Positive Politeness Strategies Research Articles

Language Politeness Strategies Spoke by Boy William in the Breakout Interview with Ruel

This study aims to (1) find out the types of politeness strategies spoken by Boy William in a breakout interview with Ruel, (2) find the most dominant politeness strategies, and (3) find the contribution of politeness strategies from a pragmatic perspective. This research is qualitative. The research data is in the form of a conversation between Boy William and Ruel in the talk show "Breakout Interview with Ruel" on the YouTube channel. The research data was taken from Boy William's speech when communicating with Ruel. The research data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's descriptive qualitative model theory (2014). Research data was collected by watching talk show videos on YouTube, listening, recording, analyzing, and classifying the speaker's speech (Boy William) when communicating with the guest star (Ruel). The results of the study stated that 21 utterances had been analyzed as language politeness strategies spoken by Boy William in the Breakout Interview Talkshow with Ruel, namely; 12 (57.142%) positive politeness strategies, 4 (19.047%) Bald Off Record, 1 (4.761%) %) negative politeness and 4 (19.047%) Off Record. It can be concluded that Boy William tends to use positive politeness strategies more often in interviewing guests (Ruel).

Politeness Strategies in Directives Speech Acts Found in Daily Conversations among Students

This study aims to find out the kinds of Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy among the senior high school and how they use those strategies in their daily conversations. In this study applied Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy. This study was a qualitative approach using descriptive method. The subject was the Senior High School Daarul Huda. The source of the data is the students’ spoken expressions which the writer transcribes into conversational texts. The researcher observed the students’ speaking classes, came to their classes before lecturing, and went to their boarding houses. Their conversation were recorded and transcribed. Then, data was analyzed based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy. The result showed there were 166 utterances of Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy that were used by the students in their daily conversations. These are a bald on-record strategy, a positive politeness strategy, a negative politeness strategy, an off-record strategy and a do not do FTA/ keep the quiet strategy.

STUDENTS’ POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ONLINE LEARNING CLASSROOM

In recent years, online learning platforms have grown rapidly and become one of the most common choices in the world. This study aims to reveal the politeness strategies chosen by students in the international online classroom with multicultural students in different countries. The interaction mostly happens on teacher-student discussion, peer-to-student feedback, and individual and class discussions in which the communication is based on writing format. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and uses the theory of politeness from Brown and Levinson. The research results revealed that the most widely used strategies were positive politeness strategies (49%), negative politeness strategies (35%), off record strategies (8%), and bald-on record strategies (8%). The major factors that influence the use of these strategies are training and learning contracts that begin before class.

A Comparative Analysis of Politeness Strategies in the Animated Cartoon Angelo Rules and Its Dubbed Arabic Version

The aim of this paper is to compare the politeness strategies in the English version of the animated cartoon Angelo Rules with those in the dubbed Arabic version, focusing on whether the different cultures have an effect on the politeness strategies used. The data for the analysis came from four episodes in English and four episodes in Arabic that were identical to the English episodes, and the analysis was based on Brown and Levinson’s framework. The study examined the use of positive politeness, negative politeness and bald on-record strategies by the characters. The findings revealed the existence of positive politeness, negative politeness and bald on-record strategies, which were found in nearly all the English and Arabic episodes analysed. Positive politeness (in particular, exaggerating interest and including both the speaker and hearer in the activity) and bald on-record strategies were the most commonly used in the selected data. Furthermore, no significant difference in politeness strategies used was found between the four English episodes and the same episodes dubbed into Arabic.

METALINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF POLITE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN AUTHOR AND READER (based on 18th-century German art history texts)

The article aims to study the metalinguistic characteristics of polite communication. The analysis is carried out on the material of German art history texts of the 18th century. Through the comparison of art history texts written by J. J. Winckelmann, J. G. Herder and H. E. Lessing it is being revealed how and for what purpose the authors of these texts use formulas of politeness. The analysis is based on the theoretical foundations of pragmatic linguistics, sociolinguistics and metatext research. The results show that the actualisers of positive politeness include, for example, adjectives with the meaning of confidence, emotional expressions and the inclusive pronoun wir. By using these tools the author seeks to solidarise with the reader in the general academic field. Negative politeness strategies are used by the author to avoid imposing their views on the reader. The following negative politeness strategies were discovered: showing caution by hedging, demonstrating a lack of desire to impose one’s point of view and attributing all responsibility for what is written by personalisation. The results demonstrate that in research articles the reader is actively, albeit invisibly, present in the text. In general, positive politeness strategies are used by researchers to demonstrate solidarity with the fellow researchers and the research community at large. Negative strategies either depersonalise the information conveyed or, on the contrary, personalise it. Both approaches aim not to put any pressure on the reader.

KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM MASYARAKAT OSING DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

The use of the Osing language in this area is still quite strong, and the pronunciation could be more precise. Even so, the people of this village still apply politeness in language when interacting with each other. This study aimed to find out the forms and language politeness strategies used by the Osing community in Macan Putih Village. This research method uses a qualitative research method with three stages: the stage of providing data, the stage of data analysis, and the stage of providing the results of data analysis. The research data is in utterances by speech participants associated with a context. The study results show that most of the Osing people in Macan Putih Village are polite in speaking, although some still violate it. The form of politeness in the language of the Osing community is based on markers of politeness verbally through speech and nonverbally through accompanying body gestures, as well as the politeness scale. There are two strategies namely positive politeness strategies such as (1) paying attention, (2) exaggerating in giving comments or praise, (3) using markers as members of the same group, (4) using jokes, and (5) giving questions or asking for reasons. The second strategy is the negative politeness strategy, namely (1) using indirect speech, (2) being pessimistic, and (3) minimizing coercion/pressure.

Stylistic Analysis on Selected Literary works of Alicia Tan-Gonzales

This study looked into the stylistic analysis of the selected literary works of Alicia Tan-Gonzales. Specifically, this study analyzed three of her Hiligaynon literary works using frameworks for stylistic analysis. Using descriptive research design, this study examined phonetic structures and figures of replacement in the poem, Sentensya (Sentence); semantic structures and stylistic deviations in the short story, Mga Luha Para Kay Tatay Jose (Tears for Papa Jose); and turn-taking patterns and topic control that determined power and politeness strategies in the play, Pinustahan Nga Gugma (Betting Love). The stylistic analysis of the poem reveals that (1) for phonetic structures, the rhythmical description and effect of the syllables depended on the divisions of the word structure and grammatical structure; (2) for metrical structures in the poem, unstressed syllables were predominantly used rather than stressed syllables; and (3) for figures of replacement, the significant use of metonymy gave the poem an exaggerated impact. The stylistic analysis of the short story shows that (1) semantic structures based on emotive meaning disclosed the inner mind of the characters; (2) expressive meanings exposed the negative emotional state of the characters; (3) evaluative meanings depicted the characteristics and choices of a strong family woman in society; and (4) as to the reduction on sentence constructions, nominative sentences and ellipsis were evident in the short story, while simple repetition was present, indicating redundancy of sentence construction. The stylistic analysis of the play indicates that (1) the characterizations of different strong women made intuitive descriptions of power based on turn-taking patterns and topic control, although they may not be true in all circumstances in the conversations; and (2) politeness strategies were evident in the play, with positive politeness strategies as the most frequently used, followed by bald on-record, negative politeness, and off-record. Based on the overall results of the study, an instructional module in teaching Stylistics was designed to help students understand the literary style of Alicia Tan-Gonzales in fashioning her selected literary pieces, as well as styles of other literary writers.

Politeness Strategy of Direct Speech Acts in the Poto Wua Ta’a Ceremony

Politeness is very important in society as a social control during social interaction. This study aimed at analyzing the types of politeness strategy of direct speech act in the poto wua ta’a ceremony. The method used in this study was descriptive qualitative method, in which the researcher used politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987) to analyze, interpret and discuss the data in a form of utterances in poto wua ta’a ceremony. The result of the study showed that the politeness strategy used were negative politeness strategy, positive politeness strategy and off record strategy. However, the dominant strategy used in the ceremony of the poto wua ta’a was negative politeness strategy such as be conventionally indirect, be pessimistic, state the face threatening acts (FTA) as a general rule, as well as minimize the imposition. Thus, the use of negative politeness strategy made the hearer to be more respected and would do something willingly without pressure from the speaker.

