Line Positions Research Articles

Influence of particle crushing on the critical state line of rockfill materials

The mechanical behaviour of rockfill materials is strongly affected by particle breakage, which causes a continuous variation of the grain size distribution (GSD) until a stationary condition. Although the evolution of grain crushing caused among others by the initial grading, the relative density and stress level has been extensively studied, the relationship describing the influence of the current GSD on other soil properties such as the critical state line is not uniquely defined. In this study, a series of triaxial compression tests with various stress paths under monotonic loading were performed on a rockfill to examine the effect of particle breakage on the position of the critical state lines (CSLs) in the compression plane. Specimens were prepared with the same initial grading and relative density to investigate the evolution of the GSD as a result of grain breakage determined by different stress paths applied in a large triaxial apparatus. In addition, a recently proposed simplified procedure is employed to capture the evolution of the CSLs of the tested crushable rockfill as a function of a breakage parameter related to the breakage index Bg. Experimental results obtained for the tested rockfill demonstrate that the abovementioned procedure is capable to predict the position of the CSL linked to the GSD reached at the end of the triaxial test, also when the critical state condition, defined as the ultimate condition in which shearing could continue indefinitely without changes in volume or effective stresses, is not reached.

Influence of rotary axis angular positioning error motions on robotic probing

The accuracy of touch-trigger probing by a six-axis robotic manipulator is determined by the accuracy of the robot forward kinematic model to estimate the stylus sphere position from angular positions of rotary axes. Many conventional studies have employed the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) model, containing position and orientation errors of the rotary axis average lines as error sources. This paper proposes the application of a new kinematic model, containing the angular positioning deviations of all the rotary axes, to the robotic probing. The probing accuracy is experimentally investigated in profile probing of a straightedge over the robot's workspace.

Prediction of a two-dimensional high Curie temperature Weyl nodal line kagome semimetal.

Kagome lattices may have numerous exotic physical properties, such as stable ferromagnetism and topological states. Herein, combining the particle swarm structure search method with first-principles calculations, we identify a two-dimensional (2D) kagome Mo2Se3 crystal structure with space group P6/mmm. The results show that 2D kagome Mo2Se3 is a 100% spin-polarized topological nodal line semimetal and exhibits excellent ambient stability. The band crossing points form two nodal loops around the high-symmetry points Γ and K. On the other hand, Mo2Se3 shows intrinsic ferromagnetism with a large magnetic moment of 3.05 μB per Mo atom and magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of 4.78 meV. Monte Carlo simulations estimate that Mo2Se3 possesses a high Curie temperature of about 673 K. In addition, its ferromagnetic ground state can be well preserved under external strain, and the MAE can be improved by increasing the strain. More importantly, the position of each nodal line can be adjusted to the Fermi level through hole doping. This multifunctional 2D magnetic material that combines spin and topology has great potential in the field of nanoscale spintronic devices.

Numerical calculation of seepage field and stability analysis of dam body of closed tailings pond

Abstract In this study, taking a certain iron ore tailings pond as the research object, a closed pond engineering design was conducted to ensure its sustained and stable operation. Firstly, installation of a flood drainage system (spillway) and closure of the existing overflow tower and drainage pipe are suggested. Secondly, numerical analysis is conducted on the seepage field of the dam body to determine the position of the saturation line of the dam body under normal water storage level and design flood level. Subsequently, the stability of the dam body under various working conditions is assessed using the limit equilibrium method.

Photofragmentation and fragment analysis; Coriolis interactions in excited states of CH3.

Methyl radicals in their ground state (CH3(X)) were created and excited by two- and one- color excitation schemes for CH3Br and CH3I, respectively, to record (2+1) REMPI spectra of CH3 for resonant transitions to the Rydberg states CH3**(npz2A2); n = 3, 4. Various new and previously observed vibrational bands were identified and analyzed to gain energetic information for the Rydberg states. Particular emphasis was placed on analysis of the rotational structured spectra centered at 70 648 and 60 700 cm-1, due to transitions from to and for both Rydberg states, respectively. Vibrationally forbidden transitions between the and states, gain transition probabilities as a result of mixing of the ν2 and ν4 vibrational states due to Coriolis coupling between the two vibrational modes (intensity borrowing effect). As a result, the spectra are dramatically affected, both regarding line intensities and positions. This is the first direct evidence of a Coriolis interaction between two vibrational modes in Rydberg states of CH3 (and in XH3 molecules) based on simultaneous observation of spectra due to transitions to both interacting states. The analyses reveal close similarities between the Rydberg states and the ground state cation in terms of energy properties as well as the Coriolis interaction, as evident from comparison with recent work in relation to observation of CH3+(X) in space (O. Berné et al., Nature, 2023, 621, 56-59). The effect of Coriolis interactions on predissociation of the Rydberg states/hence fragment products is discussed.

