Portable Technology Research Articles

Visuomotor Synchronization: Military Normative Performance.

Cognitive processes such as perception and reasoning are preceded and dependent on attention. Because of the close overlap between neural circuits of attention and eye movement, attention may be objectively quantified with recording of eye movements during an attention-dependent task. Our previous work demonstrated that performance scores on a circular visual tracking task that requires dynamic synchronization of the gaze with the target motion can be impacted by concussion, sleep deprivation, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The current study examined the characteristics of performance on a standardized predictive visual tracking task in a large sample from a U.S. Military population to provide military normative data. The sample consisted of 1,594 active duty military service members of either sex aged 18-29 years old who were stationed at Fort Hood Army Base. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Institutional Review Board. Demographic, medical, and military history data were collected using questionnaires, and performance-based data were collected using a circular visual tracking test and Trail Making Test. Differences in visual tracking performance by demographic characteristics were examined with a multivariate analysis of variance, as well as a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and a rank-sum test. Associations with other measures were examined with a rank-sum test or Spearman correlations. Robust sex differences in visual tracking performance were found across the various statistical models, as well as age differences in several isolated comparisons. Accordingly, norms of performance scores, described in terms of percentile standings, were developed adjusting for age and sex. The effects of other measures on visual tracking performance were small or statistically non-significant. An examination of the score distributions of various metrics suggested that strategies preferred by men and women may optimize different aspects of visual tracking performance. This large-scale quantification of attention, using dynamic visuomotor synchronization performance, provides rigorously characterized age- and sex-based military population norms. This study establishes analytics for assessing normal and impaired attention and detecting changes within individuals over time. Practical applications for combat readiness and surveillance of attention impairment from sleep insufficiency, concussion, medication, or attention disorders will be enhanced with portable, easily accessible, fast, and reliable dynamic eye-tracking technologies.

Detecting Residual Awareness in Patients With Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness: An fNIRS Study.

Recent advances in neuroimaging technologies have provided insights into detecting residual consciousness and assessing cognitive abilities in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is non-invasive and portable and can be used for longitudinal bedside monitoring, making it uniquely suited for evaluating brain function in patients with DOC at appropriate spatiotemporal resolutions. In this pilot study, an active command-driven motor imagery (MI) paradigm based on fNIRS was used to detect residual consciousness in patients with prolonged DOC. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used to classify yes-or-no responses. The results showed that relatively reliable responses were detected from three out of five patients in a minimally consciousness state (MCS). One of the patients answered all the questions accurately when assessed according to this method. This study confirmed the feasibility of using portable fNIRS technology to detect residual cognitive ability in patients with prolonged DOC by active command-driven motor imagery. We hope to detect the exact level of consciousness in DOC patients who may have a higher level of consciousness.

Neuroscience Research in the Classroom: Portable Brain Technologies in Education Research

Cognitive neuroscience research is typically conducted in controlled laboratory environments and therefore its contribution to our understanding of learning in real-world environments is limited. In recent years, however, portable and wearable brain devices have become more readily available for classroom-based research. Complementing existing education research methods, these emerging technologies could provide information about learning processes that might not be reflected in classroom observations or learners’ self-reports. This essay critically evaluates the value added by portable brain technologies in education research and outlines a proposed research agenda, centered around questions related to student engagement, cognitive load, and self-regulation. We also address ethical concerns regarding student privacy and the potential misuse of students’ brain data.

Optical-Based Biosensors and Their Portable Healthcare Devices for Detecting and Monitoring Biomarkers in Body Fluids.

