanisms in intergenerational communication. The research findings have shown a lack of intentionality in some types of interaction, while classical works on politeness theory traditionally considered it one of the aspects of impolite behaviour.

STRATEGI KESANTUNAN DALAM DEBAT CAWAPRES PERIODE 2014 s.d. 2019 DI TV ONE BERDASARKAN PENDEKATAN BROWN DAN LEVINSON

This research is motivated by the fact that the use of languageis polite to the people who have an important role for Indonesia it is very important due to the smoothness and harmony and to establish intimacy between the narrator and the opponent. The formulation of the problem in this research is "How politeness between Hatta Rajasa and Jusuf Kalla on TV One in the candidate Vice President debate period2014-2019 based on the approach of Brown and Levinson? ". The aim or the purpose is to describe the linguistic politeness Hatta Rajasa and Vice President Jusuf Kalla in the debate vice president debate on TV One based approach Brown and Levinson. This study used a qualitative approach. The data in this study were obtained from the candidate Vice President debate sentences containing linguistic politeness strategies according to Brown and Levinson. Source of data in this study, candidate vice president debate. Data collection techniques in this research that usesrefer methods, tapping techniques, and use advanced techniques is (SBLC). Based on the findings and the discussion has been described in chapter IV, it can be concluded that politeness strategies according to Brown and Levinson include (1) Bald-on Strategy (Without Strategy), (2) Positive Politeness Strategy (familiarity), ( 3) Negative Politeness Strategy (Formalities), and (4) Off-record Politeness Strategy (Strategy of indirect or fuzzy.

STRATEGI KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM TALK SHOW Q&A DAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA TINGKAT SMP

Abstract
 The purpose of this study to describe the politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson in the Q&A talk show and describe the relevance of politeness-language strategies towards learning Indonesian at the Middle School level. The theory used to solve the problem in this study is the theory of Brown and Levinson. While the approach used is descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques namely documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the forms of Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy that occurred in the Q & A talk show in August 2018 consisted of Brown and Levinson's first politeness strategy, namely without strategies found that included speech without strategy. The second strategy of brown politeness and Levinson's positive politeness strategy is found to pay attention to the opponent's speech, exaggerate attention, agreement, and sympathy, intensify the opponent's attention by dramatizing facts, intensify using group identity markers, request approval with general topics or repeat part or all, avoiding disagreement by pretending to agree, using jokes, expressing understanding of the wishes of speakers, giving offers or promises, showing optimism, involving speakers in activities, giving questions asking for approval, giving gifts. Where negative politeness strategies are found to be pessimistic, minimize coercion, and apologize. Finally, the Off Record strategy was found which was included in the strategy. The relevance of the results of the study can be applied in learning Indonesian in junior high school class IX 3.9-4.10.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF THE KARONESE FAMILIES IN DELI TUA

This research dealt with politeness strategies of the Karonese Families in Deli Tua. The objective of this
 study was to describe types of politeness strategies of the Karonese Families. This research applied
 qualitative research design. The subjects were three of Karonese families who lived in Deli Tua. The
 subjects were divided into two groups; three subjects from parents and three subjects from children group.
 The instruments used to gain the data were observation and interview. There were two ways relationships
 that were observed; first, interaction parent to parent, second, interaction parent to child. The data were
 analyzed by using data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings showed
 that the Karonese families used two types of politeness strategies which were (1) bald on record strategy
 and (2) positive politeness strategy, both interactions; parent to parent and parent to child. They expressed
 their politeness strategies by using kinship forms and pronoun. There were three reasons why they used
 bald on record strategy as the dominant type; first, Social Distance (D) of the speaker and hearer, second,
 Power (P) between them, and third, the Rank of Imposition (R)

LANGUAGE POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF LEADER CANDIDATE IN REGIONAL ELECTION GORONTALO PROVINCE

This study examines how language politeness strategies are used in simultaneous regional election debates in Gorontalo Province. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach to language politeness strategies. Data collection were carried out by observation and direct observation by recording the utterances of regional leader candidates in the simultaneous local election debates in Gorontalo Province. Data were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that there are three language politeness strategies in the simultaneous Regional Leader election debates in Gorontalo Province, (1) bold on-record strategies, (2) positive politeness, and (3) negative politeness strategy. It is suggested that politicians are able to understand politeness and language behavior in political campaigns.

Specifics of rendering positive politeness in Ukrainian and Russian translations of English business letters

The paper focuses on the analysis of transformations aimed at rendering the strategies of positive politeness in Ukrainian and Russian translations of English based business correspondence. The research purpose consists in revealing the markers of intensification and de-intensification of positive politeness. To achieve the purpose, the paper has applied the methodology composing of the methods of descriptive analysis, elements of comparative translation analysis as well as the explanatory tools of pragmatic analysis within the framework of "face and politeness" theory. The major findings refer to the identification of the translation transformations that affect the change in the scale of positive politeness towards its decrease or intensification. The transformations-based intensification of positive politeness is much less frequent than its weakening in favor of the negative politeness of "distance". This feature can be explained by the specifics of the genre of business correspondence characterized by stability, tradition, standardization, accuracy, objectivity, specificity, conciseness, lack of imagery and emotionality. The group of transformations, which de-intensify positive politeness, include the addition of "honor ific " adjective s Шановний and Уважаем ый – often in combination with honor ific lexemes пане or господин ; the grapho-stylistic foregrounding of the pronoun as capitalized ; the syntactic-grammatical re-categorization of a two-member sentence into a definite-personal sentence in combination with the syntactic transformation of omission of subject – personal pronoun and a part of the predicate, which distance the subject from his / her own discourse thus decreasing the scale of positive politeness as the politeness of proximity; grammatical transformation of the replacement of perfect time has been with the present simple. Intensifiers of positive politeness involve the omission of the modal verb should and grammatical re-categorization of the conditional into future tense – since both the modal verb and the conditional structure are hedges of varying complexity, and are considered markers of negative politeness; accordingly, their omission in translation results in a decrease in negative and an increase in positive politeness.

The Power of Politeness Strategies in EFL Student-Teacher Interaction: Teacher’s Gender Perspective

The nature of student-teacher interaction is often influenced by the teachers’ actions and utterances. In fact, student-teacher interaction could be felt like either threatening or enjoyable. Teachers’ politeness will result in enjoyable student-teacher interaction. Very few studies about politeness on the teachers’ gender perspectives have been conducted. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the kinds of politeness strategies used by male and female teachers in powering EFL classroom, and to elaborate how the power of politeness strategies run the EFL student-teacher interaction. The participants are several teachers and students who conduct the English Intensive Course Program in an undergraduate university. Many students-teacher interactions using English are found in those course program, since the courses require the classroom participants to communicate in English. This research followed qualitative research design and used observation to collect data. Applying Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness, the results show that politeness strategies bring a lively and friendly atmosphere during the classroom interaction. Specifically for female teachers who mostly use positive politeness strategy, they build more interaction with the student rather male teachers. Positive politeness strategy focused on the students’ positive face by expressing the number of utterances that want to be listened to by the students. It keeps students to have willingness to communicate so that the student-teacher interaction in EFL classroom can be maximized.