Politeness Strategies in Online Classroom Chats: Its Implication in the Teaching-Learning Process

Politeness is part of cultural communication in Filipino classrooms to enhance group discussion. The study analyzed the politeness strategies used by faculty at the University of Northern Philippines that specifically determined the politeness strategies used by the faculty in online classroom chats and their implication in the online teaching-learning process. Transcriptions of classroom interaction in Messenger were data sources which were analyzed using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) typology employing conversational analysis and descriptive design. Results revealed that faculty used positive politeness strategies, bald on-record politeness strategies, and off-record politeness strategies. Positive politeness strategies and bald on record strategies are most frequently used. These strategies indicate that the faculty members are friendly, respectful, caring, and accommodating and promote good camaraderie between them and students. Politeness strategies create, maintain, and regulate healthy and productive conversation during class interaction, hence improving teaching-learning. It is recommended that faculty be familiarized with the different politeness strategies and their functions which will shape their interpersonal relationships with the students, thus encouraging healthier and more productive conversation, avoiding unwanted circumstances during their class interaction, and improving the online teaching-learning process.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES REFLECTED IN "GOLDELINE" NOVEL BY JIMMY CAJOLEAS: PRAGMATIC APPROACH

Being polite should be important regardless of age. This research aimed to analyze how adults used positive and negative politeness strategies based on the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987) to talk politely to a young girl and boy. The data source is a 2017 novel titled “Goldeline” which was written by Jimmy Cajoleas. The novel revolves around how Goldeline, an 11-year-old girl, ran away from the Preacher who wanted to take her life. On her journey, Goldeline met a lot of adults and as she was a young girl, the adults talked to her politely. Qualitative research method is applied to discuss the research. It is found that positive politeness was used more frequently than negative politeness. The most frequently used positive politeness strategy was the fourth strategy, which is using in-group markers; used in 23 data. As for the negative politeness, the most frequently used strategy was the seventh strategy, which is impersonalizing speaker and addressee; used in 16 data.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY PEDICAB DRIVERS TO FOREIGN TOURISTS IN MALIOBORO STREET

This study discusses the use of English used by pedicab drivers in the Malioboro tourist area as a means of communication with foreign tourists to portray and improve the quality of English-speaking services in the future. By bringing out the element of politeness in communicating, people can further strengthen their social relations, both can respect each other's self-image. Unique informal learning from direct conversations with foreign tourists produces speech variations in English that are unique and different from standard English rules. This study is a qualitative descriptive study with conversational analysis that aims to describe the linguistic phenomena in the English variation of pedicab drivers on aspects of politeness strategies. Pedicab drivers in tourist locations utilize politeness strategies to create communications when face-threatening acts are unavoidable or deliberate in order to preserve the hearer's positive and negative face. In the interactions between pedicab drivers and international tourists, 15 data on positive politeness strategies and 14 data on negative politeness strategies were identified. The data analysis provided is taken from the representative data for each strategy. The dominant sub-strategy from the positive politeness strategy is "Notice, Attend to H (his Interest, Wants, Needs, Goods)," while the dominant sub-strategy from the negative politeness strategy is "Apologize."

ANALYZING THE MEANING OF LANGUAGE USE IN POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THE DANISH GIRL MOVIE

Politeness strategies are used to craft messages that save the listener's positive and negative face when face-threatening behavior is inevitable or desired. Brown and Levinson mainly outline his four types of politeness strategies. Do not use baldness, negative politeness, positive politeness, off the record (indirect), and simply face-threatening behavior. Positive politeness strategies try to minimize threats to the listener's positive face and make the listener feel good. Negative politeness strategies are based on avoidance and assume that the speaker is imposing something on the listener. Off-the-record strategies use indirect speech to deprive the speaker of the possibility of imposing themselves on the listener. Discourse analysis is conducted to analyze the "face-threatening acts" (FTA) in some conversations of The Danish Girl Movie(2015). Positive politeness or negative politeness is adopted to examine how to speaking between man and a beautiful girl respectively in unconventional ways, which enable them to develop friendship thanks to the politeness strategies used positive politeness and negative politeness. The "meaning of language use" in the politeness strategies is explored. The analysis of politeness in action in this film uncovers both the informational and affective dimensions of language use in structuring human relationship and friendship. Data were analyzed using the content analysis method. In this paper, used a purposive sampling technique. With this technique, only utterances with positive and negative politeness strategies were selected for inclusion in this paper. A descriptive qualitative research technique was used to analyze the data. Guidance maps were used to identify positive and negative politeness strategies. The study found that use positive and negative politeness strategies to mitigate threats. It also helps interlocutors understand the strategies they can use to communicate effectively, ensuring both sides feel valued in the conversation.

