Privileged Position Research Articles

Barriers and facilitators of the reporting by family doctors of cases of domestic violence – a qualitative study across Portugal

BackgroundDomestic violence (DV) is a serious and prevalent public health problem with devastating consequences for the victims and their families. Whilst the number of cases reported to the authorities has risen in recent years, many victims still chose not to present a complaint. In Portugal, to address this, DV became a public crime. As victims of DV present multiple health problems and frequently seek professional help, family doctors are in a privileged position to detect and report cases of DV to the authorities. However, little is known about what motivates these professionals to report or not the DV cases they encounter in their practice to the authorities.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with family doctors from all regional health administrations of continental Portugal. Interviews occurred between July 2020 and September 2022, were conducted in person or remotely, audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis. Content analysis was conducted to assess the agreement or disagreement regarding mandatory reporting in each of the themes and subthemes.ResultsFifty-four family doctors took part in this study (n = 39 women, n = 15 men). The main themes that arose from the analysis were: “Barriers related to the physician’s activity,” “Barriers related to the victim or aggressor,” “Facilitators related to the physician’s activity,” “Facilitators related to the victim or aggressor.” Although different barriers were described, most doctors agreed with the mandatory reporting of DV cases.ConclusionsFamily doctors encounter multiple barriers and facilitators when considering reporting a DV case to the authorities. The results of this study can help develop new interventions to address the barriers described by the doctors, increasing their compliance with mandatory reporting, the protection of victims and the just persecution of the aggressor.

Faith in Australian numbers: new pressures on public data communication in Australia as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Before the pandemic, Australia was already increasingly reliant on statistics for political debate. This was reflected not only in high levels of trust in statistical institutions, but in the privileged position of ‘data-driven decisions’ by politicians and the public. From a series of interviews across the public service, academia, media and politics, this article describes the exacerbated conditions of professionals working with public data in Australia during the pandemic, detailing both actual and perceived aspects of new pressures. Public health communication that emphasised data-driven decisions led to public demand for data access, increasing the work of scientists, public servants, researchers, and journalists to refine and communicate data releases and commentary more frequently – which in turn increased demand for more data from all. The acute pandemic pressure also revealed pre-existing issues with data management and infrastructure, and caused previously siloed professionals to stretch across multiple roles. Such acceleration necessitates less time and expertise available for interpretation or careful management. Alternatively, failure to accelerate can result in real or perceived gaps in knowledge that can discourage trust in state statistics. These reflections are critical, as laborious stopgap solutions – intended to be temporary in a crisis – seem to have settled in to stay.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Multidimensional Scale of Dating Violence 2.0 in Young University Students.

Dating violence has become a problem of social relevance with short- and long-term health consequences. Nurses are in a privileged position to detect and address this problem in health facilities and as school nurses in schools, providing health education and detecting this violence correctly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-cultural validation of the Portuguese version of the Multidimensional Scale of Dating Violence-Short (MSDV 2.0). A validation investigation was carried out in two phases: (1) cross-cultural adaptation of the items and content validation of the Portuguese version of MSDV 2.0 and (2) psychometric validation. Phase (1): The items of the original version include a cross-cultural translation from Spanish to Portuguese and analysed by a group of experts in gender violence and by the authors of the original scale, then a back translation was made and again reviewed by the experts. Young university students also participated for face validity, and a pilot test was carried out. Phase (2): Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the robust maximum-likelihood estimation method, which confirmed the five-dimensional structure, obtaining good fit rates (chi-square significance (χ2) = 187.860 (p < 0.0001); root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.049; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.937; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.923). Reliability analysis indicated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha (α) = 0.88 to 0.70). Finally, scores of the Portuguese versions MSDV 2.0 were correlated, as expected, positively with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (r = 0.36 to 0.16) and negatively with the Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire Short Form 36, Health Survey (SF-36) (r = -0.30 to -0.14). To date, it is the only instrument that measures dating violence in a multidimensional way validated in the Portuguese university context.