Comparison of pressure-based flame describing functions measured in an annular combustor under self-sustained oscillations and in an externally modulated linear combustor

One important aspect in the analysis of combustion instabilities in multiple-injector annular systems is that of representing such oscillations with a linear array of injectors. This issue is considered in the present work by comparing flame dynamics in a self-sustained oscillations situation in the annular configuration MICCA-Spray, with experiments carried out in TACC-Spray, a rectangular combustor equipped with five injectors externally modulated by driver units. In the annular system, the coupling mode is azimuthal, and in the linear array, the flames are submitted to a transverse acoustic field. An original method is used to change the limit-cycle pressure oscillations amplitude in the annular system and favor a standing mode with a well-defined nodal line position. It consists in using different arrangements of two types of injectors, leading to various azimuthal staging patterns. The range of pressure oscillation amplitudes is swept in TACC-Spray by changing the external acoustic forcing level. It is thus possible to compare the flame dynamics in forced and self-sustained situations using these two experimental facilities. This is done by examining flame describing functions (FDFs) based on downstream pressure fluctuations measured in the two configurations for different pressure oscillation amplitudes. The trends observed in the two systems are in good agreement, and there is a reasonably good match between the values of the gains and phases determined in the two configurations. The pressure-based FDFs are determined for flames located at different positions with respect to the acoustic mode. It is found that the transverse or azimuthal velocity component has only a weak influence on the pressure-based FDF, the strongest impact being observed in the neighborhood of the velocity antinode. This study demonstrates the ability of a linear-array setup modulated by a transverse mode to reproduce conditions of azimuthal coupling leading to self-sustained limit cycles in an annular combustor.

Предельно-упругий изгиб n-слойного физически-нелинейного бетонного стержня

В данной работе рассматривается задача изгиба многослойного стержня поперечными нагрузками при наличии зон упругого и нелинейно-неупругого деформирования, получены соотношения для определения границы раздела упругой и нелинейно-неупругой областей деформирования стержня. Полученные численные расчеты для случаев совпадения и не совпадения нейтральной линиии с осью стержня. Приведены чиссленные расчеты предельных нагрузок: первой (деформация достигает значения предельной неупругой) и второй (деформация достигает значения деформации предразрушения). This paper considers the problem of bending a multilayer rod under transverse loads in the presence of zones of elastic and nonlinear-inelastic deformation, and relations are obtained to determine the interface between the elastic and nonlinear-inelastic deformation regions of the rod. The resulting numerical calculations for cases of coincidence and non-coincidence of the neutral line with the axis of the rod. Numerical calculations of the limiting loads are presented: the first (the deformation reaches the limiting inelastic value) and the second (the deformation reaches the value of the pre-fracture strain).

The Empty Ischial Fossa Sign: A Visual Representation of Relative Inadequate Anteversion in the Posteriorly Tilted Pelvis

BackgroundInstability is a known complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and is influenced by spinopelvic alignment. Radiographic markers have been investigated to optimize the acetabular cup position. This study evaluated if the empty ischial fossa (EIF) sign and the position of the trans-teardrop line were predictive of postoperative instability. MethodsAll patients who underwent THA from 2011 to 2018 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Pelvic tilt was measured using a trans-teardrop line compared to the superior aspect of the pubic symphysis on standing anteroposterior pelvis radiographs. Postoperative dislocations were identified through chart review and radiographic review. The EIF sign was determined by the presence of uncovered bone below the posterior inferior edge of the acetabular component at the level of the native ischium and posterior wall on standing postoperative anteroposterior radiographs. ResultsOne thousand seven hundred fifty patients (952 anterior approach and 798 posterior approach) were included. The EIF sign was present in 458 patients (26.2%) and associated with an increased dislocation rate (3.9% vs 0.9%, P < .0001). Patients with spondylosis/instrumented fusion, and positive EIF sign had a dislocation risk of 5.1% vs 1.3% (P = .001). A postoperative outlet pelvis was not significant for increased dislocation risk (odds ratio 2.16, P = .058). Patients with combined spondylosis/fusion, posterior approach, outlet pelvis, and EIF sign had a dislocation rate of 14.5%. ConclusionsThe EIF sign was an independent risk factor for postoperative instability and may represent failure to account for pelvic tilt. Avoidance of the EIF sign during cup positioning may help reduce dislocations following THA.

