Positive Carriers Research Articles

The ESCRT machinery regulates retromer-dependent transcytosis of septate junction components in Drosophila.

Loss of ESCRT function in Drosophila imaginal discs is known to cause neoplastic overgrowth fueled by mis-regulation of signaling pathways. Its impact on junctional integrity, however, remains obscure. To dissect the events leading to neoplasia, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on wing imaginal discs temporally depleted of the ESCRT-III core component Shrub. We find a specific requirement for Shrub in maintaining septate junction (SJ) integrity by transporting the claudin Megatrachea (Mega) to the SJ. In absence of Shrub function, Mega is lost from the SJ and becomes trapped on endosomes coated with the endosomal retrieval machinery retromer. We show that ESCRT function is required for apical localization and mobility of retromer positive carrier vesicles, which mediate the biosynthetic delivery of Mega to the SJ. Accordingly, loss of retromer function impairs the anterograde transport of several SJ core components, revealing a novel physiological role for this ancient endosomal agent.

Beta‐amyloid deposition and Apolipoprotein E4 carrier status predict cerebral blood flow velocity response to exercise

AbstractBackgroundCerebral blood flow (CBF) provides crucial oxygen and nutrients and clears harmful metabolic waste products from the brain. The CBF decline observed in healthy aging is accelerated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We previously reported a lower CBF response during exercise in cognitively‐normal older adults with beta‐amyloid deposition. Recent studies suggest the Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) gene may act mechanistically through vascular pathways to cause AD. Thus, we expanded our model to include ApoE4 carrier status. We hypothesized that beta‐amyloid deposition and positive ApoE4 carrier status would be associated with an attenuated CBF velocity response to exercise.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis on sedentary, cognitively‐normal adults (N = 39). For the parent study, individuals were recruited from the University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center. Genotyping was performed by LCG Genomics using KASP proprietary genotyping technology. Beta‐amyloid load was obtained from Positron Emission Tomography scans after [18F] Florbetapir administration. We recorded middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound at rest and during 8 minutes of moderate‐intensity exercise. We used these data to assess the CBF velocity response to exercise, defined as the percent change in MCAv from rest to exercise (%ΔMCAv = exercising MCAv – resting MCAv / resting MCAv). We ran a multiple regression to predict %ΔMCAv from age, gender, exercising carbon dioxide, exercising mean arterial pressure, beta‐amyloid load, and ApoE4 carrier status.ResultsOf the 39 participants (65‐86 years old), fourteen (36%) were ApoE4 carriers. The multiple regression model significantly predicted %ΔMCAv, F(6, 32) = 2.760, p = 0.028, adjusted R2 = 0.217. Regression coefficients and standard errors are found in Table 1. The standardized regression coefficients were β = ‐0.406 for beta‐amyloid load (p = 0.014) and β = 0.348 for ApoE4 carrier status (p = 0.025).ConclusionsHigher beta‐amyloid load was associated with a smaller %ΔMCAv, as hypothesized. However, contrary to our hypothesis, positive ApoE4 carrier status was associated with a larger %ΔMCAv from rest to exercise. This may reflect a compensatory CBF response in these adults who have maintained normal cognition despite having an elevated genetic risk of AD.

Interaction of neuropsychiatric symptoms with APOE e4 and conversion to dementia in MCI patients in a memory clinic

AbstractBackgroundTo the date, scarce studies have been focused in the impact of the convergence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and APOE e4 on conversion to dementia in Mild Cognitive Impaired patients (MCI). None of them taking into account clinical settings of MCI patients. The objective was to determine the predictive value of additive and multiplicative interactions of NPS and APOE e4 status on the prediction of incident dementia among MCI patients monitored in a Memory Clinic.Method1512 patients (aged 60 and older) with prevalent MCI have been followed for a mean of 2 years. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed at baseline using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were calculated, and several clinical variables were used as an adjusting factors, including the memory impairment condition, the attributed etiological pattern, and the antidepressant and anxiolytic medication used.ResultAdditive interactions for depression, apathy, anxiety, agitation, appetite, or irritability and a positive ε4 carrier status were obtained, increasing significantly the hazard ratios of incident dementia (HR range 1.3 – 2.03).ConclusionSynergistic interactions between NPS and APOE e4 are identified among MCI patients when predicting incident dementia. The combination of the behavioral status and the genetic trait could be considered a useful strategy to identify the most vulnerable MCI patients to dementia conversion in a Memory Clinic.