The detection and monitoring of biomarkers in body fluids has been used to improve human healthcare activities for decades. In recent years, researchers have focused their attention on applying the point-of-care (POC) strategies into biomarker detection. The evolution of mobile technologies has allowed researchers to develop numerous portable medical devices that aim to deliver comparable results to clinical measurements. Among these, optical-based detection methods have been considered as one of the common and efficient ways to detect and monitor the presence of biomarkers in bodily fluids, and emerging aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) with their distinct features are merging with portable medical devices. In this review, the detection methodologies that use optical measurements in the POC systems for the detection and monitoring of biomarkers in bodily fluids are compared, including colorimetry, fluorescence and chemiluminescence measurements. The current portable technologies, with or without the use of smartphones in device development, that are combined with optical biosensors for the detection and monitoring of biomarkers in body fluids, are also investigated. The review also discusses novel AIEgens used in the portable systems for the detection and monitoring of biomarkers in body fluid. Finally, the potential of future developments and the use of optical detection-based portable devices in healthcare activities are explored.

The Surge of House Calls

Elderly, homebound individuals comprise a vulnerable segment of society who have been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic through a myriad of unique challenges. Home-based primary care or house calls improve the lives of high-cost, frail, homebound patients and their caregivers while reducing costs by keeping patients at home and reducing the use of hospitals and nursing homes. Several forces are behind the resurgence of HBPC, including the rapidly aging population, advancements in portable medical technology, evidence showing the value of house calls, and improved payments for house calls. There are 2 million to 4 million patients who could benefit from house calls, but only few are receiving it. The number of these patients is expected to double over the next two decades and there has been a surge during the COVID-19 pandemic. This requires a larger and better prepared workforce in India. Medical education curricula are necessary for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying medicine to sufficiently develop a future workforce capable of appropriately providing house calls to an increasing number of elderly patients.

Transcranial eddy current damping sensors for detection and imaging of hemorrhagic stroke: feasibility in benchtop experimentation.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage occurs in an estimated 10% of stroke patients, with high rates of associated mortality. Portable diagnostic technologies that can quickly and noninvasively detect hemorrhagic stroke may prevent unnecessary delay in patient care and help rapidly triage patients with ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke. As such, the authors aimed to develop a rapid and portable eddy current damping (ECD) hemorrhagic stroke sensor for proposed in-field diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke. A tricoil ECD sensor with microtesla-level magnetic field strengths was constructed. Sixteen gelatin brain models with identical electrical properties to live brain tissue were developed and placed within phantom skull replicas, and saline was diluted to the conductivity of blood and placed within the brain to simulate a hemorrhage. The ECD sensor was used to detect modeled hemorrhages on benchtop models. Data were saved and plotted as a filtered heatmap to represent the lesion location. The individuals performing the scanning were blinded to the bleed location, and sensors were tangentially rotated around the skull models to localize blood. Data were also used to create heatmap images using MATLAB software. The sensor was portable (11.4-cm maximum diameter), compact, and cost roughly $100 to manufacture. Scanning time was 2.43 minutes, and heatmap images of the lesion were produced in near real time. The ECD sensor accurately predicted the location of a modeled hemorrhage in all (n = 16) benchtop experiments with excellent spatial resolution. Benchtop experiments demonstrated the proof of concept of the ECD sensor for rapid transcranial hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis. Future studies with live human participants are warranted to fully establish the feasibility findings derived from this study.

High-flux, adjustable, compact cold-atom source.

Magneto-optical traps (MOTs) are widely used for laser cooling of atoms. We have developed a high-flux compact cold-atom source based on a pyramid MOT with a unique adjustable aperture that is highly suitable for portable quantum technology devices, including space-based experiments. The adjustability enabled an investigation into the previously unexplored impact of aperture size on the atomic flux, and optimisation of the aperture size allowed us to demonstrate a higher flux than any reported cold-atom sources that use a pyramid, LVIS, 3D-MOT or grating MOT. We achieved 2.1(1) × 1010 atoms/s of 87Rb with a mean velocity of 32(1) m/s, FWHM of 27.6(9) m/s and divergence of 59(4) mrad. Halving the total optical power to 195 mW caused only a 20% reduction of the flux, and a 30% decrease in mean velocity. Methods to further decrease the velocity as required have been identified. The low power consumption and small size make this design suitable for a wide range of cold-atom technologies.