On-machine measurement method of hole parallelism error based on multi-sensor fusion

The hole parallelism error (HPE) is one of the key quality parameters for mechanical parts. However, HPE can usually be out-of-tolerance due to the coupling effect of residual stress, cutting stress, and geometric structure during its machining process. Thus, on-machine measurement and timely adjustment are important guarantees for HPE. This paper proposes an on-machine measurement method of HPE based on multi-sensor fusion that is low-cost, efficient, and suitable for mass production of parts. First, the axis of the cylindrical surface is directly extracted using five points according to the spatial line position relation. Then, the mathematical model of the HPE of two holes’ axes was established through the theory of spatial analytic geometry. The HPE is characterized using two parameters: parallelism magnitude and parallelism direction. Finally, the feasibility of the measurement method in principle and practical application is verified by simulation and experiment. The simulation tests show that the maximum value of the relative error of parallelism magnitude and parallelism direction is −1.38‱. The actual experiments show that the relative error of the measurement results compared with the coordinate measuring machine is 6.23%. None of the standard deviations exceeds the order of magnitude of 0.01 mm. The difference in measurement uncertainty is 0.0003 mm.

Об определении положения нейтральной линии вслучае предельно-упругого изгиба многослойных физически-нелинейных бетонных стержней

В данной работе рассматривается задача изгиба многослойного стержня поперечными нагрузками при наличии зон упругого и нелинейно-неупругого деформирования, получены соотношения для определения границы раздела упругой и нелинейно-неупругой областей деформирования стержня, а также получены численные расчеты для случаев совпадения и не совпадения нейтральной линии с осью стержня. Приведены численные расчеты предельных нагрузок: первой (деформация достигает значения предельной неупругой) и второй (деформация достигает значения деформации предразрушения). This paper considers the problem of bending a multilayer rod under transverse loads in the presence of zones of elastic and nonlinear-inelastic deformation, and relations are obtained to determine the interface between the elastic and nonlinear-inelastic deformation regions of the rod. The resulting numerical calculations for cases of coincidence and non-coincidence of the neutral line with the axis of the rod. Numerical calculations of the limiting loads are presented: the first (the deformation reaches the limiting inelastic value) and the second (the deformation reaches the value of the pre-fracture strain).

LED-based Fourier transform spectroscopy of 14N216O in the 9750-12050 cm−1 region

The five bands of the nitrous oxide molecule (ν1+4ν3,ν1+4ν20+3ν3, 3ν1+3ν3, ν1+5ν3 and 6ν1+2ν3) were studied in the 9750–12,050 cm−1 region using a Bruker IFS-125 M Fourier Transform Spectrometer. High brightness LEDs used as the light sources, which have provided a high signal-to-noise ratio and made it possible to record weak lines with intensities of the order of 1 × 10−26 cm/molecule at 296 K. Each spectrum was obtained by averaging over 33,120 scans. The line parameters (centers and intensities) were recovered from the observed spectra. The spectroscopic constants of the upper vibrational states together with the vibrational transition dipole moments were fitted to the measured line positions and intensities, respectively. It was found that the ν1+5ν3 band is in an interpolyad resonance anharmonic interaction with the 6ν1+2ν3 band.

ExoMol line lists – LII. Line lists for the methylidyne cation (CH+)

ABSTRACT Comprehensive and accurate rovibronic line lists for the X 1Σ+ and A 1Π states of 12C1H+ and 13C1H+ which should be applicable up to temperatures of 5000 K are presented. Available empirical potential energy curves and high-level ab initio dipole and transition dipole moment curves are used with the program level to compute rovibronic energy levels and Einstein A coefficients. Λ-doubling is incorporated into the energy levels and A-coefficients involving the A 1Π state using an empirical method. For 12C1H+, line positions are improved by using both laboratory and astronomical observational spectra as input to the MARVEL (Measured Active Rotational-Vibrational Energy Levels) procedure. The 12C1H+ line list contains 1505 states and 34 194 transitions over the frequency range of 0–33 010 cm−1 (λ &amp;gt; 300 nm). Comparisons with observed astronomical and laboratory spectra give very good agreement. The PYT CH+ line lists and partition functions are available from the ExoMol database at www.exomol.com.

