Border Position Research Articles

The First Rome context of Filifei’s epistle: Orthodoxy and catholicism in Russia in 15th – 16th сenturies

The article is a trial of reconstructing one of the most important components of the culturalhistorical landscape of Russia at the 15–16th centuries, which is of paramount importance for understanding the essence of the ideas of monk of the Pskov Eleazar monastery Filofei, the author of the theory «Moscow as the Third Rome». According to the conventional opinion, relations between Russia and the West after the Ferraro-Florentine Council became irreconcilably hostile, and the perception of Catholicism, the «First Rome», was unequivocally negative. If cultural contacts persisted, it was only in spite of confessional differences. However, the situation of the late XV – early XVI centuries demonstrates a more flexible and pragmatic attitude of the Russian intellectual and political elite: society and the church remained faithful to Orthodox teaching, not inferior in dogmatic and canonical issues — such as filioque, communion with unleavened bread or the ecclesiastical supremacy of the pope, but were quite ready to assimilate Western experience. Even such prominent representatives of the church hierarchy as Avraamiy of Suzdal, Gennady of Novgorod and Metropolitan Makarius recognized that something could be learned from Catholics. Against this background, the position of Filofei, who considered everything emanating from the Western church to be the machinations of the devil, seems much more categorical and intolerant. According to the author of the article, this difference in the perception of the «First Rome» is one of the reasons for the weak interest of the Pskov elder’s contemporaries in the idea of the Third Rome. He sees the explanation of such a position of Filofei, on the one hand, in the specifics of the border position of Pskov, which is why the degree of hostility to the West was clearly higher here, and on the other hand, in the fact that the theory of the monk of the Eleazar Monastery was exclusively theological and had nothing to do with foreign policy, the structure of the Russian state or the perception of Western culture.

Влияние фактора приграничного положения на экономические системы российских регионов.

Border territories were considered both as front lines and as a resource for economic development in different historical periods. The studied regions of the Northwestern Federal District adopt these roles too. The purpose of the research is to consider the transformations of the border strip, to assess the normative sources that contribute to or limit the development of border regional economic systems, to analyze economic parameters and identify the patterns of this development. The scientific novelty is associated with the development of a comprehensive methodology, including the economic and legal assessment of the influence of the border location factor on the development indicators of the territory. The application of this technique allows substantiating the assumption that the nature of functioning and economic parameters may be related to the legal aspects of regulating the border position of Russian regions to a greater or lesser extent. The authors come to the conclusion that in the current geopolitical environment it becomes obvious that the legal and economic conditions will be significantly transformed. The degree of involvement in cross-border interactions for some sections of the borders will decrease, and vice versa new areas of international economic activity will appear, with corresponding structural shifts, which will become a vector for continuing the research. The study substantiates that the processes of economic interactions must be assessed both in economic and legal dimensions. It is shown that the border location factor has an ambiguous and multidirectional influence. At the same time, the impact of the factor is transformed along with the geopolitical, economic and legal environment. Legal prerequisites for different territories are formed individually, manually and are associated with specific situations and the nature of international interactions. A significant part of the restrictions on doing business in the border areas, which were considered in the article, is related to the peculiarities of their legal regime. Consequently, the factor of the border position from the point of view of economic and legal regulation can intensify both risks and opportunities for development.

A River Channel Extraction Method Based on a Digital Elevation Model Retrieved from Satellite Imagery

The river border positioning is an important part of river surveys, which is crucial for water conservation project development, water resource use, water disasters, river regime monitoring, and many other applications related to water resources. Currently, satellite images or field measurements are used to extract river channels. However, satellite images are insufficiently precise, and field measurement requires significant manpower and cost. In this paper, a new method for river channel extraction is proposed, which is based on the combination of Jenks natural breaks classification method and digital elevation model (DEM), and then the river channel range is complemented by using the water range monitored by GF-1(Gaofen-1 satellite) in flood season. The overall precision is greater than 85%, and the Kappa values achieve moderate stability (0.41–0.60). Using this method, the extraction of river range is practicable and achievable, and the higher the DEM resolution, the better the extraction result.

