Pupil Position Research Articles

Depth from axial differential perspective

We introduce an imaging-based passive on-axis technique for measuring the distance of individual objects in complex scenes. Two axially separated pupil positions acquire images (can be realized simultaneously or sequentially). Based on the difference in magnification for objects within the images, the distance to the objects can be inferred. The method avoids some of the disadvantages of passive triangulation sensors (e.g., correspondence, shadowing), is easy to implement and offers high lateral resolution. Due to the principle of operation it is especially suited for applications requiring only low to medium axial resolution. Theoretical findings, as well as follow-up experimental measurements, show obtainable resolutions in the range of few centimeters for distances of up to several meters.

Robust and High Accuracy Algorithm for Detection of Pupil Images

Recently, many researchers have tried to develop a robust, fast, and accurate algorithm. This algorithm is for eye-tracking and detecting pupil position in many applications such as head-mounted eye tracking, gaze-based human-computer interaction, medical applications (such as deaf and diabetes patients), and attention analysis. Many real-world conditions challenge the eye appearance, such as illumination, reflections, and occasions. On the other hand, individual differences in eye physiology and other sources of noise, such as contact lenses or make-up. The present work introduces a robust pupil detection algorithm with and higher accuracy than the previous attempts for real-time analytics applications. The proposed circular hough transform with morphing canny edge detection for Pupillometery (CHMCEP) algorithm can detect even the blurred or noisy images by using different filtering methods in the pre-processing or start phase to remove the blur and noise and finally the second filtering process before the circular Hough transform for the center fitting to make sure better accuracy. The performance of the proposed CHMCEP algorithm was tested against recent pupil detection methods. Simulations and results show that the proposed CHMCEP algorithm achieved detection rates of 87.11, 78.54, 58, and 78 according to Świrski, ExCuSe, Else, and labeled pupils in the wild (LPW) data sets, respectively. These results show that the proposed approach performs better than the other pupil detection methods by a large margin by providing exact and robust pupil positions on challenging ordinary eye pictures.

Исследование телескопической системы с трехступенчатой сменой увеличения и стабильным положением выходного зрачка

The visual optical systems with three fields of view are considered in the article. The removal of the exit pupil of the considered systems is from 1/3 to 1/4 of its total length. The problems that arise during a three-stage change of magnification are considered in the paper. An important feature of such systems is the need to match the pupils of the system when changing the magnification to ensure the stability of the position of the exit pupil. The complexity of the implementation while observing weight and size restrictions are also discussed. A comprehensive solution to these problems should be laid at the circuit level and should be based on the search for a fundamental structural optical scheme. During the design process, the issues of modeling and determining the area of solutions are revealed, which make it possible to ensure high image quality in the transition to finite apertures and thicknesses. The scientific hypothesis is that a three-stage change of magnification can be realized by presence of the rotary afocal system of magnification change. At the same time, for such a solution, internal alignment and competitive characteristics of the optical system of the product as a whole are also provided. The purpose of this article is to present the results of the analysis of the circuit solution in the paraxial approximation, to determine the areas of solutions that provide the smallest relative apertures of the circuit components under the introduced overall restrictions on the length of the system, the diameters of the components and the removal of the exit pupil. The results of the study are confirmed by the development of an optical system with interchangeable magnifications of 1x, 3x and 9x with an eye relief of 80 mm with the total system length of 250 mm.

NEW APPROACHES TO THE CHILDREN AND YOUTH UPBRINGING IN THE CONTEХT OF THE CULTUROLOGICAL PARADIGM OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article deals with the methodological justification of new educational priorities in Ukraine and the features of reforming Ukrainian education on the basis of culturological approach. The graduate of the New Ukrainian School must be ready for self-realization in society and personal life, have information flows, shows the ability to analyze life and practical situations, be ready to acquired knowledge and values. The research methodology is based on the integrated use of competence, activity, axiological and culturological approaches to the study of education phenomena. Theoretical methods are used, which are related to the development of philosophical and conceptual research in the field of methodology of educational process. The scientific novelty of research lies in the fact that such types of realization of the culturological approach to the upbringing of children and youth as the axiological and technological culture of the educational process and substantiated and introduced into scientific circulation. The concept of cultural intensity of content, technologies, organization forms of educational work with students is substantiated. The self-sufficient and obvious criterion for the formation of the cultural position of pupils defined as the cultural activity of student youth. Conclusions. The culturological paradigm of the educational process in Ukraine is based on a number of axiological dominants that are in tune with the universal human values (humanism, tolerance, patriotism, citizenship, etc.). Providing teachers with the axiological and technological culture of the educational process with raise Ukrainian education to the appropriate level of competence, which will meet the standards of Europian education.