Impact of Financial Liberalisation and Deregulation on Banking Sector in Pakistan

The paper analyses the market perception about the performance of Pakistani commercial banks in the wake of financial liberalisation and deregulation measures taken by the central bank over the last two decades. For this purpose, it uses the Survey approach. Out of 35 commercial banks, 15 banks have been chosen for analysis purposes. The paper mainly finds that key banking reforms have helped in removing the flaws in the banking sector of Pakistan. In particular, privatisation of banks, the deregulation and institutional strengthening measures, switching towards market-based monetary and credit management systems were instrumental in streamling banking operations. Similarly, the removal of restrictions on entry of private banks and operational restrictions on foreign banks also significantly contributed to the provision of quality banking services. The resultant competitive environment is the key factor behind improved efficiency of banks in Pakistan. The banks devised a number of strategies to respond to the competitive market conditions in the country. However, they faced various constraints in this regard, especially lack of managerial skills, and in hiring IT professionals, etc. As a part of future strategy, banks are likely to form more strategic alliances with foreign banks and undertake the expansion of business through widening of branch network. Despite a number of successful stories on different fronts, the central bank could not succeed in narrowing down the banking spread which is one of the key measures of banking performance. High domestic inflation, large non performing loans (NPLs) of banks, high administrative expenses, larger intermediation costs, and poor debt recovery are identified as important factors behind widening of banking spread. 1. INTRODUCTION The banking sector of an economy generally performs three primary functions: the facilitation of payment system, mobilisation of savings, and allocation of funds to stakeholders like government, investors, consumers, and business community who can utilise them for generation of economic activities.1 By virtue of its pivotal role, the banking sector can exert its positive influence on various segments of an economy. This gives it a privileged position among other sectors. In view of its significant role, economic managers always endeavour to devise such policies which could help provide the sector a level-playing field, thereby enabling it to operate on sound, efficient, and competitive footings. As in other emerging market economies, banks have been playing an important role in Pakistan also. However, the financial landscape of the country changed significantly in the 1970s with the nationalisation of Pakistani commercial banks. The Government also took various regressive steps, which included, among others, the initiation of subsidised bank credit schemes, the introduction of a complex system of credit ceilings, and imposition of controls on interest rates.3 These policy measures severely affected the efficiency of the banks. By the end of the 1980s, it was felt that Pakistan’s banking sector was not able to meet adequately the financial needs of the country

Gentlemen rappers: Masculinity and traditional style in Korean popular music performance

Across its history, K-pop has put traditional Korean elements to a diversity of uses, including in music, dance and visual style. This article investigates the use of traditional elements in the sub-genre of Korean hip hop and rap performance. In this strongly masculine sub-genre, the cultural meanings invoked in the incorporation and remediation of traditional Korean elements take on a more particular generic significance, one that highlights the hegemonic masculinity enjoyed by the referenced figure of the ‘gentleman scholar’ ( seonbi). With this narrower scope of investigation, I argue that the use of traditional cultural elements in Korean popular music can simultaneously function as an element of attraction for global audiences, as has previously been argued, while still maintaining local, genre-specific meanings. In particular, I argue that the gentlemanliness of the ‘gentleman scholar’ comes from and expresses a position of power and privilege.

Od zapominania do (u)pamięt(ni)ania? Wrocławskie elity o niemieckim dziedzictwie stolicy Dolnego Śląska

The status of German heritage in Wrocław is rather specific, and has been changing over the past seven decades under the influence of not only state and local politics, but also the biographical experiences of successive generations of residents. Calling German heritage troublesome is a frequently used rhetorical figure as well as — or perhaps primarily as — an epithet describing a social fact. This article aims to provide answers concerning the troublesome nature of German heritage for contemporary Wrocław elites. The empirical material comprises unstructured interviews conducted in 2011 and 2022, on the basis of which the relationship between the German heritage and persons occupying specific privileged positions in the social structure of the capital of Lower Silesia was determined. As the study proceeded, three types of approach to this relationship emerged. The first considers the relationship with German heritage unproblematic — either due to it being made “ours,” or because of it being treated superficially. The second approach recognizes the troublesome nature of this relationship, resulting from the tensions between local and national memory policy, including the state’s historical policy offering an antagonistic vision of Polish-German relations. The third type points to the relationship being troublesome due to the attitude to German heritage during the communist era; the memory of this difficult relationship with the heritage back then, and contemporary efforts to restore memory of Wrocław’s pre-1945 history. The approaches thus identified are present in the stories, regardless of the time — they can be found both when the city’s multicultural identity and local memory were intensively discussed a decade ago, and today, when the city is addressing new urban challenges.

