Positive Body Research Articles

Positive end-expiratory pressure and prone position alter the capacity of force generation from diaphragm in acute respiratory distress syndrome: an animal experiment

BackgroundSpontaneous breathing potentially injures lungs and diaphragm when spontaneous effort is vigorous in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) while immobility also has risks of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) acquired weakness and diaphragm atrophy. Thus, ventilatory strategy to mitigate strong spontaneous effort should be promptly established without a systemic use of neuromuscular blocking agent. Here, we investigated the impacts of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and body position on the capacity of force generation from diaphragm following bilateral phrenic nerve stimulations in a rabbit ARDS model.MethodsUsing lung-injured rabbits, we measured 1) transdiaphragmatic pressure by bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation and 2) end-expiratory lung volume using computed tomography, under two different levels of PEEP (high, low) and body positions (supine, prone).ResultsOverall, transdiaphragmatic pressure was the highest at low PEEP in supine position and the lowest at high PEEP in prone position. Compared to values in low PEEP + supine, transdiaphragmatic pressure was significantly reduced by either prone alone (the same PEEP) or increasing PEEP alone (the same position) or both combinations. End-expiratory lung volume was significantly increased with increasing PEEP in both positions, but it was not altered by body position.InterpretationThe capacity of force generation from diaphragm was modulated by PEEP and body position during mechanical ventilation in ARDS. Higher PEEP or prone position per se or both was effective to decrease the force generation from diaphragm.

Fit and fun: Content analysis investigating positive body image dimensions of adolescents’ Facebook images

Body-positive content on social media offers a promising approach to promote positive body image (PBI). However, we need further research in order to better characterize and understand its nature. This study provides a content analysis of adolescents’ image-based posts on Facebook. We aimed to determine whether the theoretical six-facet conceptualization of PBI was reflected in adolescents’ posts, and whether there were different trends according to gender and time, over a 3-year period. A set of 6,503 images posted by 66 adolescents (51.5% male), were coded for PBI attributes. The results indicate that inner positivity and appreciation of body functionality through involvement in sports and fun activities were the most represented PBI facets. Conversely, imagery representing taking care of the body via healthy food/beverage choices, embracing body diversity, and filtering information in a body-preserving manner, was rarely used to project self-image on Facebook. Gender differences were only found in the appreciation of body functionality via sports activities (more prevalent in boys) and investment in appearance using benign methods, such as the use of cosmetics (more prevalent in girls). Posts addressing appearance and health-promoting self-care behaviors tended to increase in mid-adolescence. We conclude that the adolescents’ posts on Facebook reflected several PBI characteristics, with a particular focus on those that enhance a functional view of the body. Future social media and school-level initiatives should prioritize the development of attuned self-care as well as mechanisms to filter messages that could endanger PBI, while also increasing the visibility of the diverse bodies that exist in the world.

Fit and fun: Content analysis investigating positive body image dimensions of adolescents’ Facebook images

Body-positive content on social media offers a promising approach to promote positive body image (PBI). However, we need further research in order to better characterize and understand its nature. This study provides a content analysis of adolescents’ image-based posts on Facebook. We aimed to determine whether the theoretical six-facet conceptualization of PBI was reflected in adolescents’ posts, and whether there were different trends according to gender and time, over a 3-year period. A set of 6,503 images posted by 66 adolescents (51.5% male), were coded for PBI attributes. The results indicate that inner positivity and appreciation of body functionality through involvement in sports and fun activities were the most represented PBI facets. Conversely, imagery representing taking care of the body via healthy food/beverage choices, embracing body diversity, and filtering information in a body-preserving manner, was rarely used to project self-image on Facebook. Gender differences were only found in the appreciation of body functionality via sports activities (more prevalent in boys) and investment in appearance using benign methods, such as the use of cosmetics (more prevalent in girls). Posts addressing appearance and health-promoting self-care behaviors tended to increase in mid-adolescence. We conclude that the adolescents’ posts on Facebook reflected several PBI characteristics, with a particular focus on those that enhance a functional view of the body. Future social media and school-level initiatives should prioritize the development of attuned self-care as well as mechanisms to filter messages that could endanger PBI, while also increasing the visibility of the diverse bodies that exist in the world.