Observation and quantitative analysis of dislocations in steel using electron channeling contrast imaging method with precise control of electron beam incident direction.

Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) was applied by precisely controlling the primary electron beam incident direction of the crystal plane in scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the dislocation contrast in steel materials was investigated in detail via SEM/ECCI. The dislocation contrast was observed near a channeling condition, where the incident electron beam direction of the crystal plane varied, and the backscattered electron intensity reached a local minimum. Comparing the dislocation contrasts in the visualized electron channeling contrast (ECC) images and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, the positions of all dislocation lines were coincident. During the SEM/ECCI observation, the dislocation contrast varied depending on the incident electron beam direction of the crystal plane and accelerating voltages, and optimal conditions existed. When the diffraction condition g and the Burgers vector b of dislocation satisfied the condition g⸱b = 0, the screw dislocation contrast in the ECC image disappeared. An edge dislocation line was wider than a screw dislocation line. Thus, the SEM/ECCI method can be used for dislocation characterization and the strain field evaluation around dislocation, like the TEM method. The depth information of SEM/ECCI, where the channeling condition is strictly satisfied, can be obtained from dislocation contrast deeper than 5ξg, typically used for depth of SEM/ECCI.

Opacities of S-type Stars: The Singlet B 1Π–X 1Σ+, B 1Π–A 1△, and C 1Σ+–X 1Σ+ Band Systems of ZrO

The ZrO B 1Π–X 1Σ+, B 1Π–A 1Δ, and C 1Σ+–X 1Σ+ band systems are important opacity sources in the near-infrared and optical spectra of S-type stars. A total of 21 rovibronic bands with v″ ≤ 7 and were observed and fit for the B 1Π–X 1Σ+ transition, five bands for the 90ZrO B 1Π–A 1Δ transition and one band for the 90ZrO C 1Σ+–X 1Σ+ transition. All band systems were analyzed using high-temperature, high-resolution emission spectra collected at the National Solar Observatory (Kitt Peak). A modern spectroscopic analysis was performed using the PGOPHER program to provide updated spectroscopic constants. In general, we improve the accuracy of the line positions reported in the literature and slightly extend the vibrational analysis. Equilibrium molecular constants were then derived and combined with new ab initio calculations of transition dipole moment functions to produce line lists with line strengths.

Simulation‐based analysis of weld line strength of glass fiber‐reinforced polymer in injection molding

AbstractThe injection molding market is expected to grow with the increasing demand from various industries, such as automotive and furniture. However, weld lines in the injection molded part reduce the structural strength and affects its appearance. This study evaluates the effect of the weld line on the structure by shifting the position of the weld line outside the area where the load is applied by manipulating the opening time of the injection gates. We examined the effect of weld lines on the strength of a chair through coupled resin flow and structural analyses. The analysis revealed that the position of the weld lines is crucial for structural strength if the knockdown factor (KDF) is low. Additionally, controlling the opening time of the gate and shifting the position of the weld line improved the structure's appearance, number of weld line and avoid the lower meeting angle. However, depending on the material, the effect may be weak. For example, when the weld line location did not change much despite changing the gate timing, little change was observed in the number of weld lines. Hence, the improvement strategy of weld line should be considered for material types and strength.Highlights Injection molding growth driven by automotive, packaging, furniture demand. Weld lines impact structural strength and appearance. Shifting weld line position outside load area improves the structural appearance and strength. Effects of shifting weld line position depended on the material types. Weld line position is crucial for low knockdown factor and affects strength.

ExoMol line lists – LIV. Empirical line lists for AlH and AlD and experimental emission spectroscopy of AlD in A1Π (v = 0, 1, 2)