REGIONAL ASPECTS OF CREATION COMPLEX ROUTES ECOLOGICAL TOURISM ON THE TERRITORY OF NORTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION

To consider the possibility of developing ecological tourism in the districts of the North Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, based on the conducted sociological research and the available natural and recreational potential. The analysis of the conducted sociological survey is given, using methods of statistical and mathematical processing. Visualization of the presented materials was carried out by means of mapping. The study and analysis of the data obtained allowed us to reveal the natural and recreational potential of the studied areas and determine the degree of their demand as objects for tourism development. The results of the sociological survey determined the possibility and necessity of the development of regional ecological tourism, the uniqueness of local natural and recreational facilities by respondents. A cartographic material has been prepared that clearly reflects the opportunities, problems and prospects for the development of the tourism industry in the region. The natural and recreational potential of the territory of the North Kazakhstan region is certainly of interest. Natural and recreational facilities that are potential for the development of the tourism industry in the North Kazakhstan region have been identified on the territory of the studied areas. The border position of the North Kazakhstan region makes it possible for tourists from Russia to visit it. The results of the sociological survey allow us to conclude that the study of the native land has a positive effect on the patriotic education of the younger generation, and is also one of the factors in the development of eco-tourism.

Миграционные процессы в Республике Дагестан в контексте региональной безопасности

The article analyzes the current migration processes in the Republic of Dagestan, which has a border position and mountainous areas, labor surplus and multinational population. The author identifies a number of factors influencing these processes. Migration plays an important role in the formation of the population of the Republic of Dagestan. The migration outflow of the population, due to the difficult economic and political situation in the republic is likely to continue since the reasons for it are of a long-term nature. The problem of stabilization of the resident rural population of the Republic of Dagestan is an important problem of intra-republican migration. This problem arise as part of the development of urbanization processes against the background of the underdevelopment of the social and industrial infrastructure of rural settlements. Strengthening the process of urbanization can lead to an increase in the imbalance in the territorial distribution of the population.

Police in the Western Remote Parts of the Empire: the Structure, Functions and Personnel of the Vilna City Police Department at the Beginning of the 20th Century

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Vilna City Police Department had a police density higher than the average in most cities of the same size in the German or British Empires. However, taking into account the multi-ethnicity of the population, the border position of the city and its accelerated socio-economic development, the police staff was not excessively significant. The existing police staff proved to be incapable of resisting alone the mass political riots in 1905. On the initiative of both the government and local authorities, the quality of police control over crime was improved. Most of the police were recruited from the local residents, with Catholics dominating among the lower ranks of the police, despite the attempts of the authorities to change that. The structure of the city police department was similar to that of the central provinces of the empire.

Статус пограничных компонентов антропонимической формулы в памятниках деловой письменности Приенисейской Сибири XVII в.

The aim of the study is to determine the status of the structural components occupying a border position in the anthroponymic formula. The scientific novelty of the work lies in clarifying the controversial notions of “anthroponymic formula” and “anthroponymic model”, determining the functions of the structural components of naming a person, developing principles for distinguishing between means of nomination and identification of a person. As a result, it has been proved that the same lexemes can perform different functions - characterizing or classifying ones, which determines their status: in preposition, they are appellatives-identifiers; in postposition, they are anthroponyms that close the anthroponymic model.

Lines of Power: The Eighteenth-Century Struggle Over the Norwegian–Swedish Border in Central Scandinavia

ABSTRACT The final position of the Norwegian–Swedish border was determined in 1751, after challenging negotiations. This paper focuses on central parts of Scandinavia and investigates the role of cartography in the border positioning process. The examination of a wide variety of historical maps before and after the border treaty provides insight into the differing opinions on the border region's shifting affiliation. Other factors that helped to shape the borderline were a turbulent political situation with shifting sovereignty over the area in question, as well as conflicts over valuable resources. The findings indicate that cartographic evidence had an important role in the position of the Norwegian–Swedish border in central Scandinavia. The paper adds to our understanding of maps as a political tool as well as of the role of resources in border processes, and provides new knowledge on how cartography influenced a national border between two countries fighting for land, resources and hegemony.