Maternal HBsAg carriers and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort analysis of 85,190 pregnancies

BackgroundNowadays, a positive HBV carrier status is common among pregnant women, especially in endemic areas (such as China), little is known about the impact of maternal HBV infection on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnant women with HBV infection often develop obstetric complications, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) syndrome, postpartum hemorrhage, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and their infants often exhibit neonatal complications.MethodsThis study undertook a retrospective cohort analysis to explore the association of HBV carrier status with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A cohort of 85,190 women including 9699 HBsAg-positive and 73,076 HBsAg-negative pregnancies was retrospectively analyzed.ResultsIt’s found that HBsAg-positive pregnancies may result in higher risk of various maternal outcomes such as ICP (OR 3.4,95%CI 2.80 to 4.13), postpartum hemorrhage (OR 1.16,95%CI 1.00 to 1.34). Interestingly, there was a decreased risk of Preeclampsia (OR 0.91,95%CI 0.87 to 0.96), premature rupture of membrane (OR 0.91,95%CI 0.87 to 0.96) and gestational hypertension (OR 0.828,95%CI 0.701 to 0.978). And in vaginal delivery subgroup analysis, It’s found that the HBsAg-positive group had a higher risk of placental abruption (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.16–1.79).ConclusionsThe present results suggest that compared with HBV positive pregnancies were more likely to be ICP and postpartum hemorrhage. HBV-positive pregnant women underwent vaginal delivery were more likely to have placental abruption and premature birth compared with HBV-negative women. Obstetricians should be aware of ICP, postpartum hemorrhage, placental abruption and premature birth in HBV-positive pregnant women.

Effective Temperatures of Olivine Dust Impact Plasmas

The effective temperatures of the positive and negative charge carriers in impact plasma are measured experimentally. The measurements are performed using a dust accelerator using polypyrrole (PPy)-coated olivine dust particles impacting onto a tungsten (W) target in four velocity bins: 2–3.6, 5–6.6, 8–12, and 12–18 km/s. The setup measures the retained impact charge as a function of applied bias potential, and the temperatures are calculated by fitting the data. The effective temperatures of the cations are approximately 7 eV and independent of the impact speed. The effective temperature of the negative charge carriers changes from 1 eV for the lowest speed to values comparable to that of the cations at higher speeds. The temperature measurements presented here are significantly different from prior studies using Fe dust particles. The discrepancy is possibly due to a larger fraction of negative ions in the impact plasma that likely originates from the PPy coating.

Prevalence of asymptomatic P. falciparum gametocyte carriage in schoolchildren and assessment of the association between gametocyte density, multiplicity of infection and mosquito infection prevalence

Background: Malaria is a major public health threat in sub-Saharan Africa. Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers are potential infectious reservoirs for sustaining transmission in many malaria endemic regions. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of gametocyte carriage and some of its associated risk factors among asymptomatic schoolchildren in Western Kenya and further analyse the association between gametocyte density, multiplicity of infection (MOI) and mosquito infection prevalence. Methods: Rapid diagnostic tests were used to screen for P. falciparum parasite infection among schoolchildren (5-15 years old) and the results were verified using microscopy. Microscopy positive gametocyte carriers were selected to feed laboratory reared An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes using membrane feeding method. Genomic DNA was extracted from dry blood spot samples and P. falciparum populations were genotyped using 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Assessment of the association between MOI and gametocyte density and mosquito infection prevalence was conducted. Results: A significantly higher prevalence of P. falciparum infection was found in males 31.54% (764/2422) (p-value < 0.001) compared to females 26.72% (657/2459). The microscopy gametocyte prevalence among the study population was 2% (84/4881). Children aged 5-9 years have a higher prevalence of gametocyte carriage (odds ratios = 2.1 [95% CI = 1.3–3.4], P = 0.002) as compared to children aged 10-15 years. After challenging An. gambiae s.l. by membrane feeding assay on gametocyte positive patient blood, our results indicate that 68.1% of the variation in mosquito infection prevalence is accounted for by gametocyte density and MOI (R-SQR. = 0.681, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Age was a significant risk factor for gametocyte carriage, as indicated by the higher risk of gametocyte carriage among the younger children (5-9 years). Gametocyte density and MOI statistically significantly predicted mosquito infection prevalence. Both of the variables added significantly to the prediction (p < 0.05).