Recent Advances in Colorimetric Detection of Arsenic Using Metal-Based Nanoparticles.

Nowadays, arsenic (III) contamination of drinking water is a global issue. Laboratory and instrument-based techniques are typically used to detect arsenic in water, with an accuracy of 1 ppb. However, such detection methods require a laboratory-based environment, skilled labor, and additional costs for setup. As a result, several metal-based nanoparticles have been studied to prepare a cost-effective and straightforward detector for arsenic (III) ions. Among the developed strategies, colorimetric detection is one of the simplest methods to detect arsenic (III) in water. Several portable digital detection technologies make nanoparticle-based colorimetric detectors useful for on-site arsenic detection. The present review showcases several metal-based nanoparticles that can detect arsenic (III) colorimetrically at a concentration of ~0.12 ppb or lower in water. A literature survey suggests that biomolecule-based metal nanoparticles could serve as low-cost, facile, susceptible, and eco-friendly alternatives for detecting arsenic (III). This review also describes future directions, perspectives and challenges in developing this alternative technology, which will help us reach a new milestone in designing an effective arsenic detector for commercial use.

Portable Acquisition of Auditory ERPs: A Pilot Study of Premature Infants

BackgroundPrior work suggests that event-related potential (ERP) studies in infancy may help predict developmental outcome. MethodsAs part of a longitudinal study of early child development, we used the auditory oddball stimulus paradigm with a portable electroencephalography system to obtain ERP data from two-month-old infants (32 term, six preterm) in Sri Lanka. The mismatch negativity was calculated between 200 and 350 milliseconds after stimulus presentation. ResultsWe found a significant correlation between birth weight and mismatch negativity (P = 0.046), and our time-frequency analysis indicated power differences between standard and oddball tones at approximately 5 and 18 Hz. There was no significant difference between mismatch negativity in children undergoing ERP studies in a hospital setting (30) versus in the child's home (eight). ConclusionsAlthough our modest sample size precludes drawing definitive conclusions, these preliminary results show that it is possible to acquire ERP datasets using currently available portable technology in a hospital or home setting, even in a developing nation such as Sri Lanka. Follow-up of this cohort will include developmental assessments, which will add to the growing literature relating early electrophysiology to developmental outcome.

Wireless Tags with Hybrid Nanomaterials for Volatile Amine Detection.

Quality control in the production and processing of raw meat is currently one of the biggest concerns for food industry and would benefit from portable and wireless sensors capable of detecting the onset of spoilage. Raw meat is a natural source of biogenic and volatile amines as byproducts of decarboxylation reactions, and the levels of these compounds can be utilized as quality control parameters. We report herein a hybrid chemiresistor sensor based on inorganic nanofibers of SiO2:ZnO (an n-type material) and single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with 3,5-dinitrophenyls (a p-type material) with dosimetric sensitivity ∼40 times higher for amines than for other volatile organic compounds, which also provides excellent selectivity. The hybrid nanomaterial-based chemiresistor sensory material was used to convert radio-frequency identification tags into chemically actuated resonant devices, which constitute wireless sensors that can be potentially employed in packaging to report on the quality of meat. Specifically, the as-developed wireless tags report on cumulative amine exposure inside the meat package, showing a decrease in radio-frequency signals to the point wherein the sensor ceased to be smartphone-readable. These hybrid material-modified wireless tags offer a path to scalable, affordable, portable, and wireless chemical sensor technology for food quality monitoring without the need to open the packaging.

A Computational Framework Towards the Tele-Rehabilitation of Balance Control Skills.