ABSTRACT New ExoMol line lists AloHa for aluminium hydride (AlH and AlD) are presented improving the previous line lists WYLLoT. The revision is motivated by the recent experimental measurements and astrophysical findings involving the highly excited rotational states of AlH in its A 1Π − X 1Σ+ system. A new high-resolution emission spectrum of 10 bands from the A 1Π − X 1Σ+ system of AlD, in the region 17 300–32 000 cm−1 was recorded with a Fourier transform spectrometer, which probes the predissociative A 1Π v = 2 state. The AlD new line positions are combined with all available experimental data on AlH and AlD to construct a comprehensive set of empirical rovibronic energies of AlH and AlD covering the X 1Σ+ and A 1Π electronic states using the MARVEL approach. We then refine the spectroscopic model WYLLoT to our experimentally derived energies using the nuclear-motion code Duo and use this fit to produce improved line lists for 27AlH, 27AlD, and 26AlH with a better coverage of the rotationally excited states of A 1Π in the predissociative energy region. The lifetimes of the predissociative states are estimated and are included in the line list using the new ExoMol data structure, alongside the temperature-dependent continuum contribution to the photoabsorption spectra of AlH. The new line lists are shown to reproduce the experimental spectra of both AlH and AlD well, and to describe the AlH absorption in the recently reported Proxima Cen spectrum, including the strong predissociative line broadening. The line lists are included into the ExoMol data base www.exomol.com.

Author's Reply to Comment by Greaves et al. on “Phosphine in the Venusian Atmosphere: A Strict Upper Limit From SOFIA GREAT Observations”

AbstractIn an attempt to understand the findings presented in the Comment by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539), we followed their data analysis methodology, omitting the hot and cold‐load calibrations that are an important part of the standard SOFIA GREAT instrument calibration procedure. This process requires scaling of the Venus off‐source spectra by an arbitrary factor, which in turn introduces residuals of the intrinsic receiver bandpass shape as spurious components in the resulting line/continuum spectra. Although these additional artifacts can be reduced via Fourier‐domain spectral filtering, their removal depends on an ill‐constrained interpolation of the Venus continuum across the PH3 spectral line positions, resulting in an unreliable final spectrum. We therefore conclude that the PH3 lines claimed to be detected in the Comment by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539) originate from data/analysis artifacts, and confirm our original result that there is no evidence for phosphine in the SOFIA Venus data.

Experimental and first-principles investigation of structural, electronic, optical, elastic and ferroelectric properties of BaTiO[formula omitted

Structural, electronic, optical, elastic and ferroelectric properties of lead-free BaTiO3 perovskite has been investigated experimentally and theoretically by DFT + U calculations with U = 5 eV using Quantum ESPRESSO code. The ceramic sample was synthesized through solid-state reaction method and its detailed structural investigation done by combined Rietveld (JANA 2020), Pair Distribution Function (PDF) and Raman analysis. The calculated structural properties including the frequency position of Raman lines are found to be in good agreement with experimental results and the electronic study shows that the calculated band structure of tetragonal BaTiO3 at Γ point has an direct energy gap (Eg) about 3.43 eV. Optical parameters and also the elastic constants were computed and compared with the available experimental data. Spontaneous polarization of 0.34 C/m2 for tetragonal BaTiO3 was calculated using Berry phase calculation and it is comparable with the experimental value of 0.20 C/m2.

Numerical Simulation of Seepage Surface and Analysis of Phreatic Line Control from a Fine-Grained Tailings High Stacked Dam under Complicated Geography Conditions

Background: It is adverse for the safety of a tailings dam to use fine-grained tailings as the materials for a high tailings dam because of the low penetration coefficient, the slow consolidating velocity, and the bad physical mechanical property. Furthermore, with the influence of complicated geography conditions, the phreatic line will be increased enormously when encountering special conditions, which directly affect the safe operation of the tailings dam. Methods: In this study, based on the engineering, geological, and hydrogeological conditions and survey results of a tailings dam, a 210 m fine-grained tailings dam located in three gullies was selected and used to simulate the three-dimensional seepage field of a tailings dam under a steady saturated state by using the finite element software MIDAS GTS. The permeability coefficient was inverted, the seepage field of the project under different working conditions was simulated, and the position of the phreatic line was obtained. The controlled position of phreatic lines was determined by combining the seepage field with the stability requirements. Results: Back analysis could accurately reflect the actual permeability coefficient of each partition of tailings dams. Due to the multiple areas of seepage accumulation, large valley corners, and narrowing of the dam axis, the phreatic line of the shoulder region was elevated by 2~3 m compared to the surrounding area and was thereby the most critical region of the tailings dam seepage control. The stability requirements and minimum controlled position of the phreatic line requirements could be met when the controlled position of the phreatic line was 23 m. Conclusion: This study revealed the key areas and reasons why the tailings dam’s phreatic line is prone to be uplifted under complicated geography conditions. It was very critical to control the local phreatic line by adopting local horizontal seepage drainage measures or radiation wells in the key areas of the tailings dam to ensure the safety of the tailings dam. In addition to strengthening the daily monitoring of the key areas and the exfiltration facilities of the tailings dam, it is recommended to carry out determination tests of the permeability coefficient and particle size at regular intervals. The findings could provide countermeasures for seepage control.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Treatment Patterns in 5,261 Chronic Phase (CP) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Patients in “Real-Life” Settings: A Population-Based Study Using a Nationwide Claim Database