The Role of Body Shame and Age on Appearance-Based Exercise and Positive Body Image in Women from Poland: Preliminary Results of a Cluster Analysis.

The aim of this study has been to analyse whether body shame and age may play a role in appearance-based exercise and positive body image in Women from Poland. It was assumed that women with high body shame and at the stage of young adulthood have significantly greater levels of appearance-based exercise and lower positive body image than those with a low level of body shame and at the stage of middle adulthood. The final sample included 234 Polish women (age: M = 31.58, SD = 13.93; body mass index: M = 23.45, SD = 4.72). Participants completed: the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), the Exercise Appearance Motivations Scale (EAMS), the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) and a socio-demographic survey. The cluster analysis technique indicated four distinct clusters: (a) Cluster 1 (N = 83): high body shame and young adulthood; (b) Cluster 2 (N = 29): high body shame and middle adulthood; (c) Cluster 3 (N = 88): low body shame and young adulthood; (d) Cluster 4 (N = 34): low body shame and middle adulthood. The outcomes partially support the hypothesis, as higher levels of almost all subscales related to appearance-based exercise (EAMS: "muscularity", "societal pressures", "shape/weight concerns", "avoidance/shame") and lower positive body image (BAS-2) were observed in women with high body shame and at the stage of young adulthood compared with women with a low level of body shame and at the stage of middle adulthood. These results indicate that both body shame and age may contribute to the intensity of appearance-based exercise and positive body image deterioration. Clarity on this issue is essential to ensure that an appropriate preventive activity and interventions are made which will be able to take into account the specific sociocultural context in Poland.

CITRA TUBUH PEREMPUAN SEBAGAI INSPIRASI PENCIPTAAN SENI LUKIS MIX MEDIA

Image of Women’s Body as Inspiration in Creating Mix Media Painting. Body image is a person's perception that is influenced by the mentality of one's observations and judgments about oneself in terms of appearance, ability, and personality. Perception of body shape, body weight, height, hair type, skin color, way of speaking, way of socializing, and how one wants to be the ideal type of society. This creation aims to describe positive body image concepts and ideas in the form of digital and conventional art as well as to voice how important positive body image is for a person, specifically a woman. This creation has several stages, including: 1) Exploration stage (collecting data from various sources). This data then becomes the inspiration and message content in this conventional and digital art work. This digital concept was chosen to match the theme of body image, 2) The improvisation stage (designing an image) determines the visual form to have a design style according to existing concepts such as a female object, several additional supporting objects and the creative tools. 3) The visualization stage (crafting process) choosing colorful colors in accordance with the style of a cheerful woman, and being able to convey the message contained well by the community. The results of the process of creating this art are 7 pieces of paintings using canvas media and a mix of conventional media. Presenting a painting exhibition that is packaged neatly and nicely, and presents a visual concept of women's beauty standards that are in accordance with the author's goal, namely to voice arguments about the importance of body image for women. Keywords: Body image; digital art; self acceptance

Enriching sociocultural perspectives on the effects of idealized body norms: Integrating shame, positive body image, and self-compassion.

Body image is an integral aspect of the psychology of the self. Idealized body images are ubiquitous in both traditional media forms (e.g., magazines, television) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram). The classic sociocultural model of body image (i.e., the Tripartite Influence Model) emphasizes pathways between idealized body norms, appearance comparisons, internalization of body ideals, and body dissatisfaction and its outcomes. We summarize the model and identify some issues to be addressed in future work, particularly in light of the immense popularity of social media. We review three topics that are not included in the sociocultural model but that provide a more complete picture of the influence of societal body norms on body image: (1) body shame, (2) positive body image, and (3) self-compassion. Research on the nature, assessment, and relevance of these constructs is reviewed in detail. In terms of clinical applications of these areas of research for individuals at risk of body dissatisfaction, we suggest assessing for and targeting body shame, cultivating facets of positive body image, and teaching strategies for developing self-compassion.