Exploring Pupil Position as An Eye-Tracking Feature for Four-Class Emotion Classification In VR

This paper presented a preliminary investigation of a novel approach on emotion recognition using pupil position in Virtual Reality (VR). We explore pupil position as an eye-tracking feature for four-class emotion classification according to the four-quadrant model of emotions via a presentation of 360° videos in VR. A total of ten subjects participated in this emotional experiment. A 360° video with four sessions of stimulation of emotions will be presented in VR to evoke the user’s emotions. The eye data were recorded and collected using Pupil Labs eye-tracker and the emotion classification was done by using pupil position solely. The classifier used in this investigation is the Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning algorithm. The results showed that the best accuracy achieved from this four-class random classification was 59.19%.

Prediction of CW chord as a measure for the eye's orientation axis after cataract surgery from preoperative IOLMaster 700 measurement data.

The angles alpha and kappa are widely discussed for centring refractive procedures, but they cannot be determined with ophthalmic instruments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Chang-Waring chord (position of the Purkinje reflex PI relative to the corneal centre) derived from an optical biometer before and after cataract surgery and to study the changes resulting from cataract surgery. The analysis was based on a large dataset of 1587 complete sets of preoperative and postoperative IOMaster 700 biometry measurements from two clinical centres, each containing: valid data for pupil and corneal centre position, the position of the Purkinje reflex PI originated from a coaxial fixation target, keratometry (K), axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness CCT, and horizontal corneal diameter W2W. The Chang-Waring chord CW was derived from pupil centre and Purkinje reflex PI analysed preoperatively and postoperatively, and a multilinear regression model together with a feedforward neural network algorithm was set up to predict postoperative CW chord from preoperative CW chord, K and biometric distances of the eye. The Y component of CW chord shows a slight shift in the inferior direction in both left and right eyes, before and after cataract surgery. The X component shows some shift in the temporal direction, which is more pronounced preoperatively and slightly reduced postoperatively but with a larger variation. The change in CW chord from preoperative to postoperative shows a slight shift in the superior and nasal directions. Our algorithms for prediction of postoperative CW chord using preoperative CW chord, keratometry and biometry as input data performed with a multilinear regression and a feedforward neural network approach were able to reduce the variance, but could not properly predict the postoperative CW chord X and Y components. The CW chord as the position of the Purkinje reflex PI with respect to the pupil centre can be directly measured with any biometer, topographer or tomographer with a coaxial fixation light. The mean Y component does not differ between right and left eyes or preoperatively and postoperatively, but the mean temporal shift of the X component preoperatively is slightly reduced postoperatively, but with a larger scatter of the values.

A survey on Deep Learning Based Eye Gaze Estimation Methods

In recent years, deep-learning systems have made great progress, particularly in the disciplines of computer vision and pattern recognition. Deep-learning technology can be used to enable inference models to do real-time object detection and recognition. Using deep-learning-based designs, eye tracking systems could determine the position of eyes or pupils, regardless of whether visible-light or near-infrared image sensors were utilized. For growing electronic vehicle systems, such as driver monitoring systems and new touch screens, accurate and successful eye gaze estimates are critical. In demanding, unregulated, low-power situations, such systems must operate efficiently and at a reasonable cost. A thorough examination of the different deep learning approaches is required to take into consideration all of the limitations and opportunities of eye gaze tracking. The goal of this research is to learn more about the history of eye gaze tracking, as well as how deep learning contributed to computer vision-based tracking. Finally, this research presents a generalized system model for deep learning-driven eye gaze direction diagnostics, as well as a comparison of several approaches.