Mid to late Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in the southern forest border of Western Siberia inferred from pollen data

Lacustrine-peat sediments from the Oskino-09 borehole in Western Siberia, which span the last 7.5 cal ka BP, were sampled for pollen and plant macro-remains to better understand regional climatic changes and the position of the forest-steppe border. Analysis of palynological assemblages indicate that meadow-steppe landscapes occupied the largest area in the middle of the Holocene (7.5–4.7 cal ka BP) due to reduced effective moisture during a warm climate interval. A subsequent gradual decrease in temperatures and evaporation led to an increase in effective moisture and emergence of birch groves during 4.7–2.0 cal ka BP, with short interruptions at ca. 3.3 and 2.5 cal ka BP. The expansion of pine forests and the advance of taiga to the south were recorded at ca. 2.0 cal ka BP. There is little evidence for significant human impact on forest-steppe belt evolution, and specifically evidence for anthropogenic deforestation on the southern border of the taiga is lacking. Human activities did not start to impact forests until the emergence of semi-nomadic cattle breeding in the Iron Age. A methodological finding of this paper is that we show that the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA) is not always reliable and often overestimates forested areas. • Forests area is overestimated by quantifying landscape assessment in forest-steppe. • Largest meadow-steppe areas were due to reduced effective moisture ca 7.5–4.7 ka BP. • Intensive spread of coniferous in Western Siberian forest-steppe ca 2.0 ka BP. • Human impact on the landscape of Western Siberian forest-steppe was not significant.

ИНСТИТУТ ВОЕННОГО ГУБЕРНАТОРСТВА В УПРАВЛЕНИИ ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИЕЙ В КОНЦЕ XVIII — ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX В.

At the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century, the Orenburg province was a vast frontier region in the southeast of the Russian Empire. The border position on the border with the Kazakh steppe, the presence of a defensive line on which irregular troops served, the motley ethno-confessional composition of the population were the differences between this territory and the “internal provinces”. The specifics of the Orenburg province led to the formation of a special regional administration. Its center was the institution of military governorship, which had the features of a special administration. The status of the military governor, as a “chief of the province”, was determined by the law of appointment; the possibility of direct appeal to the emperor; principles of selection for the position; powers for military border management, management of the Separate Orenburg Corps, management of the civilian part of the province. He had the right of administrative initiative, control and supervisory functions in relation to provincial institutions. The government showed interest in the stable functioning of the institute of military governorship. This was reflected in the expansion of the staff of the office, the adaptation of its structure to the functions performed, and the increase in the employees’ salaries. Officials on special assignments were among the most trusted persons of the military governor. They took a real part in the administration of the region. The regional model of governance of the Orenburg province at the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century solved the problems it faced. It ensured stability and unity of government in the vast border region.

Ранжирование приграничных регионов Российской Федерации

The article considers the specifics of border regions since these territories require attention not only in the framework of regional but also foreign economic policy. Existing inter-regional inequality results in the fact that the border regions of the Russian Federation differ significantly in terms of both the level of economic development and the degree of impact on regional economies. The article presents the author’s methodology for assessing the index of the border position of the regions of the Russian Federation and ranking the areas by their border position. The basis of the methodology is the works of Russian and foreign researchers on the regional economy, economicstatistical methods, geoinformation, and cartographic methods. The author has ranked the regions according to the obtained assessments. The analysis shows the need to form a conceptual approach to the study of border regions, considering them from the perspective of mutual conditionality of the border region of a given country, the shared state border, and the possibilities of cross-border interaction, based on the features of economic development of the border region of the neighboring state. The study results can be used to improve the general approaches to implementing regional policy concerning the border regions of the Russian Federation. The proposed methodology will increase the efficiency of econometric estimates for studying various relationships and factors describing the economies of border regions.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В КОНТЕКСТІ РЕГІОНАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ЛЬВІВЩИНИ)