Markers of long term silent carriers of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi in horses.

BackgroundDifficulty in detection of silent carriers of Streptococcus equi is a key reason for its continued spread to immunologically naïve groups of horses.ObjectiveTo determine whether clinical examination, markers of inflammation, or serology differentiate silent carriers of S. equi in recovered comingled horses.AnimalsNinety‐eight warmblood yearlings and 72 unaffected mares on a large breeding farm (outbreak A), 38 mature Icelandic horses at a riding stable (outbreak B), and 27 mixed breed horses at a boarding stable (outbreak C).MethodsProspective observational study 6 months to 2 years after strangles outbreaks. Carriers were defined as any animal positive on culture or qPCR to S. equi from nasopharyngeal lavage or guttural pouch endoscopy and lavage. Most horses had complete physical exams and 1 group included evaluation of white blood cell counts and serum amyloid A. Sera from all horses was tested for antibodies to antigens A and C of S. equi using an enhanced indirect ELISA. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Data were compared using paired t tests, Wilcoxon ranked test, chi square, or the Fishers exact test. Significance was set at P < .05.ResultsApart from weanlings at 6 months in outbreak A, there was no significant association between any clinical markers or serology with carrier state (P = .06‐1). Moreover, 3/12 culture positive carriers were seronegative to S. equi.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSilent carriers of S. equi do not differ clinically or on markers of inflammation to their noncarrier herd‐mates. Moreover, serology alone will not distinguish carriers in comingled horses.

SEPARAZIONE DI CARICA IN MISCELE DI MATERIALI ORGANICI: VALE LA LEGGE DI COULOMB?

After a brief introduction to organic photovoltaic materials, I discuss the problem of charge separation in these systems. In the best devices, the excitations produced by absorption of a photon can be converted into positive and negative charge carriers (holes and electrons, respectively) with near-100% efficiency. Such efficiencies are apparently at odds with Coulomb’s law, which would lead to change recombination due to their mutual electrostatic attraction. A theoretical model developed within my group overcomes this apparent contradiction, by taking into account quantum mechanical effects such as the delocalization of the charge carriers.

Antibody profiles comprising anti phosphatidylserine/prothrombin differently affect thrombin generation and protein C resistance in antiphospholipid antibody carriers

Anti phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies (aPS/PT) are currently not included in the laboratory work-up of antiphospholipid symdrome (APS). However, several studies indicate that aPS/PT confer additional risk for thromboembolic events when added to classical antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody panel. We aimed to study thrombin generation (TG), a test that describes hyper or hypo-coagulability, in a cohort of antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) carriers with or without aPS/PT. As oral anticoagulants interfere with TG, we performed the study in carriers of aPL antibodies not on oral anticoagulants treatment.TG in tissue factor-triggered platelet-poor plasma and its inhibition by thrombomodulin was measured with a calibrated automated thrombogram method. Data are expressed as minutes (Interquartile Range).Of 55 aPL carriers, 37 were positive and 18 were negative for aPS/PT. Lag Time 5.4 min (4.1; 7.3) vs 3.4 min (3.0;4.5) is significant longer (p < 0.0001) and time to peak 9.6 min (8.1;11) vs 7.7 min (6.8;8.8) is significantly delayed (p = 0.0011) in aPS/PT positive as compared to aPS/PT negative carriers. Endogenous Thrombin Potential (ETP), peak thrombin formation and the velocity index are lower in aPS/PT positive carriers but did not reach statistical significance. Inhibition of ETP by thrombomodulin was significantly lower (protein C resistance) in aPS/PT positive vs aPS/PT negative group (22.8%±11.5 vs 34.9%±20.4, p = 0.01).In conclusion, aPS/PT positive carriers show an anticoagulant effect in TG while they exert a procoagulant effect in response to thrombomodulin-activated protein C.