The privilege of ‘aggrieved entitlement’: exploring the social bases of antifeminist political players mobilising online

Antifeminist groups have made extensive use of online platforms to mobilise and spread their political ideas. Existing studies of online antifeminism tend to focus their analyses primarily on how masculinities are constructed through antifeminist discourses. This article takes a different approach by exploring how the social position of antifeminist political players is related to their effective use of online platforms. Through an empirical study of an influential antifeminist blogosphere that emerged in Sweden in the mid-2000s, it is shown how the mostly anonymous antifeminist bloggers are, in fact, well-resourced activists who, due to their educational resources and communicative skills, could effectively use political blogs to promote their cause. Consequently, despite their claims of being marginalised and victimised, these predominantly male antifeminist activists actually occupy a privileged position in relation to historically marginalised groups, a position that affords them new possibilities to attack feminist achievements and actors through online platforms.

A call for conscious “anti-preparation” to motherhood

Our privileged position as doctoral students and mothers allows for a critical look at this issue that leads us to propose a form of “anti-preparation” to motherhood, in the sense that women should be called upon to deconstruct the constraining beliefs surrounding motherhood rather than accumulate new knowledge that is sometimes contradictory, often useless, and particularly anxiety-provoking. This is not a call to ignorance, but it does encourage us to temper our consumption of knowledge that can generate beliefs that erode and, above all, invisibilize women’s intrinsic strengths. While some of information surrounding motherhood is essential to know, we suggest that more attention must be devoted to empowering mothers and challenging dominant norms that ultimately don’t always serve them. In short, this plea seeks to challenge the authoritarian function of medicalized knowledge embedded in capitalist and patriarchal norms of motherhood, which work to minimize the intrinsic strengths of mothers. Our intention is not to promote an inclusive view that rests on the commercialization of motherhood, but rather an anti-oppressive approach that legitimizes both the intrinsic strengths of mothers and their facilitating beliefs, whether medicalized or tacit.

Attention To Special Educational Needs In Highly Gifted University Students: Impact On Training And Inclusivity

Attention to the special educational needs of highly gifted university students is essential to guarantee their full development and academic achievement, since these students have outstanding skills and talents in various areas of knowledge, which places them in a privileged position compared to their peers. peers. The objective is to analyze university policies to address the special educational needs of highly gifted university students. For this purpose, a documentary methodology was used using the analysis of university educational policies as a method to include high-ability students. The results showed that in Europe, universities are adopting specific policies to address the special needs of these students, even with accompanying guidance, while in the United States specialized programs are carried out to enhance their skills. In Latin America, various actions are being carried out to promote inclusive education, which are reflected in public policies, institutional guidelines, programs and projects implemented by international organizations. In conclusion, the statistical records of the student population with high abilities can be a weakness in many countries but Spanish Universities, such as Alicante and the Polytechnic of Valencia, have developed accompanying guides and specific support services for these students, adapting contents and methodologies to your needs. Countries such as Ukraine, the United States, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Chile have established policies and programs to promote the inclusion of students with high abilities in higher education, offering scholarships, guidance, training for teachers and eliminating physical and educational barriers.

Relational Harm: On the Divisive Effects of Global Health Volunteering at a Hospital in Rural Zambia

ABSTRACT Drawing on ethnographic research at a hospital in rural Zambia, I show how the presence of white Christian medical volunteers from the United States damaged relations between local health workers and patients. Working from a position of economic and racial privilege, medical volunteers received praise from many patients and residents. However, these positive attitudes incited resentment among many Zambian health workers who felt that their own efforts and expertise were being undervalued or ignored. Focusing on these disrupted relationships, I argue that it is crucial to understand how global health volunteering can produce enduring forms of “relational harm”.

‘It’s Why Young People Choose to Come Here’: Professional Love and the Ethic of Care in UK Youth Work Practice

ABSTRACT This paper extends the discourse on the importance of the relationship between practitioner and young person as a defining tenet of effective youth work practice, recognising the privileged position occupied by Youth Workers in the social ecology of the young people with whom they work. Reflecting the ethical obligations inherent in this relationship, particularly its focus on enhancing young people’s agency and developmental outcomes, the paper outlines how youth work practice infused with professional love aligns with conceptualizations of an ethic of care. Reporting on interviews conducted with Youth Workers practicing in different settings across one local authority area in the UK, the paper articulates how practitioners’ ethic of care shapes their work with young people, and the extent to which love features as an element of their professional practice. Practitioners describe their motivation to express care that extends beyond legalistic interpretations of their ‘duty of care’ towards young people, using the language of care, love and nurture almost interchangeably. The paper demonstrates the importance of inclusion and reciprocity as fundamental elements of ethical practice, as well as the need to infuse practice with hope, suggesting the value of an affirmative ethic to complement a focus on love and care.