The article presents the economic essence of the term "entrepreneurship", highlights the basic classification of enterprises by structure, which allows to assess the flexibility and maneuverability of firms in relation to socio-economic processes in society. A number of general objective and subjective factors of business environment development on the example of Lviv region are highlighted, among which are the following: geographical border position of the region, numerous technological innovations, traditions of entrepreneurship, legislative aspect. A structural and dynamic analysis of the number of enterprises in the Lviv region with a division into large, medium and small enterprises during 2018-2020. It is proved that on the basis of the carried out analysis it is possible to trace dynamics of development of business of this region. The study considers the performance of enterprises by cities of regional importance and districts of Lviv region in 2020. The number of enterprises, the number of employees, wages and sales of products in terms of the studied region were analyzed. The amount of revenues to the local budgets of the Lviv region of income taxes, income taxes and taxes to increase the market value, which in turn affect the development of the analyzed region. It is noted that in recent years in the local budgets of Lviv region there is a constant and rapid increase in revenues from the above taxes. It is noted that Lviv region has made a significant step forward in implementing new approaches to the development of the region, which are based primarily on the use of its competitive advantages in the region. The document which defines tendencies and the basic problems of social and economic development of area, strategic and operational purposes, priorities of development of region for the corresponding period is resulted. The results of the study can be implemented in the activities of enterprises of various forms of ownership and government agencies in terms of implementing measures to create a favorable environment for business development.

К проблемам формирования активного лексического фонда современного русского литературного языка на основе диалектных средств национального языка

We consider the problem of development an active lexical fund of the modern Russian literary language, an important source of which is considered to be folk patois. We describe the trends that determine the qualitative and quantitative changes in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language, affecting the nature of the lexical-semantic system of the national language. The synchronous-diachronic approach to the analysis of specific lexical units, for example, the words girl and grandfather, which are high-frequency and relevant for the modern Russian literary language, makes it possible to clarify the direction of semantic and stylistic transformations of lexemes, which contributes to clarifying their genesis and ways of penetration into the standard codified language. Northern Russian patois, including Kostroma patois, are considered as one of the linguistic phenomena that influenced the formation of a standardized literary language. In this context, special attention is paid to the works of writers of the late 18th – mid-19th century (A.O. Ablesimov, A.N. Ostrovsky, N.A. Nekrasov, etc.), associated with the Kostroma Region, and their works are analyzed in as significant sources for studying the regional word, as well as the history of its entry into the literary language. Part of the dialect vocabulary that appears in the author’s texts is currently fully adapted to the literary language, the other part, distinguished by a special colloquial affectation or structural-semantic and functional-textual properties, still occupies a border position between the center of the national language and its periphery. We analyze the commonly used lexemes of the modern Russian literary language in the totality of their structural-semantic and functional-stylistic properties that appeared in it due to the regrouping processes that took place in various areas of the national Russian language in a historical perspective from the 17th century to the 21st century.

The role of international academic mobility in strengthening the efficiency of “soft power” policy of modern Russia

The authors of the article address the problem of practical implementation of “soft power” in modern Russian foreign policy. The aim of the research was to understand the role of academic mobility in the development of a positive image of Russia in the world. In this regard, the authors emphasize the inexpediency of understanding science and education as a means of propaganda and ideological response to foreign opponents. Academic mobility is one of the effective channels that allows not only to share the results of research and educational activities, but also, through interpersonal communication in professional communities, to destroy the existing negative stereotypes about Russia. The article provides experience of DAAD as one of the best practices in organizing academic exchanges, and emphasizes the possibility of adapting this experience for Russia. Opposing the statement of J. Nay, German experience has shown the effectiveness of active participation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in supporting international cooperation in education and research. Taking into account the diversity of regions in the Russian Federation, the authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to enhance cross-border cooperation with neighboring regions following the policy of “soft power”. As an example, the authors present the experience of North Caucasus Federal University in cooperation with scientific and educational institutions of the South Caucasus. The border position of the North Caucasus region, common historical past of the peoples and common Caucasian identity make NCFU an effective tool for strengthening Russia’s influence in the region, which traditionally becomes an arena of international rivalry. The article also presents the experience of implementing joint projects with European partners, analyzes current trends in the development of European Higher Education Area, and shows the role of academic mobility in the formation of a sustainable, cohesive and peaceful Europe. In this regard, the authors conclude that universities make a significant contribution to the formation of a positive image of Russia as a country with ethnic, cultural, historical, religious and geographical diversity.