General method for replacing a thin lens with a thick lens with the same value of Seidel aberration coefficient of spherical aberration or coma.

The paper deals with the problem of replacing a thin lens with a thick lens having similar third-order aberration properties as the thin lens. The equations that make possible the calculation of parameters of the thick lens, which has the same value of focal length (or transverse magnification) and one of the Seidel aberration coefficients (either Seidel aberration coefficient of spherical aberration or Seidel aberration coefficient of coma) as the thin lens for given position of the entrance pupil and object, are derived. The application of the proposed method for calculation of parameters of the thick lens is shown in examples.

Nystagmus Estimation for Dizziness Diagnosis by Pupil Detection and Tracking Using Mexican-Hat-Type Ellipse Pattern Matching.

The detection of nystagmus using video oculography experiences accuracy problems when patients who complain of dizziness have difficulty in fully opening their eyes. Pupil detection and tracking in this condition affect the accuracy of the nystagmus waveform. In this research, we design a pupil detection method using a pattern matching approach that approximates the pupil using a Mexican hat-type ellipse pattern, in order to deal with the aforementioned problem. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method, in comparison with that of a conventional Hough transform method, for eye movement videos retrieved from Gifu University Hospital. The performance results show that the proposed method can detect and track the pupil position, even when only 20% of the pupil is visible. In comparison, the conventional Hough transform only indicates good performance when 90% of the pupil is visible. We also evaluate the proposed method using the Labelled Pupil in the Wild (LPW) data set. The results show that the proposed method has an accuracy of 1.47, as evaluated using the Mean Square Error (MSE), which is much lower than that of the conventional Hough transform method, with an MSE of 9.53. We conduct expert validation by consulting three medical specialists regarding the nystagmus waveform. The medical specialists agreed that the waveform can be evaluated clinically, without contradicting their diagnoses.

URBAN PARAMETRIC PERCEPTION. THE CASE STUDY OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF PERUGIA

Abstract. The study describes a new approach methodology to detect and represent emotions from signals measured by an Emotiv EPOC cascade. The developed algorithm aims to obtain an analysis of emotions based on EEG data with interpolation of these using the concepts of the circumplex model. This tool will help in the analysis of emotions produced by the atmosphere of an environment in relation to the position, detected by GPS. In addition, the same algorithm will be used to search for a graphic representation of immediate reading, by means of colour association with the output values obtained, to integrate those of gaze analysis obtained by Pupil Player software and position data.

MEMS mirror based eye tracking: simulation of the system parameter effect on the accuracy of pupil position estimation

MEMS mirror based eye tracking: simulation of the system parameter effect on the accuracy of pupil position estimation

Low-Complexity Pupil Tracking for Sunglasses-Wearing Faces for Glasses-Free 3D HUDs

This study proposes a pupil-tracking method applicable to drivers both with and without sunglasses on, which has greater compatibility with augmented reality (AR) three-dimensional (3D) head-up displays (HUDs). Performing real-time pupil localization and tracking is complicated by drivers wearing facial accessories such as masks, caps, or sunglasses. The proposed method fulfills two key requirements: low complexity and algorithm performance. Our system assesses both bare and sunglasses-wearing faces by first classifying images according to these modes and then assigning the appropriate eye tracker. For bare faces with unobstructed eyes, we applied our previous regression-algorithm-based method that uses scale-invariant feature transform features. For eyes occluded by sunglasses, we propose an eye position estimation method: our eye tracker uses nonoccluded face area tracking and a supervised regression-based pupil position estimation method to locate pupil centers. Experiments showed that the proposed method achieved high accuracy and speed, with a precision error of <10 mm in <5 ms for bare and sunglasses-wearing faces for both a 2.5 GHz CPU and a commercial 2.0 GHz CPU vehicle-embedded system. Coupled with its performance, the low CPU consumption (10%) demonstrated by the proposed algorithm highlights its promise for implementation in AR 3D HUD systems.

