Positive Definitions Research Articles

La salud mental como objeto común a las prácticas en psicología

We defend the thesis that mental health is a common object to practices in psychology; To this end, we proposed in doctoral research to analyze the discursive practices on mental health of psychology professors at two universities in Medellín, Colombia. The debate is updated because in this country the Ministry of Education requires a medical supervision model for psychology programs for clinical practices focused on the disease and the individual. Based on the constructionist perspective of Discursive Practices and Production of Meanings, we produced information through a workshop with 12 supervisors of practices from different applied fields. We analyze the material with maps and word analysis. A constructionist reading of the positive and negative definitions of mental health and of the individualist and social discourse justified the proposal of a dialogic expansion of mental health discourses. Bakhtin's dialogy encourages the multiplicity of voices and respect for otherness. Taking this to the field of training will interfere in psychological practices that transcend clinical intervention in the office and expand the social and salary recognition of this science and profession in Colombia.

Preoperative urine culture with contaminants is not associated with increased risk for urinary tract infection after ureteroscopic stone treatment.

We aimed to assess whether the presence of contaminants in the pre-operative urine culture (preop-UC) predicts postoperative urinary tract infection (postop-UTI) in patients undergoing elective ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy. A retrospective chart review was performed from 01/2019 to 12/2021 examining patients with unilateral stone burden ≤ 2cm who underwent ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy and had a preop-UC within 3months. Positive, negative, contaminated, and polymicrobial definitions for UCs were established in accordance with current guidelines. Patients with positive and polymicrobial cultures were excluded. Postop-UTI was defined as the presence of urinary symptoms and a positive UC within 30days of the procedure. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate risk factors for contamination in the preop-UC and the risk of postop-UTI. A total of 201 patients met the inclusion-exclusion criteria. Preop-UC was negative in 153 patients and contaminated in 48 patients. Significant contaminant-related factors included female gender and increased BMI. Postop-UTI was diagnosed in 3.2% of patients with negative preop-UCs and 4.2% of patients with contaminants, with no difference between groups (p = 0.67). The regression model determined that the presence of contaminants in preop-UC failed to predict postop-UTI (OR 0.69, p = 0.64). The presence of contaminants in preop-UCs is not associated with an increased risk of postop-UTIs after ureteroscopy. Our study supports that contaminants in the preop-UC can be interpreted as a negative UC in terms of postop-UTI risk stratification. Preoperative antibiotics should not be prescribed for patients undergoing uncomplicated ureteroscopy for stone surgery in the setting of a contaminated preop-UC.

Improving estimates of pertussis burden in Ontario, Canada 2010-2017 by combining validation and capture-recapture methodologies.

An underestimation of pertussis burden has impeded understanding of transmission and disallows effective policy and prevention to be prioritized and enacted. Capture-recapture analyses can improve burden estimates; however, uncertainty remains around incorporating health administrative data due to accuracy limitations. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of pertussis case definitions and data accuracy on capture-recapture estimates. We used a dataset from March 7, 2010 to December 31, 2017 comprised of pertussis case report, laboratory, and health administrative data. We compared Chao capture-recapture abundance estimates using prevalence, incidence, and adjusted false positive case definitions. The latter was developed by removing the proportion of false positive physician billing code-only case episodes after validation. We calculated sensitivity by dividing the number of observed cases by abundance. Abundance estimates demonstrated that a high proportion of cases were missed by all sources. Under the primary analysis, the highest sensitivity of 78.5% (95% CI 76.2-80.9%) for those less than one year of age was obtained using all sources after adjusting for false positives, which dropped to 43.1% (95% CI 42.4-43.8%) for those one year of age or older. Most code-only episodes were false positives (91.0%), leading to considerably lower abundance estimates and improvements in laboratory testing and case report sensitivity using this definition. Accuracy limitations can be accounted for in capture-recapture analyses using different case definitions and adjustment. The latter enhanced the validity of estimates, furthering the utility of capture-recapture methods to epidemiological research. Findings demonstrated that all sources consistently fail to detect pertussis cases. This is differential by age, suggesting ascertainment and testing bias. Results demonstrate the value of incorporating real time health administrative data into public health surveillance if accuracy limitations can be addressed.