Doping-driven electronic and lattice dynamics in the phase-change material vanadium dioxide

Doping is generally understood as a strategy for including additional positive or negative charge carriers in a semiconductor, thereby tuning the Fermi level and changing its electronic properties in the equilibrium limit. However, because dopants also couple to all of the microscopic degrees of freedom in the host, they may also alter the nonequilibrium dynamical properties of the parent material, especially at large dopant concentrations. Here, we show how substitutional doping by tungsten at the 1 at. % level modifies the complex electronic and lattice dynamics of the phase-change material vanadium dioxide. Using femtosecond broadband spectroscopy, we compare dynamics in epitaxial thin films of pristine and tungsten-doped $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ over the broadest wavelength and temporal ranges yet reported. We demonstrate that coupling of tungsten atoms to the host lattice modifies the early electron-phonon dynamics on a femtosecond timescale, altering in a counterintuitive way the ps-to-ns optical signatures of the phase transition. Density functional theory correctly captures the enthalpy difference between pristine and W-doped $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and shows how the dopant softens critical V-V phonon modes while introducing new phononic modes due to W-V bonds. While substitutional doping provides a powerful method to control the switching threshold and contrast of phase-change materials, determining how the dopant dynamically changes the broadband optical response is equally important for optoelectronics.

Optimization of the electron transport layer in quantum dot light-emitting devices

Quantum dot light-emitting devices have emerged as an important technology for display applications. Their emission is a result of recombination between positive and negative charge carriers that are transported through the hole and electron conductive layers, respectively. The selection of electron or hole transport materials in these devices not only demands the alignment of energy levels between the layers but also balances the flow of electrons and holes toward the recombination sites. In this work, we examine a method for device optimization through control of the charge carrier kinetics. We employ impedance spectroscopy to examine the mobility of charge carriers through each of the layers. The derived mobility values provide a path to estimate the transition time of each charge carrier toward the emitting layer. We suggest that an optimal device structure can be obtained when the transition times of both charge carriers toward the active layer are similar. Finally, we examine our hypothesis by focusing on thickness optimization of the electron transport layer.

High Positive MR and Energy Band Structure of RuSb2.

A high positive magnetoresistance (MR), 78%, is observed at 2 K on the ab plane of the diamagnetic RuSb2+ semiconductor. On the ac plane, MR is 44% at 2 K, and about 7% at 300 K. MR at different temperatures do not follow the Kohler’s rule. It suggests that the multiband effect plays a role on the carrier transportation. RuSb2+ is a semiconductor with both positive and negative carriers. The quantum interference effect with the weak localization correction lies behind the high positive MR at low temperature. Judged from the ultraviolet–visible spectra, it has a direct band gap of 1.29 eV. The valence band is 0.39 eV below the Fermi energy. The schematic energy band structure is proposed based on experimental results.

Dietary habits and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: A prospective cohort study in China.

In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to evaluate the association between dietary habits and the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive carriers in Qidong, an hepatitis B virus (HBV)-epidemic area in China. A total of 3199 HBsAg carriers aged 30-70 years in a prospective cohort in Qidong, China from 2007 to 2011 were included in the study. At baseline, all participants self-reported their dietary habits in a questionnaire interview. A follow-up check-up was performed every 6 months to identify HCC cases until November 2017. Cox's regression analysis and an interaction analysis were performed to estimate the relative risks of HCC in terms of baseline diet. Among 3199 HBsAg-positive participants, 270 developed HCC (143.86/100 000 person-years [PYs]). Compared with participants who rarely consume garlic, the risk of HCC in those who consumed it ≥ once per week decreased along with the increase in frequency (HR = 1.00, 0.90 and 0.62 in those who consumed it rarely vs those who consumed it 1-6 times per week and ≥ 7 times per week, respectively). This study found a synergistic effect between garlic and tea consumption on the risk of HCC (P = 0.039 for a multiplicative interaction). HBsAg carriers should improve their diet. Regular consumption of garlic and tea drinking may reduce the HCC incidence in HBsAg carriers.