Smartphone-Acquired Image Photogrammetry for Detection of Shallow Anterior Chamber.

PurposeThis study aimed to explore the role of smartphone imaging of the eye using two perspectives — anterior and temporal — in the detection of a shallow anterior chamber (AC). The AC depth (ACD) of an eye can be used as a surrogate marker for identification of eyes at risk of developing angle-closure disease.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted at a university teaching hospital in South India. Each eye was photographed with a smartphone using the two perspectives, followed by quantitative measurement of ACD using optical biometry. The percentage of nasal iris illuminated was measured from the image acquired using the flashlight method (anterior perspective), whereas pupil position relative to the cornea was measured from the image acquired using the temporal perpendicular method (temporal perspective). The receiver-operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) were studied for both perspectives independently for overall predictive accuracy in detection of shallow AC (ACD <2.7 mm, obtained by IOL Master).ResultsA total of 275 eyes were examined, of which 77 (28%) had an ACD <2.7 mm. The accuracy of detection of shallow AC was found to be 95.2% for both perspectives when used alone or in combination. AUC of the anterior perspective was 0.99 (95% CI 0.982–0.997). The AUC for the temporal perspective was 0.993 (95% CI 0.988–0.999).ConclusionSmartphone-acquired image photogrammetry of an eye with anterior and temporal perspectives independently and in combination provided accuracy nearing 95% in the detection of shallow AC (ACD <2.7 mm).RegistrationThis trial was registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2018/09/015867, September 28, 2018).

Design of a near-eye display measurement system using an anthropomorphic vision imaging method.

We developed a new near-eye display measurement system using anthropomorphic vision imaging to measure the key parameters of near-eye displays, including field-of-view (FOV), angular resolution, eye box, and virtual image depth. The characteristics of the human eye, such as pupil position, pupil size variation, accommodation function, and the high resolution of the fovea, are imitated by the proposed measurement system. A FOV scanning structure, together with a non-vignetting image-telecentric lens system, captures the virtual image from the near-eye display by imitating human eye function. As a proof-of-concept, a prototype device was used to obtain large-range, high-resolution measurements for key parameters of near-eye displays.

Simulation of Eye Tracking Control based Electric Wheelchair Construction by Image Segmentation Algorithm

In this fast-paced world, it is very challenging for the elderly and disabled population to move independently to their desire places at any convenient time. Fortunately, some of the people have good eyesight and physically strong to take care of their survival. Nevertheless, Electric wheelchair (EWC) can provide them a better lifestyle with commendable confidence. At the same time, the hand, head and voice recognition-based EWC meet many limitations. Despite, the eye-tracking-based EWC provides a better smartness in their lifestyle. This research article discusses better accuracy achievement and minimizes the delay response time in the proposed system. The proposed eye-tracking EWC is differed from another existing system with good validation parameters of the controller and it introduces edge detection to identify the eye pupil position in the face. The proposed method includes a PID controller to control the DC motor, which in turn controls the rotation of wheel in EWC. This research article is mainly focused on the cost-effectiveness and improvement in the system performance. The display system is mounted in front of the sitting position of EWC users. The camera captures eye pupil position and it determines the direction of the EWC movement by controlling DC motor with the help of a PID controller. When derivative (D) control is used in the proposed system, the system response is quite faster and it reduces the delay time between the user and system reaction. This pupil of eye position is determined by a canny edge detector, which provides good results when compared with other edge detection approaches. Object detection in front of the EWC is an added advantage of the proposed system. The proposed article integrates all the activities and measures the system performance. The proposed model achieves an accuracy of about 90% and response time is least compared with the existing methods.

Online Learning from the Perspective of Life Positions of Pupils and Students – Report of a Pilot Study

Life positions in transactional analysis allow to define a person's relationship to himself and to his environment. In the article, the author attempts to analyze whether the life position adopted by the respondents may somehow affect their attitude to the distance learning forced by the pandemic.