Gender and substance use among Latinx college students: An application of social structure social learning theory

Social structure social learning theory (SSSL) is a theoretical framework that has been used to understand gender differences in substance use. However, the Latinx community remains understudied in this body of research. Drawing on a Latinx college student sample, we tested the extent to which four social learning mechanisms specified by SSSL theory (positive definitions, neutralizing definitions, differential association, and differential reinforcement) explained gender differences in three substance use outcomes: alcohol intoxication, marijuana use, and illicit prescription drug use. We found that men reported greater levels of all three substance use outcomes, and that the social learning mechanisms mediated between 24% to 44% of these gender effects. We also found some evidence that the effects of differential association and differential reinforcement were stronger for men than women, suggesting that women may exhibit greater resilience when exposed to peer influence. We discuss the implications for SSSL theory and the study of substance use and gender differences in substance use among Latinx populations.

Coincidental items in the definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver are useful in identifying patients having significant fibrosis with fatty liver.

We aimed to establish a method that will identify patients at a high risk for progressive phenotype of fatty liver. Patients with fatty liver who underwent liver biopsy between July 2008 and November 2019 were included as cohort 1, and those who underwent abdominal ultrasound screening examination by general physicians between August 2020 and May 2022 served as cohort 2. According to the definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver (MAFLD), the subjects were classified by body mass index of ≥23, diabetes mellitus, and coexistence of two or more metabolic riskitems. The progressive phenotype of MAFLD is defined by significant fibrosiscomplicated with either nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score ≥4 (BpMAFLD) or steatosis grade ≥2by ultrasound examination (UpMAFLD). One hundred sixty-eight patients and 233 patients were enrolled in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. In cohort 1, the prevalence of BpMAFLD was 0% in patients without a complicating factor (n=10), 13% in those with one complicating factor (n=67), 32% in those with two (n=73), and 44% in those with all three complicating factors (n=36). A logistic regression analysis revealed that factors in the MAFLD definition were significantly associated with BpMAFLD. In cohort 2, a criterion of two or more positive MAFLD definitions was found to have a 97.4% negative predictive value for the diagnosis of UpMAFLD. Patients with two or more complicating factors in the MAFLD definition should have further evaluation for liver fibrosis.

Who do you think you are? Children's definitions of being a ‘child’

AbstractWe asked 92 children in North West England, aged 2–17, if they were children and what it meant to be a child. Our findings show that not all children think they are a ‘child’. Although different age groups defined ‘childness’ in different ways, children reproduced normative Western discourses of childhood, including ideas which subordinate them. The children in our study seemed unable to articulate their capabilities and contributions. We argue that children and adults need to co‐produce positive definitions of childness to facilitate adult acceptance of children's participation in society and continue the struggle against adultism.

State science, political sociology of state by Ibn Khaldun and reversal of Webber opinion

State is one of first concepts of political sociology that has an independent entry in sources of 20th century. In modern era many political thinkers today have spoken about concept of state, and there has been astonishment chaos in definition of state but Weber's definition is a reference. He considered modern state to be one of specific concepts of European political thought, and despite his historical studies on Islam and administrative practice of Muslims in middle ages, his view on state and Islamic administration is inadequate. In his definition, state is aseto institutions, positions have exercised power over individuals and society, and this concept of state in Islamic civilization has advanced to beginning of Islam, and despite fact that his definition of state, which has exclusive right to exercise power only It is at disposal of state. This meaning was realized in case of Prophet's state because exclusive right to exercise power was placed in Prophet's monopoly, and feudal powers, clan, tribal groups, various institutions were subordinated to power of Prophet's state and his authority was been exercised over all social groups. For first time, word science of state has been used to understand state in Islamic civilization. It has special terms about state, and founders of Islamic philosophy, Farabi and Avicenna, explained Plato's and Aristotle's ideas about state with an Islamic color. In their combined view, relationship between civil society and state is considered.There is an obvious contradiction in Weber's view regarding understanding of modern state in modern western societies. While there are many evidences and documents about establishment of state by prophet. There are any special work in state from Al-Farabi to Ibn Khaldun, dozens of texts have been compiled to explain nature of state in Islamic civilization, developed and emergent two types of modern state, Somewhat almost approach to Ibn Khaldun division and opinion about state, Unstable and becoming and stable and still. He is turning point and end of progress of understanding of state in Islamic civilization and this concept of state in Islamic civilization has progressed to which is result of establishment of sociology of state by Ibn Khaldun six hundred years before first European positive and negative definitions of state. Ibn Khaldun's view on formation of state has a kind of convergence with Weber and Nozick's view on establishment of state.