ZnO–PVA Polymer Matrix with Transition Metals Oxide Nano-fillers for High Dielectric Mediums

Polymer-based nanocomposites are considered promising candidates for flexible modern electronic devices. ZnO–PVA polymer nanocomposites have gained recent research interest due to excellent optical and dielectric properties. Transition metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu) oxide nanoparticles incorporated ZnO–PVA composite matrix are investigated in this work for a comprehensive study of its structure, morphology, optical and dielectric parameters. Crystallographic information revealed the presence of crystalline zinc oxide and transition metals oxides reflections in specific orientations in the PVA matrix. The inter-particle distance and interfacial interaction of transition metal oxide nanoparticles in host polymer are observed as important factors for improved dipole polarization. The nanoparticles of metal oxides in matrix induce the enhanced negative charge carriers and exhibit robust interactions with positive carriers of the polymer surface. A sharp and substantial increment in real dielectric permittivity from 74 for ZnO–PVA to maximum 350 for ZnO–PVA–Fe2O3 composition was observed by the addition of transition metal oxides in the PVA matrix with same loss factor value of 0.1.

Carrier transport in LDPE and its nanocomposites

The mobility of positive and negative charge carriers has been separately measured independently of carrier concentration in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and its nanocomposites using space charge measurements in a bilayer system. It was found that the carrier mobility of positive charge carriers was larger than that of negative charge carriers for both LDPE and its nanocomposites and that the carrier mobility was one to two orders of magnitude less in the nanocomposite than unfilled LDPE under the same conditions. The mobility is interpreted in terms of a field-assisted hopping model whose estimated activation energies were verified by measurements at different temperatures. The form of the charge traps and carrier transport is interpreted in terms of known features and electron and hole traps and the effect of nano-particles upon these features is discussed.

Comparison of copper binding properties of DOM derived from fresh and pyrolyzed biomaterials: Insights from multi-spectroscopic investigation

The binding of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with metals affects the latter's biogeochemical processing in the environment. This study used multi-spectroscopic analyses to compare the heterogeneities of the Cu(II) binding properties of DOM derived from fresh and pyrolyzed biomaterials. The results showed that the DOM derived from fresh macrophyte (MDOM) and their corresponding biochar (BDOM) consisted mostly of protein-like and humic-like substances, respectively. The stability constant (log KM) of protein-like matter in the MDOM was 5.27, and the values of humic-like components in the BDOM were 4.32–5.15. Compared with the MDOM, the BDOM exhibited lower affinities and active binding sites for Cu(II). In addition, the BDOM contents decreased after pyrolysis. Therefore, the pyrolysis of fresh biomaterials into biochar is a promising method for reducing the potential migration risk posed by Cu(II) due to the MDOM being a positive carrier for Cu(II) contamination. Polysaccharide was the only functional group that participated in the binding of Cu(II) in both MDOM and BDOM. Aliphatic groups and amides associated with protein-like matter were responsible for the Cu(II) binding to MDOM, whereas phenolic and aromatic groups mainly participated in the complexation of BDOM-Cu(II). The CO group of amide I in the MDOM, and polysaccharide in the BDOM, showed the fastest response to Cu(II). This study was helpful for elucidating the effects of fresh and pyrolyzed biomaterials (biochars) on the environmental behavior of Cu(II) at the molecular level.

Fabrication of SiNWs-FET Nanostructure Via Atomic Force Microscopy Lithography

The unique electrical properties of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) is one of the reasons it become an attractive transducer for biosensor nowadays. Positive (holes) and negative (electron) charge carriers from SiNWs can simply interact with either positive or negative charge of sensing target. In this paper, we have studied the fabrication of silicon nanowires field effect transistor (SiNWs-FET) nanostructure patterned on 15 Ω resistivity of p-type silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer fabricated via atomic force microscopy lithography technique. To fabricate SiNWs-FET nanostructure, a conductive AFM tip, Cr/Pt cantilever tip, was used then various value of applied voltage, writing speed and relative humidity were studied. Subsequent, followed by wet etching processes, admixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were used to remove the undesired of silicon layer and diluted hydrofluoric acid (HF) was used to remove the oxide layer. From the results, it shows that, cantilever tip at 9 V with 0.4 μm/s writing speed and relative humidity between 55% - 60% gives the best formation of silicon oxide to fabricate SiNWs-FET nanostructure.