Towards an Epistemology of ‘Speciesist Ignorance’

AbstractThe literature on the epistemology of ignorance already discusses how certain forms of discrimination, such as racism and sexism, are perpetuated by the ignorance of individuals and groups. However, little attention has been given to how speciesism—a form of discrimination on the basis of species membership—is sustained through ignorance. Of the few animal ethicists who explicitly discuss ignorance, none have related this concept to speciesism as a form of discrimination. However, it is crucial to explore this connection, I argue, as ignorance is both an integral part of the injustice done to animals as well as an obstacle to improving their treatment. In order to adequately criticize sustained structural speciesism and injustices towards animals, I develop an epistemological account of ‘speciesist ignorance’. I begin by defining and distinguishing between individual and group-based accounts of speciesist ignorance. I argue that humans, taken as a group, enjoy a position of privilege, which allows them to comfortably remain ignorant of their participation in collective wrongdoings towards animals. Additionally, I point out that speciesist ignorance is structurally encouraged and thereby maintains the dominant view that the human-animal-relationship, as it stands, is just. In sum, this article lays the groundwork for a social epistemology of speciesist ignorance. In particular, it informs further debate about individual and institutional epistemic duties to inquire into speciesism and to inform the public, about the moral culpability of ignorant actions, and about effective animal advocacy and policy which actively rejects speciesist ignorance.

To do justice to Foucault: Foucault and Derrida in couples therapy with Freud

This paper elaborates key factors in Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida’s long polemical argument over the question of madness. The paper focuses on Foucault’s consideration of a constitutive exclusion underlying the discourse of reason and unreason, as well as his insistence on that exclusion’s singular relationship with madness. This exclusion is then developed in psychoanalytic terms augmenting the constitutive gesture that Sigmund Freud attributed to the plurality of subjective structures elaborated in his metapsychology. The psychoanalytic determination of constitutive exclusion is posed as being situated at a privileged position that enables it to consolidate the polemic debate between Foucault and Derrida about madness. By doing so, the intersection of Foucault's theory of madness with Freud’s psychoanalysis is shown to be fruitful territory, epitomizing a hospitality to madness—thus, doing justice to Foucault in light of Derrida’s critique.

Delineation of Male Characters: A Meninism Perspective in Kiran Nagarkar’s Jasoda

Gender norms have been examined as a women's issue in the 21st century. While the position of men is always problematic, they appear to be the cause of the protagonist's hardships in fiction. The intersection of patriarchy in fiction demeans mature male characters and asserts that males are the source of oppressive hegemonic masculinity. The modern society must recognise neglected masculine characters in literature. The primary objective of this paper is to highlight the neglected gender in society and literature. Meninism is underrepresented and functions in isolation, even in literature, and this must be acknowledged. The female characters in Jasoda by Kiran Nagarkar are powerful, independent, and supportive, but the male characters are hegemonic and dominant. In novels that focus on women, the male position of privilege is emphasised while the expectations he carries go unacknowledged. Despite increased freedom in society, gender equality is affected by societal misunderstandings about meninism. Gender equality focuses on the oppression of women, while society ignores the suffering of the other gender. This study is an attempt to express the unspoken grief of masculine identity in women-centric literature.

State violence and target group adaptation: Maintaining social status in the face of repressions in Soviet Russia

How does state-led repression targeting communities influence the social reproduction of victimized groups? Although several excellent studies have explored the sociopolitical consequences of a broad set of conflict-trauma legacies, notably, communal, religious and kinship drivers of responses to state violence, few researchers have explored the mechanisms of social status preservation under violence. The omission of class and social status from conflict research is puzzling considering that millions of people from Cambodia to China and from Russia to Hungary have suffered from state-led violence that targeted entire social groups and communities – from monks and priests with privileged positions in the social hierarchies, to the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. To generate theory about the mechanisms of social submission, adaptation or resistance in the face of group-based repressions, we explored the effects of Soviet repressions on the survival choices and reproduction of the Tzarist educated strata. For our analysis, we deployed subnational data on repressions and social structure and combined this with novel survey evidence and archival sources. We found that, contrary to conventional wisdom, repressions did not prevent the Imperial educated estates from engaging in habitual status- and identity-enhancing pursuits. Throughout the Soviet period, these groups continued to aspire to higher education and professional achievement. What is more, we show that continuity in pursuits was more common in places with more extensive repressions and a larger ‘stock’ of pre-Revolutionary middle classes. We propose that in-group social bonding and permissive political opportunities facilitated social adaptation. Our findings contribute to conflict and social resilience literature.