Forms of Greetings in Georgian and English Languages

AbstractIn this paper I identify similarities and differences between forms and functioning of phatic greetings in terms of nominative andcommunicative meaning in two unrelated languages - Georgian and English on the empirical material of 20th and 21st century Georgian and English literature. By using descriptive, contrastive, qualitative research methods in synchronous aspect we got very interesting result which shows that Georgian and English languages have the same amount of forms of phatic greeting; they are absolutely similar in communicative meaning and only some forms differ in nominative meaning. One obvious example is a main word Hello, with which the Englishman wishes health, a whole life to a listener, while Georgians wish their communicators victory with a main greeting phrase გამარჯობა (gamarjoba). Most kinds of forms of phatic greetings in both languages apply to positive politeness strategies.

The Realization of Positive Politeness Strategies on the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

People communicate with others to complete what is called a ‘social demand’. In conversations, people tend to speak politely to kepp their interlocutors’ feelings so the conversation can be maintained in harmony. They follow several rules and principles that already exist in society. They apply politeness strategies so that the communication can run effectively. This study aims to explain the realization of positive politeness strategies on the tonight show starring Jimmy Fallon. The data were taken from the talk show transcript as the primary source. A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze positive politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson. Based on the analysis, the positive politeness strategies were used in Jimmy Fallon talk show. The types of positive politeness strategies are are notice (attend to hearer), exaggerate, intensify, use in group identity marker, seek agreement, avoid disagreement, presuppose/assert/raise common ground, joke, assert/presuppose speaker knowledge, offer/promise, be optimistic, include both speaker and hearer in the activity, give/ask for a reason, assume/assert reciprocity, give gifts (sympathy, good, understanding). There were positive politeness strategies used in the utterances with the highest data was performed by the give gifts sub-strategy 12,95%; and the lowest data was performed by assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge sub-strategy 1,78%. By using positive politeness strategies is expected to show the intimacy relationship among the speaker and interlocutor during the interaction and achieve communicative competence.

Positive Politeness Strategies Used by Parents in Peppa Pig Official YouTube Channel

Parents are the first ones responsible for their children’s speech. Bad and good children’s speech behavior in society would be considered the results of their parents’ teachings. This research was conducted to analyze this phenomenon by exploring the positive politeness used by parents while communicating in front of their children. It showed how parents construct their speech to exemplify good speech behavior to their children. This research used qualitative research, specified to content analysis method to analyze the data. The data were collected from the video entitled “Peppa Pig Official Channel, Peppa Pig Adds Pineapple in Her Pizza” from Peppa Pig Official YouTube Channel. The results showed that the most strategy used was the ‘include both speakers and hearers in the activity’ which appeared in 36 out of 319 utterances. It showed Daddy Pig’s and Mommy Pig’s efforts to promote the politeness of appreciating others’ existence through their speech to their children. Furthermore, all the positive politeness strategies were used by Daddy Pig and Mommy Pig as the parents in Peppa Pig Video. Therefore, this video was recommended for parents to see how they can construct their language politely while speaking with their children. It will help children to get used to speaking politely and appropriately.

Strategii ale politeții în discursul televizual românesc actual. Invitat – Gigi Căciuleanu

The motivation for choosing the theme is based on the insufficient number of studies that analyze, exclusively, the strategies of negative and positive politeness, based on a corpus that includes cultural TV shows, such as talk-shows and television debates. The purpose of our study is to identify, inventory and analyze the main strategies of negative and positive politeness, because the cultural shows at which we stop provide the necessary material in terms of the analysis of the way and frequency in/ with which these strategies are used in the two television “genres”, talk-show and TV debate. Regarding the corpus, our study will analyze, from the perspective of the strategies of politeness that occur in discourse, four television shows that are part of the TV discourse and which have as a common element the guest of the show, Gigi Căciuleanu, a Romanian choreographer and dancer from the Diaspora: 1. the talk-show within the TV show Garantat 100% (moderator Cătălin Ștefănescu); 2. the TV debates Nocturne (moderator Marina Constantinescu) - TV shows included in Luminița Hoarță Cărăușu (coordinator), Corpus de limbă română vorbită actuală nedialectală, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University Publishing House, Iași, 2013 (CLRVAN 2013: 244-251; 239-244); 3. the TV debate Branduʼ luʼ Chinezu (moderator Cristian China Birta); 4. the TV debate Cap de afiș (moderator and producer Andreea Știliuc). The last two TV debates are transcribed according to the transcription conventions mentioned in Corpus de limbă română vorbită actuală nedialectală (see supra) (CLRVAN 2013: 11).