Flexible PMOS Inverter and NOR Gate Using Inkjet-Printed Dual-Gate Organic Thin Film Transistors

We report the fabrication of low voltage dual-gate organic thin film transistors, and their possible applications for PMOS inverters and NOR logic gates, on $125~\mu \text{m}$ -thick flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates using solution-processed techniques. Source, drain, and gate electrodes are made by inkjet-printing, while active semiconductor is printed by a dispenser system over parylene dielectric. Bottom and top channel interfaces have been characterized by taking long drain current transients. Formation of stable top channel interface, with low trap density, is a reason for higher top channel current than bottom channel. Increase in drain current transients, and positive threshold voltage shift is attributed to the accumulation of extra positive charge carriers induced by slow polarization of the dipoles in the parylene dielectric.

Expanded carrier screening for preconception reproductive risk assessment: Prevalence of carrier status in a Mexican population.

Genetic carrier screening has the potential to identify couples at risk of having a child affected with an autosomal recessive or X-linked disorder. However, the current prevalence of carrier status for these conditions in developing countries is not well defined. This study assesses the prevalence of carrier status of selected genetic conditions utilizing an expanded, pan-ethnic genetic carrier screening panel (ECS) in a large population of Mexican patients. Retrospective chart review of all patients tested with a single ECS panel at an international infertility center from 2012 to 2018 were included, and the prevalence of positive carrier status in a Mexican population was evaluated. Eight hundred five individuals were analyzed with ECS testing for 283 genetic conditions. Three hundred fifty-two carriers (43.7%) were identified with 503 pathogenic variants in 145 different genes. Seventeen of the 391 participating couples (4.34%) were identified as being at-risk couples. The most prevalent alleles found were associated with alpha thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, GJB2 nonsyndromic hearing loss, biotinidase deficiency, and familial Mediterranean fever. Based on the prevalence and severity of Mendelian disorders, we recommend that couples who wish to conceive regardless of their ethnicity background explore carrier screening and genetic counseling prior to reproductive medical treatment.

HLA-B*58: 01 carrier status of Hmong in Minnesota: first in Hmong genotyping for prevalence of this biomarker of risk for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol.

Allopurinol, a common medication to treat gout, is associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions, and the occurrence is highly predicted by an individual's HLA-B*58:01 carrier status. Guidelines endorse preemptive testing in select Asian populations before initiating allopurinol. The Hmong, an Asian subpopulation originally from China who now live dispersed around the world, have a 2.5-fold higher risk of gout when compared to non-Hmong in Minnesota. Given the concern for severe cutaneous adverse reactions when prescribing allopurinol, we quantified the carrier status of HLA-B*58:01 in Hmong from two independent cohorts in Minnesota. Using a community-based participatory research approach, HLA-B*58:01 carrier status was determined in 49 US-born Hmong without a history of gout or allopurinol use. Further, 47 Hmong patients undergoing clinical evaluation to receive gout pharmacotherapy were also tested. The frequency of HLA-B*58:01 positive carrier status in these two cohorts were compared to published data from a Han Chinese (n = 2910) and a Korean cohort (n = 485) using a Fisher's exact test with a Bonferroni-corrected P-value <0.025 for significance. With one uninterpretable result, we identified two out of 95 people (2.1%) who carried HLA-B*58:01. This 2.1% incidence in these Hmong adults is notably lower than Han Chinese (19.6%, P < 0.0001) and Korean (12.2%, P = 0.0016) populations. Though commonly understood to be of Chinese descent, the lower prevalence within the Hmong underscores the risk of generalizing genotypic findings from Chinese to Asian subpopulations. We suggest no change to the current guidelines recommending which populations should be tested for HLA-B*58:01 before allopurinol use until further validation.