Youth Positive Mental Health Concepts and Definitions: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis.

Background: Research on youth positive mental health (PMH) lacks comprehensiveness. We reviewed literature to (i) identify and understand concepts related to youth PMH and (ii) to summarize their definitions under broad conceptual themes. Method: We conducted a systematic review using PRISMA methodology. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO database (ID:CRD42020203712). Pubmed, Embase, PsycINFO, and OpenGrey databases were searched for publications that examined, assessed, explained, or defined PMH concepts in youth populations. Methods included searching, independent screening and review using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, extraction, coding, and iterative thematic syntheses of literature. Results: Of 3427 unique records identified, 105 articles from 26 countries met review criteria. Qualitative analysis resulted in 22 broad themes of youth PMH. These included interpersonal relationships (interpersonal competence, school connectedness, etc.), positive emotions (feel and create pleasant emotions, gratitude, etc.), self-efficacy (strengths, human agency, etc.), life satisfaction (global assessment of one’s life), and personal growth (goal achievement, life aspirations, etc.). Five novel concepts related to youth PMH were identified. Conclusions: Our review summarized and operationalized multiple concepts of youth PMH for applications in research, evaluation, and public health improvement.

The Relationship Between Social Mobility Belief and Learning Engagement in Adolescents: The Role of Achievement Goal Orientation and Psychological Capital.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between adolescents’ social mobility belief and their learning engagement, as well as the mediating effect of achievement goal orientation and the moderating effect of psychological capital.MethodA sample of 895 adolescents from Hunan, Jiangxi, Hainan, Henan, and Guangdong provinces were assessed using the social mobility belief questionnaire, the achievement goal orientation questionnaire, the adolescents’ psychological capital questionnaire, and the adolescents’ learning engagement questionnaire.ResultsFirst, adolescents’ social mobility belief was positively related to their learning engagement (r = 0.481, p < 0.01); Second, the two achievement goal orientations-mastery goal orientations and performance goal orientations-had mediating effects between social mobility belief and learning engagement (r = 0.603, p < 0.01; r = 0.367, p < 0.01); Third, the relationship between achievement goal orientation and learning engagement was regulated by psychological capital. Adolescents with high psychological capital had higher learning engagement (r = 0.684, p < 0.01).ConclusionAdolescents’ social mobility belief can directly affect their learning engagement, and it can also indirectly affect their learning engagement through achievement goal orientation moderated by their level of psychological capital. Our findings highlighted the importance of providing adolescents with guidance in setting up positive social values and definitions of success while stimulating their psychological capital as a part of the teaching process.

Socioemotional Goals and Definitions of Emotion Terms: A Qualitative Analysis Across Age

Major theories of adult development posit that knowledge about emotion might evolve across the lifespan. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) and the Strength and Vulnerability Integration (SAVI) models imply that the manner in which older (OA) and younger adults (YA) conceptualize emotions may differ in valence, arousal, reference to social partners, time perspective, and the self. Quantitative accounts of age differences in conceptualizations of emotion-terms offer mixed support for theoretical expectations, but many predictions have yet to be tested qualitatively. In this study, 90 OA and 210 YA provided narrative descriptions of 11 (5 positive, 6 negative) emotion-terms. Responses were coded on valence, reference to self/others, and arousal. O/YA used similar synonyms to define emotion-terms. As predicted, YA used high arousal language in their definitions of negative (OR = 10.29, p = 0.018) and positive terms more than OA (i.e. Happy: OR = 1.27, p<0.001); OA referenced other persons such as family and friends (pos: OR = 0.13, p<0.001; neg: OA = 0.32, p=0.002) more than YA. Contrary to predictions, OA self-referenced more often than YA in positive (OR = 0.12, p=0.001) and negative definitions (OR= 0.11, p=0.004); this may be attributed to OA providing more situational examples in their responses than YA. Somewhat consistent with SAVI and SST, OA may reference high-arousal states less when conceptualizing emotions and associate their definitions more with social partners than YA. Future research should address OA greater use of situational examples when defining emotion terms, motivational factors and emotional impact of these age differences.