Research on the Differences Between Chinese and Western Dinner Seating Culture from the Perspective of Face Theory: Based on The Dream of Red Mansions and Downton Abbey

Seating arrangements in a banquet are quite complicated because a multitude of factors need to be considered. One of the most paramount is “face”. However, individuals from different cultural backgrounds possess different understandings of face. This paper analyzes the differences between Chinese and Western seating etiquette by comparing Chinese and Western banquet seating arrangements, with The Dream of Red Mansions and Downton Abbey as the text research material. The paper also explores the underlying reasons from the perspective of positive face vs. negative face and collective face vs. individual face, combining Brown and Levinson’s Face Threatening Act (FTA) and Face Saving Theory (FST) in politeness principle. According to the analysis, the Chinese regard “respect for elders” and “distance between superiors and inferiors” as seating standards, adopting positive politeness strategy to maintain collective face, while the westerner emphasize “lady first” and “equality and mutual benefits”, adopting negative politeness strategy to maintain individual face. Understanding the differences between Chinese and Western etiquette is conducive to the exchange and integration of different nationalities and the elimination of barriers in cross-cultural communication.

How EFL teacher Modelling Politeness: Pragmatic Analysis of Classroom Interaction

Purpose- This study aims to find the types of politeness strategies used by English teachers during the learning process.
 Design/methodology/approach- This study uses a qualitative research method with ethnographic communication design to find politeness strategies in speech used by English teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Prambon. Research data were taken through observation and interviews. Researchers used a coding scheme to analyze the data that has been obtained.
 Findings/results – It was found 134 teacher utterances, classified according to politeness strategies that were applied during the English learning process. Of the 134 teacher utterances, there are 35 utterances categorized as positive politeness strategies, 8 utterances as negative politeness strategies, 69 as bald on-record politeness strategies, and 22 utterances as off-record politeness strategies. In other words, the bald on-record strategy is the dominant politeness strategy used by English teachers during the learning process. Thus, the politeness strategies used by teachers are influenced by certain conditions and situations in the classroom.
 Originality/value - Politeness strategy is a very crucial thing which needs to be considered in its use based on the appropriate conditions and situations, especially by the teacher as an example or role model for his students is not the case in the delivery of subject matter but also attitude or speech.
 Paper type – Research paper 
 Keywords: Teacher talk, pragmatic, politeness strategies

An Analising EFLTeacher’s Politeness Strategies in Classroom Interaction

ABSTRACT
 The purpose of this study is to investigate at how politeness strategies are used in EFL classroom interactions in a senior high school. This study employed a descriptive qualitative research approach to investigate the teacher and student politeness strategies in their interactions. An English teacher and 35 students took part in this research. This data in this research were taken from the form of utterances containing politeness strategies. The data was provided via a video-recorded 90-minute English class. There were six extracts with three politeness strategies: positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, and bald-on-record method, according to the findings. The teacher was in charge of the exchanges. Furthermore, various characteristics such as age difference, institutional position, authority, and social distance affected politeness strategies used in classroom interactions.
 Key Words: classroom interaction, politeness, politeness strategy

The Use of Politeness Strategies in the Realization of the Speech act of Disagreement by EFL Learners

This study aimed to investigate the differences between the politeness strategies used by university EFL learners and American native speakers in making disagreements. Using Brown and Levinson’s (1978) model, the study examined the variables of gender, social status, and social distance. The participants were 63 EFL learners (41 females and 22 males) and 20 native speakers (10 females and 10 males). The EFL learners who took part in this study were EFL learners who were studying in the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of Bahrain. They were in their fourth, fifth, or sixth year of study. The data was collected using a Discourse Completion Task adopted from a previous study done by Khoirunnisa and Hardjanto (2018) and modified by the researcher to fit the needs of this study. The results of this study showed that the reason why EFL learners seemed more or less polite was that native speakers chose to apply higher or lower percentages of politeness strategies to fit the needs of the different situations, whereas EFL learners used similar percentages of those strategies in most of the situations. This was due to EFL learners’ insufficient competence in the English language. Further, EFL learners were still aware of the necessity of using different politeness strategies in different situations, and thus there were some changes in their use of them depending on the situation. Moreover, the study revealed that female EFL learners used slightly more positive politeness strategies than male EFL learners. In terms of importance, gender was shown to be more important than social status in determining the types of politeness strategies employed by EFL learners.