Introduction The introduction of TKI in CP-CML enabled responders to reach a similar survival to that of the general population. However, recent small-sized real-life studies showed that 1 in 5 CP-CML patients (pts) received at least 3 lines of TKI, mainly due to resistance or the onset of adverse events (AE). The objective of this study is to document real-life TKI treatment patterns nationwide in CML pts with a long-term follow-up, with a focus on pts who initiated at least a 3 rd line and associated disease burden. Methods This real-life non-interventional study was conducted using the French nationwide claim database (SNDS, Système National des Données de Santé), covering over 99% of French beneficiaries. Pts who initiated their first TKI with an indication for CML (imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, ponatinib) between January 2010 and December 2018, aged 18 years old or older at TKI initiation (index date T 0), and with healthcare resource use (HCRU) markers of CML - i.e., reasons for hospitalization and reported Long-Term Disease - without markers of confounding disease for the use of TKIs, were included. Treatment patterns were assessed from T 0 to December 2020 or death, through the description of TKI treatment sequences (TKI lines), adherence - discontinuations (≥ 3 months) during a TKI line and Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) -, and line duration (Time to Next Treatment (TTNT) estimates). TTNT was calculated as cumulative incidence of TKI switches, with death as competing risk; switches were defined as discontinuation of a TKI followed by the start of a different TKI. Results A total of 5,261 CML pts initiated their 1 st line TKI, with a median age at T 0 of 59.5 years (IQR: 23.2) and a M/F ratio of 1.2. The median follow-up from T 0 was 5.6 years (IQR: 4.6). Respectively 2,299, 1,017 and 426 pts initiated 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th TKI line. Most frequent TKIs used as 1 st and 2 nd lines were imatinib (73.1%), and dasatinib (60.4%; Figure 1), respectively. From the 3 rd line, TKI patterns changed following the reimbursement of bosutinib in 2015 and ponatinib in 2016, and subsequently stabilized; shares in pts treated in 3 rd line and more at the beginning of 2020 were roughly equally distributed between marketed TKIs. TKI discontinuations rates during a line varied from 76.2% for 1 st line to 56.2% for 4 th lines. The median cumulative duration of discontinuations tended to decrease across lines (2.9, 2.5, 2.3 and 2.1 months for 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th line, respectively); IQRs across lines were similar. The proportion of pts with a good medication adherence (MPR ≥ 80%) was around 80% for all TKI lines. TTNT was similar across all TKIs and all lines; 10-year TTNT rates were 48% (95CI: [47%; 50%]), 56% [53%; 59%], 56% [51%; 61%], 48% [42%; 54%] for 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th lines. For pts who switched, most of switches occurred during the first year following line initiation (51% of switches observed in the first year for both 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th lines), 24% occurred during the second year, and 10% during the third year. The 10-year cumulative incidences of death were 12% (95CI: [11%; 14%]), 9% [8%; 11%], 12% [9%; 16%], 14% [6%; 25%] for 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th lines, respectively. The proportion of CML pts who initiated at least 3 lines of TKIs was 19.3% from raw estimates (n=1,017/5,261) and would be 27% based on TTNT estimates. Their characteristics were similar to pts who initiated 1 st line TKI (sociodemographic, comorbidities). Regarding HCRU, respectively 37.2% and 29.8% of pts had at least one hospitalization during 1 st and 6 th semesters following 3 rd line initiation; 7.9% to 5.8% visited emergency room, and around 10% had at least one sick leave per semester. Conclusion Using one of the largest cohorts of CML pts ever studied, with a follow-up period up to 10 years (median 5.6 years), this real-life study confirmed that multiple TKI switches are now common. We confirmed that at least 1 out of 5 CML patient fails at least two TKI lines. From TTNT estimates, surrogate marker for the duration of clinical benefit, lines of TKI would be effective over the long-term for around half of pts, and half of the switches occur within the first two years, regardless of line position. Finally, this real-world study illustrates the need for permanent care of these pts and alternative treatment options to avoid resistance or intolerance and induce a similar survival as the general population of the same age.