The identity work of medical directors as collateral construction

We examine identity work performed by autonomous professionals who undertook management roles and over time experienced shifting pressures from different sources. Over a period of 21 months, we interviewed and observed 20 physicians in four different health care organizations, as they assumed their management role as medical directors of their institutions. We identified three distinct trajectories in their identity work. In particular, individuals who were successful in the role self-defined by including indirect positive definitions of others were also found to integrate positive constructions of self in their new role and to perform it according to expectations. We refer to this interactional accomplishment as “collateral identity work” that sustains the self-narrative by including the definition of others.

La esencia de la definición del patrimonio cultural inmaterial: su elemento subjetivo

Determining which manifestations are susceptible to being included in the intangible cultural heritage requires the combination of various elements, of which those referring to its living, representative, contextual character, sometimes related to material goods and, in any case, linked to a community that recognizes it as its own, preserves it and transmits it, are fundamental. As can be seen, none of these characteristics can be easily defined, since all of them present a certain degree of discretion. That is why, beyond the broad positive definitions contained in the applicable normative texts, a definition of intangible cultural heritage is proposed with particular emphasis on its subjective element. &nbsp

Simulating Study Design Choice Effects on Observed Performance of Predictive Patient Monitoring Alarm Algorithms.

There are multiple study design choices to be selected in order to perform evaluations of predictive patient monitoring algorithms related to the event and true positive alarm definitions (e.g., how far ahead of the event is a true positive alarm). Often, passively collected patient monitoring datasets from clinical environments are available to perform these types of studies, so that the effects of different study design choices can be simulated to evaluate the robustness of an algorithm to those choices. Here, we simulate the effects of varying alarm and event definition criteria on the reported performance of the early warning score to predict hypotensive events. A total of 432 combinations of study design choices were simulated. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve varied from greater than 0.8 to less than 0.5 by adjusting alarm and event definition criteria. Traditional metrics for evaluating diagnostic systems were modulated across a wide range by adjusting study design choices for a predictive algorithm using a patient monitoring dataset. This highlights the importance of examining study design choices for new predictive patient monitoring algorithms and presents an approach to simulate different study designs with retrospective patient monitoring data as part of a robustness evaluation.

A Decade of Positive Education and Implications for Initial Teacher Education: A Narrative Review Teacher Education: A Narrative Review

This narrative review addresses a notable gap in initial teacher education research by exploring the impact of positive education—a growing international change initiative—in schools. Launched in 2009, positive education is defined as education for both traditional skills and happiness. This narrative review examines how positive education has contributed to a change in schools and related curriculum issues. It draws on various studies from the past decade to evaluate positive education definitions, examine two periods in positive education research from 2009–2014 and 2015–2020. The review argues that positive education concepts may enrich initial teacher education discourse and enhance teacher professional practice; but, the term may be too narrow. Finally, the review recommends adopting the more inclusive term wellbeing education. This term may guide future research of culturally diverse case studies, thereby supporting the greater integration of wellbeing science with teaching theory and practise in initial teacher education.

“Mommy and Me”: raising implicit followership theories

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents to implicit followership theories (IFTs) and make recommendations for developing positive IFTs. Female transformational parenting is highlighted, showing that although followership is typically associated with one’s role in an organization, its development is not relegated to that context. Accordingly, this paper encourages transformational-parenting training and features activities for current leader-training programs to enlighten trainees about their IFTs. Design/methodology/approach Through one online and one paper survey, participants self-defined “follower,” rated their female primary caregivers’ transformational leadership during adolescence, reported their IFTs and provided demographic information. Findings Qualitative and quantitative data analyses found that the degree to which female primary caregivers demonstrated transformational leadership related to children’s positive IFTs and positive definitions about followers in young adulthood. Research limitations/implications Future research should test female caregivers’ influence on IFTs at more advanced stages of one’s career, examine their influence over participants’ followership behavior and incorporate external ratings of leadership and followership. Practical implications Recommendations for embedding IFTs into transformational-leadership-training programs are provided, falling into the categories of feedback, reflection/introspection and mentoring/coaching. In the spirit of contemporary approaches to leadership, recommendations require trainees to recognize their biases/knowledge of followers and followership and use that knowledge to facilitate collaboration between leaders and followers. Originality/value Findings spotlight female leadership, an often-overlooked source of power in organizations, and go beyond leader/follower dichotomies by insisting on IFTs awareness and development for both parties.