"We're in this together": Perceived effects of breast cancer on African American survivors' marital relationships.

We examined married African American breast cancer survivors' perceptions of how cancer affected their marriage, social support from their spouses, and spouses' physical and mental health. We conducted a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 15 married African American breast cancer survivors who had participated in a larger randomized controlled trial. Interviews were professionally transcribed and then independently coded by two coders. Themes emerged related to the challenges of maintaining mutually supportive relationships. There was variability in the perceived effects of cancer on relationships, as well as uncertainty about cancer's effects on their husbands' emotional and physical health and the adequacy of emotional and tangible support from their husbands. Participants described husbands' key role in promoting wives' positive body image, as well as the challenges of negotiating sexual activity. Participants were receptive to help from medical professionals in dealing with relationship issues. Findings show variability in couples' responses to cancer, with some patients and couples adapting well and others needing additional support. During treatment and at follow-up, oncology social workers can assess patients' and family members' social support needs, provide mental health services, and provide patient navigation to help patients and caregivers access health care and community resources.

Effects of Quality Practice on a Compassion Cultivation Training: Somatic and Imagery Levels of Analysis

ObjectivesCompassion-based interventions (CBIs) are effective in promoting mental health. However, the mechanisms through which CBIs produce these positive outcomes are not fully known. The amount of meditation practice in CBIs has been associated with the outcomes but the role of quality of practice has not yet been explored. Thus, in addition to examining the contribution of the Compassion Practice Quality Scale (CPQS) to predicting the main outcomes of a CBI (compassion cultivation training), the current study explored the scale’s construct validity and sensitivity to change.MethodsData were drawn from a pretest–posttest study design (n = 74), and compassion practice quality, positive self-compassion, negative self-compassion, difficulties in emotion regulation, and body awareness were assessed.ResultsThe CPQS was found to be a valid and reliable measure, showing pretest–posttest differences. Overall, CPQS baseline scores were positively associated with positive self-compassion and body awareness and negatively associated with negative self-compassion and difficulties in emotion regulation. Moreover, compassion practice quality explained a significant amount of variance in positive self-compassion (ΔR2 = .18, ΔF (4, 31) = 2.69, p = .049), after controlling for baseline positive self-compassion, previous meditation experience, and frequency of formal practice during the CBI.ConclusionsThe findings confirm the significance of compassion practice quality and the usefulness of the CPQS in compassion research. Future studies should continue to investigate the psychometric properties of the CPQS, describing the daily or weekly evolution of compassion practice and developing specific pedagogical strategies to foster compassion practice quality within CBIs.

The Impact of a Woodland Walk on Body Image: A Field Experiment and an Assessment of Dispositional and Environmental Determinants.

Studies have shown that nature exposure is associated with a more positive body image, but field studies remain relatively infrequent. Here, we examine the impact of a woodland walk on an index of state positive body image (i.e., state body appreciation), as well as dispositional and environmental determinants of body image improvements. Eighty-seven Polish women went for a walk in Cygański Las, an ancient woodland, and completed a measure of state body appreciation before and after the walk. As hypothesised, state body appreciation was significantly higher post-walk compared to pre-walk (d = 0.56). Additionally, we found that the trait of self-compassion-but not the traits of connectedness to nature, perceived aesthetic qualities of the woodland, or subjective restoration-was significantly associated with larger improvements in state body appreciation. These results suggest that even relatively brief exposure to nature results in elevated state body appreciation, with the dispositional trait of self-compassion being associated with larger effects.