PRODUÇÃO, EDITORAÇÃO E IMPRESSÃO DE LIVROS DE LEITURA E GRAMÁTICAS PRIMÁRIAS NO PARÁ (1822 a 1922)

In this paper will be discussed the production, edition and printing of reading books and elementary grammars from the state of Pará in the period from 1822 to 1920. For this, it seeks to understand the editing and printing books process in Pará in the first. mid-19th century, as well as to understand how the reading books and elementary grammars production in Pará took place in the same period, this work will verify the Pará intellectuals’ importance to the history of education in Pará and Brazil and it will analyze a primary grammar, placing it in the context of the Portuguese language grammatization in Brazil. The work was developed through bibliographical and documentary research. The theoretical orientation is based on the Duarte (2018; 2021), Moreira (1979), Auroux (2014) and Orlandi (2001; 2008) studies. In the second half of the 19th century, Pará was placed in a privileged position in relation to the schoolbooks production, mainly works in the reading book and grammar genres.

Kiszámítható jövő

The calculable futureCan the future be calculated? I would like to point out that, from a practical point of view, it is simply counterfactual to give a categorically negative answer to the question. Common sense and science work in the context of calculations. The concept of causality and temporality requires a distinction between events; it assumes uninterrupted continuity and a fixed sequence of elements appearing in the continuity. I argue that in this process, there are privileged positions in terms of calculations: the present in the case of time and the cause within the causal relation.

Decolonising Translated Bibles: The Tragic Erasure of the Vhavenḓa’s Concepts of God through the 1936 and 1998 Tshivenḓa Bible Translations

The Bible translated into South Africa’s indigenous languages has a colonial history. For the Vhavenḓa people, the 1936 and 1998 Bible translations are revered as icons that hold a privileged position. However, this paper argues that these two translations should be seen as colonial language tools that do not serve the culture of the Vhavenḓa people. Instead, they can be viewed as weapons against them. These translations distorted the Tshivenḓa language by imposing distorted and foreign concepts of God, thereby rendering the Vhavenḓa people to have been without knowledge of God.

The Role of the Islamic Cooperation Organization's Charter in Promoting the Culture of Human Rights

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is a collective voice of the Muslim world in the modern era. It seeks to put together the efforts of Muslims, their capabilities and resources to achieve the advancement and development as well as to find a privileged position for its member States in the international arena. The organization is keen to promote and disseminate a culture of human rights amongst its Member States. &#x0D; In this research, common aspects between the Charter of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the International and Regional Charters of human rights are reviewed. The articles in the charter of the Organization where concern is shown to spread a culture of peace and security at all levels as well as promotion of values like justice, equality, the right to self-determination, acquisition of knowledge, protection of environment, more empowered women and the like. The rights stated in the international and regional human rights charters are almost the same. &#x0D; The research focuses the need to ensure sustainable co-existence and harmony through reviewing national constitutions and parameters for joint work with better regional and international cooperation through conventions like the Charter of OIC and its implementation through parliamentary,national and municipal committees.

Trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls as Versatile Synthons in Synthesis of Heterocycles.

Trifluoromethyl group relishes a privileged position in the realm of medicinal chemistry because its incorporation into organic molecules often enhances the bioactivity by altering pharmacological profile of molecule. Trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls have emerged as pivotal building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry due to their facile accessibility, stability and remarkable versatility. Owing to presence of nucleophilic and electrophilic sites, they offer multifunctional sites for the reaction. This review covers a meticulous exploration of their multifaceted role, encompassing an in-depth analysis of mechanism, extensive scope, limitations and wide-ranging applications in diverse organic synthesis, covering the literature from the 21st century. This comprehensive review encapsulates the applications of trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls and their synthetic equivalents as precursors of complex and diverse heterocyclic scaffolds, fused heterocycles and spirocyclic compounds having medicinal and material importance. Their potent synthetic utility in cyclocondensation reactions with binucleophiles, cycloaddition reactions, C-C bond formations, asymmetric multicomponent reactions using classical/solvent-free/catalytic synthesis have been presented. Influence of unsymmetrical trifluoromethyl-β-diketones on regioselectivity of transformation is also reviewed. This review will benefit the synthetic and pharmaceutical communities to explore trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls as trifluoromethyl building blocks for fabrication of heterocyclic scaffolds having implementation into drug discovery programs in the imminent future.