The Language Situation among the Italian Community of Koper (Slovenia): Field Study Data

This paper discusses the current language situation among the Italian minority in Slovenian Primorje in Koper. During the fi eld research conducted by the authors’ team, narratives in Italian were recorded from informants. Using discursive and structural-typological methods of analysis, the authors reveal that the linguistic reality of modern Koper is perceived as constantly changing, and the Italian spontaneous speech of respondents is intertwined with borrowings from the surrounding South Slavic languages. The modern language situation is the result of historical changes in the Istria region during the twentieth century. In addition to insertions and quotations in Slovenian, items from the Croatian language are found, refl ecting the linguistic situation of the Yugoslav period and the border position of the Slovenian Primorje. Special attention is paid to analysis of the language competence of Italians in the Slovenian language, among representatives of both the older and younger generations of students. In the Slovene language of Italians, a number of features peculiar to Slavic dialects in Italy are found, which allows us to discuss the same linguistic factors. It is possible to reconstruct the language competence of older people only partially on the basis of indirect evidence. There is a discrepancy between the rights guaranteed under the law (the use of the Italian language) and the linguistic reality faced by informants, which may be the result of both a decline in the prestige of Italian and of the small number of the Italian diaspora, part of which is subject to language assimilation, including as a result of mixed marriages. The paper also discusses the role of the media and the linguistic landscape in the region.

Formation and Features of the Image of a Pskovite: the Experience of Historical and Imagological Research

The article is devoted to the characterization of the image of a resident of the Pskov borderland, which was formed over the centuries under the influence of internal and external factors. “Image” is interpreted as a combination of rational judgments and irrational reflection of ideas, feelings, assessments, associations, etc., related to the perception of the population of the Pskov borderland. Traditionally, the specificity of the image of a Pskovite is revealed through the prism of the interdisciplinary concept of “the Pskov character”. The factors that determine the image of a Pskovite are analyzed: the geographical and geopolitical position of the Pskov region, the ethnic characteristics of the population and its economic activities, the organization of power during the Veche Republic, the history of the region, and the peculiarities of its spiritual culture. On the basis of a wide range of sources (birch bark manuscripts, chronicles, notes of foreigners, phrasebooks, materials of folklore and ethnographic expeditions, historical literature), a stable core of the stereotypical image of a Pskovite is revealed. The main characteristics of the image of a resident of the Pskov borderland are religiosity, love of freedom, modesty, humility, conservatism, collectivism, self-esteem, courage, patriotism, determination in defending their interests. The authors conclude that the formation and development of “the Pskov character” is largely determined by the border position of the region in political and ethno-cultural terms.

PROSPECTS FOR THE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TYVA

The article discusses the processes of improving the regional policy of Russia from the policy of equalizing the parameters of socio-economic processes of the regions to the policy of stimulating the implementation of competitive advantages of the regions. The territorial heterogeneity of the Republic of Tyva as an object of regulation is investigated. It is determined that the current division of the territory of the republic into four zones: Central, Western, Eastern and Southern, which differ in terms of output and parameters of social development, remains relevant and determines the differentiation of measures for regulating socio-economic processes. It is concluded that in the conditions of improving regional policy in the republic, it is necessary to develop and implement a conceptual document: a concept, strategy or action plan for regulating territorial development, which allows linking goals and resources, which is strategically important due to the border position of the region. In Tyva, it is necessary to form a purposeful policy of regulating territorial development. The purpose of the territorial policy is proposed to be defined as equalizing the access of residents of the republic to social services, the development of border territories to prevent the outflow of population through the adoption of a set of measures, including the activation of natural resource potential.