Hubungan antara Pembicaraan Tubuh dengan Ketidakpuasan Bentuk Tubuh pada Remaja Pengguna Media Sosial

The development of a positive or negative body image becomes very important, especially during adolescence. This study aims to determine the relationship between negative fat talk, negative muscle talk, and positive body talk with body dissatisfaction of adolescent social media users. Data was collected by online survey which included Body Shape Questionnaire-34 (BSQ-34) and Body Talk Scale (BTS). This research uses purposive sampling. Participants consisted of 221 women and 35 men who met the inclusion criteria. In accordance with the first hypothesis, the results of the analysis show that there is a significant positive relationship between negative fat talk in the below and above average groups with body dissatisfaction. In line with the second hypothesis, it was found there was a significant positive relationship between negative muscle talk with body dissatisfaction. However, the third hypothesis of this study was rejected because there was no significant relationship between positive body talk and body dissatisfaction. The results of this study have implications for those who want to promote a positive body image about the characteristics of the target that needs to be targeted and suggestions for intervention.

Young women’s sexual satisfaction in danger: the significance of thin-ideal internalization, positive body image, and appearance-related self-consciousness during physical intimacy

BackgroundPrevious research indicated that a positive body image is indirectly related to young adult women’s sexual satisfaction through protecting them from appearance-related self-consciousness during physical intimacy. The aim of the present study was to investigate thin-ideal internalization as a potential factor associated with positive body image, and subsequently ap-pearance-related self-consciousness during physical intimacy and sexual satisfaction.Participants and procedureUsing a cross-sectional design, 250 young adult Dutch women (age: M = 22.98, SD = 2.98) filled in an online survey measuring the relevant variables.ResultsA path analysis revealed that lower thin-ideal internalization was related to greater sexual satisfaction through a more posi-tive body image and less appearance-related self-consciousness during physical intimacy, and also consecutively via both.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that thin-ideal internalization may trigger processes that are detrimental to sexual satisfaction in women. Consequently, strengthening sociocultural pressure resistance skills in young adult women could facilitate the de-velopment and maintenance of positive sexual experiences.

An International Study of Correlates of Women's Positive Body Image.

Positive body image (PBI) has received attention in the recent research literature. Despite this, its role in daily functioning in different cultural contexts, particularly its potential relationship with academic outcomes, is still lacking. This study aimed to offer an international perspective on the association between PBI and body mass index (BMI), perceived academic achievement, and educational aspirations, as well as the mediating role of self-esteem. A cross-national study was conducted in eight European countries with a total of 2653 female university students. Participants completed an online survey measuring PBI (conceptualized as body appreciation), self-esteem, perceived academic achievement and aspirations, and body mass index (BMI). Results revealed differences in PBI between countries (low magnitude). PBI correlated negatively with BMI in all national groups (low-to-moderate magnitude). Mediation analysis showed that self-esteem mediated the association between PBI and academic variables. Findings from this study suggest that building students’ self-esteem and PBI can be a suitable way to boost academic success.

Female body image and prevention of sexually transmitted infections

Objective: to identify the association between the perception of body image and the adoption of preventive measures for sexually transmitted infections by female adolescents. Methods: descriptive research, with a sequential quantitative-qualitative mixed method, in three full-time schools located in socially vulnerable neighborhoods. Results: 147 female adolescents participated, with a mean age of 14. Body image dissatisfaction by the Silhouettes Scale and the Adolescent Dissatisfaction Rating Scale predominated. There was a lack of knowledge about the female condom and the correct handling of the male condom to prevent sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: there was no significant association among the variables: body image perception, knowledge of preventive measures, and sexual behavior; however, it was evidenced a tendency of the adolescents dissatisfied with their body image perception to expose themselves to sexual conduct with more than one partner at the same time. Furthermore, the adolescents' body image dissatisfaction influenced their knowledge about the female condom, HIV, and family. Contributions to practice: the actions of health promotion and education for adolescent girls should consider factors that raise the perception of positive body image, from strategies that reinforce self-esteem and safe sexual conduct.