The Effect of Night Glare on Myopia

Purpose : This study is to investigate the effect of night glare on myopia.Methods : Forty eight myopic eyes aged 20 to 30 year old were under the indoor illumination 1 lx or less for 5 minutes for the mesopic adaptation. Subjects were grouped by the equivalent spherical refraction -3.25 D. The group 1 with the refraction under -3.25 D and the group 2 with over -3.25 D were compared and analyzed. Two 100 Watt bulbs were placed by the side of the target whose illuminance at the position of subject's pupil was measured. The disability glare (contrast visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) was measured at 2, 5, and 10 lx and the discomfort glare was quantified by Deboer glare scale. The contrast acuity was measured by Reverse- Contrast chart at 100%, 25% and 10% of contrast LogMAR chart and the contrast sensitivity using the iPad program Clinic CSF 2.0 was measured at 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree.Results : The contrast acuity and contrast sensitivity of disability glare were both high in the group 1. The contrast acuity showed a significant difference after glare occurred (p 0.05).Conclusion : Considering the trend of higher nighttime activity in Korea, it is thought that not only a standard vision test for the night and the prescription to intervene the glare is needed regardless of age.

Impact of Remote Learning during the Covid-19 Lockdown on Roma Pupils in Slovenia

Abstract The article analyses the impact of remote learning during the Covid-19 lockdown on Roma pupils in Slovenia. Roma are one of the most marginalised and vulnerable groups in Slovenia. Most of them record poor inclusion and performance in education, which is why the suspension of regular school activities is likely to have much broader negative consequences for these pupils. Based on the outcomes of the study that included surveys among Roma assistants and teachers, the article analyses the technical conditions available to Roma pupils for remote learning during lockdown, the establishment of contact between teachers and Roma pupils in such period, and the collaboration of Roma pupils and their parents with schools. The article also provides a comparative perspective of the position of Roma and other pupils and draws attention to the possible long-term consequences of remote learning for Roma pupils.

Colorization of Line Drawings with Empty Pupils

AbstractMany studies have recently applied deep learning to the automatic colorization of line drawings. However, it is difficult to paint empty pupils using existing methods because the convolutional neural network are trained with pupils that have edges, which are generated from color images using image processing. Most actual line drawings have empty pupils that artists must paint in. In this paper, we propose a novel network model that transfers the pupil details in a reference color image to input line drawings with empty pupils. We also propose a method for accurately and automatically colorizing eyes. In this method, eye patches are extracted from a reference color image and automatically added to an input line drawing as color hints using our pupil position estimation network.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКИХ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ НЕЙРОМАРКЕТИНГА

In this article, we say that marketing and advertising professionals have been aware of the limitations in traditional market research methods for decades, but only in recent years has science allowed the development of a more effective mechanism by which consumers’ thoughts can be deciphered and this is neuromarketing. Building an effective and successful communication policy through the use of a variety of technologies and promotion methods is one of the primary tasks of the effective functioning and development of the company in the market, as well as increasing its competitiveness. For this, in parallel with measurements of electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, brain scanners, galvanic skin response, an eye-tracking device is used, which allows one to accurately identify a stimulus that provides information about the consumer’s response to various commercial messages. Eye-tracking technology is that the respondent is shown a visual stimulus (static or dynamic), while a special device records the trajectory and metrics of the pupil movement. The respondent’s pupil is illuminated with infrared rays, while the trajectory of its movement is continuously recorded by several high-precision infrared cameras. The coordinates of the movement of the pupil are recorded in the database, subsequently the data is analyzed and qualitative and quantitative reports are drawn up. This tool is used to analyze and understand the reaction of people to products and promotions, which allows you to increase the effectiveness of product promotion to make them more effective. The purpose of this article is to show the role that eye-tracking plays in the correct understanding of consumer needs, words and emotions. The main advantage of eye-tracking is the impartiality of the tested respondents, since the equipment used in this technology records the natural reactions of a person (by studying the movement and reaction of the pupil), which cannot be imitated. The main tool for applying the technology is the eye-tracker device, which recognizes and records pupil positions and eye movements.