Systematization of scientific approaches to development of border cooperation and management practice of their application: innovative aspect

The most important factor in ensuring the well-being and prosperity of the region is its potential for integration into national and international production and economic systems, which are additional sources of necessary resources for development. In this sense, the border regions of the countries have a unique resource the ability to directly enter the foreign market, but they use this resource in different ways. The efficient use of the potential of the border position makes an additional contribution to the territorial capital. It is now recognized that boundaries do not so much hinder communication and the formation of relationships, but also direct them in a positive direction and predetermine. In this regard, the authors set themselves the goal of systematizing and revealing the practical application of scientifically based approaches to the development of cross-border cooperation. The authors came to the conclusion that, from a practical point of view, for the development of cross- border cooperation, it is currently advisable to use the institutional, cluster and spatial approaches, which allows a comprehensive approach to the development of triggering mechanisms for bilateral processes. The need to supplement the existing theoretical and methodological apparatus with the theory of cooperation between competitors (B. Neilbuff, A. Brandenburger) is noted, which will allow to define and systematize the "fine" criteria that govern the subjects of foreign economic activity, to better understand the balance of interests. To this end, it was proposed to monitor the currently used cooperation mechanisms based on the PVP approach of limology, to assess the relevance of existing mechanisms and identify gaps in measures to support cross-border cooperation on the basis of the methodological approaches of a randomized controlled trial.

Economy of Russian Regions in the Pandemic: Are Resilience Factors At Work?

—The differentiation of Russian regions by the dynamics of their socioeconomic development in 2020, despite a reason atypical for modern economic crises, corresponded to the prevailing ideas about the factors of the resilience of regions. The degree of diversification of the regional economies and level of their innovative potential were of key importance. As a result, the largest cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg) found themselves in a relatively favorable position, where restrictions in certain types of activity were compensated by an increase in demand for a number of complex services (in the IT sphere, etc.) and the accelerated introduction of online activity formats and working remotely. Specialization of regional economies also mattered: the maximum, typical for crises, was the decline in the auto industry; the overall decline in the global economy hit regions with large-scale mining of fuel and energy resources hard. The traditional factor of regional development also turned out to be significant in 2020: the capacity of sales markets that contributed to the growth of production in major cities and regions working on their markets and that slowed the development of manufacturing industries in the Far East. The border position of regions had no clear impact on the dynamics of their development. It has been suggested that the state anticrisis policy made it possible to slow the decline in problem sectors, while growth in the production of goods and services in demanded types of activity was associated with the objective advantages of territories.

Positional relationship between the lateral border of Denonvilliers' fascia and pelvic plexus.

Denonvilliers' fascia is an important landmark of the dissection layer during prostate or rectal surgeries. However, there are few reports on its lateral extension. This anatomical study aimed to define the lateral border of Denonvilliers' fascia and use it as an anatomical landmark to identify the origin and distribution of the nerve branches of the pelvic plexus. We investigated the lateral extent and position of the lateral border of Denonvilliers' fascia through macroscopic examination of 12 pelvic halves from eight cadavers and histological examination of two cadavers. The Denonvilliers' fascia extended laterally to be attached to the pelvic plexus on the lateral border. The origins of nerve branches from the pelvic plexus to the pelvic organs, except the rectum, were located anterior or anterosuperior to the lateral border of Denonvilliers' fascia. The origins of nerve branches to the prostate were mainly anterior to the lateral border of Denonvilliers' fascia; however, in 3/12 pelvic halves, the nerve branches originated in the region posteroinferior to the lateral border of Denonvilliers' fascia. The attachment point of Denonvilliers' fascia to the prostate was more superior in these three pelvic halves (distance from the top point of the posterior surface of the prostate to the attachment point, 5.6 ± 1.9mm) than that in the other nine pelvic halves (10.1 ± 3.6mm). The lateral border of Denonvilliers' fascia is closely related to the pelvic plexus, suggesting its usefulness as an anatomical landmark to identify the origin of nerve branches from the pelvic plexus.