A randomized controlled pilot study examining immediate effects of embodying a virtual reality superhero in people with chronic low back pain

Purpose In virtual reality, avatar embodiment can spur perceptions and behaviours related the avatars’ characteristics. We tested whether embodying superhero-like avatars can change self-perceptions in people with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Design A non-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods Participants were randomly allocated to embody a superhero (VR-SH, n = 20) or a neutral, non-superhero (VR-Play, n = 10) avatar. Primary outcomes related to body image (e.g., self-perceived vulnerability) and pain intensity were assessed at baseline, during exposure, immediately after and at one-week follow-up. Fear of movement, strength and patient impression of change were also recorded. Results The VR-SH group reported gains in body image during (p < .001, η p 2 =0.71) and immediately after (p < .001, η p 2 =0.66) VR, whereas the VR-Play group reported small gains during VR (p = .021, η p 2 =0.46) but not immediately after (p = .076, η p 2 =0.31). Pain, strength and fear of movement did not change and there were no sustained effects at follow-up (all ps > .05). A greater proportion of people in the VR-SH group reported at least minimal improvement at follow-up (7/20 vs. 1/10). Conclusion A VR-SH session produced temporary positive effects on body image. Future research may consider whether larger and sustained effects can be obtained with multisession exposures or explore combined interventions. Implications for rehabilitation Physical confidence and bodily trust can be significantly enhanced in people with chronic back pain using virtual reality. These positive body image effects may have implications for rehabilitation, such as in enhancing confidence with movement Whether a multisession intervention might produce more robust effects and changes in pain is yet to be determined

Social media pressure and the body dysmorphic disorder tendency in women: The mediating role of perfectionism

The ideal body image displayed in social media often makes women vulnerable to body image issues, one of which is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study aims to examine the role of social media pressure in predicting the tendency towards such a disorder in emerging adult women, with each of the three dimensions of perfectionism as a mediator. The participants were 385 women aged 18-25 years who used social media and were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Screening Scale, Social Media Pressure Scale, Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R), and some open-ended questions distributed online through various social media. The BDD tendency model tested using structural equation modeling has a good fit with the data (χ2/df = .019, RMSEA = .001, CFI = 1.00) and shows that the role of social media pressure in women's BDD tendency was fully mediated through the discrepancy dimension of perfectionism. The findings indicate that a program is needed to develop media literacy and promote positive body images for women who use social media to prevent body image issues.

Teaching every body: A critical analysis of school programming on body image

Body dissatisfaction in children grows into harmful practices as they age. Schools provide education and programming to promote body satisfaction and positive body image in adolescents, but these teachings can be improved. This paper analyzes educational stakeholders’ services on body image through a critical lens while suggesting solutions to improve lessons, courses, and programming. Through braiding internal lessons with external programs, schools can fight against the potential risks of negative body image on adolescents. The literature review highlights the need for early education on body image and the importance of caregiver intervention. A critical review of the teacher and student dynamic introduces the opportunity that teachers as caregivers have to promote positive body image. Next, this paper discusses external intervention programs and the effectiveness of gender-specific programming while remaining critical of a lack of male-focused programs. This paper then discusses how teachers have more opportunities to hold open discussions for students to learn and share. Lastly, this paper describes how physical education classes can be modified to promote feelings of attractiveness and positivity while correcting misconceptions regarding exercising and gender. These changes to school programming will promote positive body image in students and open up classroom conversations.