An Analysis of the Metaphorical Perceptions About the Piano by Fine Arts High School Students

The aim of this study is to determine, as expressed in metaphors, the attitudes of the students of music department in the Fine Arts High School (FAHS) in the 2019-2020 academic year. The study was carried out with 37 music students in 9th and 12th grades of Mersin Adiyaman Fine Arts High School. In line with the phenomenological research design, a form including the statement “The piano lesson is like… Because...” was used to collect the data for the study. Determining the attitudes of the students of the music department towards the piano is critical in terms of increasing the quality of piano learning and music education. Since metaphors are crucial in determining the student's attitude towards a musical instrument, the metaphors that are used by the student are extremely important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the metaphorical meanings assigned to the piano by FAHS music students. The data were categorized by using content and frequency analysis techniques, which revealed 34 positive and three negative metaphorical definitions about the piano instrument. The findings indicate that most of the participants have positive metaphoric definitions of the piano.

Sextual Intercourse: Considering Social\u2013Cognitive Predictors and Subsequent Outcomes of Sexting Behavior in Adulthood

The purpose of this study was to identify specific social–cognitive factors that may influence the likelihood of engaging in sexting, and potential positive and negative outcomes of such behaviors, in adults. We asked 244 adult participants (64.5% women) to complete a set of online measures reflecting sexting engagement, social–cognitive factors (definitions, differential association, differential reinforcement, and imitation), and outcomes of sexting behavior (risky sexual behavior appraisal, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction). Results showed that 77.6% of our sample had sexted. Sexting in the context of a romantic relationship was predicted by differential reinforcement and friend imitation, while positive definitions of sexting alone predicted sexting someone outside the context of a romantic relationship. This indicates that motivations for sexting engagement may be context specific in adulthood. Those who had sexted demonstrated significantly higher sexual satisfaction than those who had never sexted. However, sexting outside of a romantic relationship predicted reduced perceived risk and heightened perceived benefit of engaging in real-life risky sexual behaviors. This suggests there may be both positive and negative implications of sexting engagement in adulthood.

MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joints of patients with spondyloarthritis: an update of definitions and validation by the ASAS MRI working group

ObjectivesThe Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) MRI working group (WG) was convened to generate a consensus update on standardised definitions for MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) of...

Explaining Police Corruption among Mexican Police Officers through a Social Learning Perspective

ABSTRACTThis study examines the causes of corruption among Mexican police officers through the lens of social learning theory. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather information about behavior of corruption, economic situation, job dissatisfaction, lack of commitment, and definitions and reinforcement favorable to corruption among a sample of Mexican police officers. Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis was used to determine whether differential reinforcement and definitions help to explain levels of corruption among sampled police officers. Results show that positive definitions and reinforcement towards corruption are significant predictors of police corruption, and partially mediate the effect of job dissatisfaction on corruption.

PROOF-THEORETIC STRENGTHS OF WEAK THEORIES FOR POSITIVE INDUCTIVE DEFINITIONS

AbstractIn this article the lightface ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^1$-Comprehension axiom is shown to be proof-theoretically strong even over ${\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}}$, and we calibrate the proof-theoretic ordinals of weak fragments of the theory ${\rm{I}}{{\rm{D}}_1}$ of positive inductive definitions over natural numbers. Conjunctions of negative and positive formulas in the transfinite induction axiom of ${\rm{I}}{{\rm{D}}_1}$ are shown to be weak, and disjunctions are strong. Thus we draw a boundary line between predicatively reducible and impredicative fragments of ${\rm{I}}{{\rm{D}}_1}$.