Body positivity through creative immersion: A qualitative study of women’s pole dancing experiences

Perceptions of body image are shaped by sociocultural influences and have been extensively examined in relation to physical and psychological health outcomes. Our study explores concepts of body image manifested through experiences of “flow” among women in South Korea who participate in pole dancing as a recreational physical activity. A qualitative research design incorporating the hermeneutic phenomenological approach revealed that pole dancing serves as a creative medium which embodies a central role in the lives of women of diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds by promoting body appreciation, self-acceptance, improving physical health, enhancing confidence, providing a sense of enjoyment, and establishing social support. Our findings affirm the significance of leisure based physical activities that emphasize functionality and promote positive body image such as pole dancing may be an effective self-care strategy which can be incorporated in health interventions for women within community programs on an international scale.

Social Support and Body Image in Group Physical Activity Programs for Older Women.

Physical declines with aging may negatively impact women's body image. Group physical activity can be a source of social support that may improve body image. We examined how social support experienced in group physical activity programs impacts older women's body image. Guided by interpretive description, we interviewed 14 women age 65 years and older who participated in group physical activity classes. Although women experienced both positive and negative body image, body image was generally positively impacted by physical activity. Four themes described social support processes that affected body image in the physical activity context: fitting in and being inspired through identifying with others; what is discussed and not discussed; providing comfort, understanding, and acceptance; and skilled and empathetic interactions with instructors. Understanding how social support in group physical activity can promote positive body image throughout aging can inform practical guidelines for facilitating and improving support in this context.

Stopping in (e)motion: Reactive action inhibition when facing valence-independent emotional stimuli.

Emotions are able to impact our ability to control our behaviors. However, it is not clear whether emotions play a detrimental or an advantageous effect on action control and whether the valence of the emotional stimuli differently affects such motor abilities. One way to measure reactive inhibitory control is the stop-signal task (SST), which estimates the ability to cancel outright a response to the presentation of a stop signal by means of the stop signal reaction times (SSRT). Impaired as well as facilitated action control has been found when faced with emotional stimuli such as stop signals in SSTs and mixed results were observed for positive versus negative stimuli. Here, we aimed to investigate these unresolved issues more deeply. Action control capabilities were tested in 60 participants by means of a SST, in which the stop signals were represented by a fearful and a happy body posture together with their neutral counterpart. Results showed that both positive and negative body postures enhanced the ability to suppress an ongoing action compared to neutral body postures. These results demonstrate that emotional valence-independent emotional stimuli facilitate action control and suggest that emotional stimuli may trigger increased sensory representation and/or attentional processing that may have promote stop-signal processing and hence improved inhibitory performance.

Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses of amyloid positron emission tomography and plasma biomarkers for lecanemab in subjects with early Alzheimer's disease.

Lecanemab is a humanized immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to soluble Aβ aggregate species, while demonstrating low affinity for Aβ monomer. This article describes the population pharmacokinetic (PK) and PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses for amyloid plaques, as measured using positron emission tomography (PET), and biomarkers of amyloid pathology as evidenced by Aβ42/40 ratio and plasma p-tau181 following i.v. administration of lecanemab in subjects with early Alzheimer's disease. Lecanemab PKs were well-characterized with a two-compartment model with first-order elimination. Final PK model contained covariate effects of anti-drug antibody positive status, sex, body weight, and albumin on clearance. The time course of amyloid PET standard uptake ratio (SUVr), plasma Aβ42/40 ratio, and p-tau181 were described using indirect response models with lecanemab exposure as a maximum effect function stimulating the reduction of SUVr, and as a linear function increasing Aβ42/40 ratio and decreasing p-tau181 formation rates. PK/PD simulations show that 10mg/kg biweekly dosing results in larger and faster decrease in SUVr and p-tau181 and increase in Aβ42/40 ratio as compared to 10mg/kg monthly dose. Furthermore, the PK/PD simulations showed that after treatment discontinuation the brain amyloid re-accumulation to baseline levels is slow with a recovery half-life of ~4 years, whereas plasma Aβ42/40 ratio and p-tau181 return to baseline levels faster than amyloid. Given the relationship between changes in amyloid PET SUVr and soluble biomarkers, the developed PK/PD models can be used to inform lecanemab dose regimens in future clinical studies.