Mobility has been one of the most impacted aspects of human life due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Home confinement, the lack of access to physical rehabilitation, and prolonged immobilization of COVID-19-positive patients within hospitals are three major factors that affected the mobility of the general population world-wide. Balance is one key indicator to monitor the possible movement disorders that may arise both during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the coming future post-COVID-19. A systematic quantification of the balance performance in the general population is essential for preventing the appearance and progression of certain diseases (e.g., cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal), as well as for assessing the therapeutic outcomes of prescribed physical exercises for elderly and pathological patients. Current research on clinical exercises and associated outcome measures of balance is still far from reaching a consensus on a “golden standard” practice. Moreover, patients are often reluctant or unable to follow prescribed exercises, because of overcrowded facilities, lack of reliable and safe transportation, or stay-at-home orders due to the current pandemic. A novel balance assessment methodology, in combination with a home-care technology, can overcome these limitations. This paper presents a computational framework for the in-home quantitative assessment of balance control skills. Novel outcome measures of balance performance are implemented in the design of rehabilitation exercises with customized and quantifiable training goals. Using this framework in conjunction with a portable technology, physicians can treat and diagnose patients remotely, with reduced time and costs and a highly customized approach. The methodology proposed in this research can support the development of innovative technologies for smart and connected home-care solutions for physical therapy rehabilitation.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Revolutionizing Frailty Diagnosis and Patient Care

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Revolutionizing Frailty Diagnosis and Patient Care

Introduction of a Portable and Non-Invasive Technology for Hand and Foot Cooling: a Preclinical Feasibility Study

Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is caused by damage to neural structures in distal limbs. CIPN can lead to reduced dose or cessation of chemotherapy. Cryotherapy has shown to be effective in reducing or preventing CIPN in the hands/feet. However, when using ice bath or ice gloves/socks there is no way to maintain the targeted temperature and prevent ice from melting. Also, patients have difficulty tolerating the freezing temperatures over long periods of chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to test the cooling performance of a recently developed non-invasive system that can ultimately replace current cooling methods. Materials and Methods: COOLPREVENT circulates cold water at tolerable temperatures into malleable gloves/socks that does not require replacing of melted ice. We administered a cooling protocol via COOLPREVENT on three healthy subjects for 60 minutes. Immediately before and after cooling, skin temperature in the hands and feet were measured. Level of discomfort was also recorded during the cooling process. Results: Results showed that COOLPREVENT reduces skin temperature by 14.5±3.8°C and 10.7±1.7°C in the hands and feet, respectively within 60 minutes without significant discomfort. Conclusion: Although our study is limited by the small number of subjects and participation of healthy individuals, but we can conclude that COOLPREVENT can be a safe and appropriate method for hand and foot cooling in a uniform manner. We hope that these preliminary findings can pave the way to designing clinical trials we plan to conduct in the near future.

Validation of a 6-lead smartphone ECG against 12-lead ECG in athletes

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): JO is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program scholarship. CS is the recipient of a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Practitioner Fellowship (#1154992). Background Athletes sometimes experience transient arrhythmias during intense exercise, which may be difficult to capture with traditional monitors. New highly portable technology, such as smartphone electrocardiogram (ECG) devices, may be useful in documenting and diagnosing exercise-induced arrhythmias. Accuracy of the Kardia single-lead ECG (1L) has been documented, but little data exists for the 6-lead device (6L). Purpose To examine the level of similarity between resting 6L and 12L readings to build evidence for the utility of the 6L as a practical diagnostic tool in athletes. Methods Participants (n = 30 healthy athletes, mean age 18.9 years, 57% male) had a resting supine 12-lead ECG (12L) as part of cardiac screening required by their sport. Within 1 hour, a 30 second 6L reading (leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF) was taken whilst seated. Data were analysed by 4 expert cardiologists. Manual measurements were taken for PR, QT and RR intervals and QRS duration using EPS digital calipers. To calculate mean 6L RR interval and QT prior to QTc, <10 sequential RR/QT measurements were taken from the middle 10 seconds. QTc was calculated using Bazett’s formula. ECGs were reviewed for rhythm and presence of atrial/ventricular ectopics. Continuous variables were expressed as the mean of 4 cardiologists’ values ± standard deviation. Two-tailed paired t-tests were used to compare continuous variables (p < 0.05 significant). Bland-Altman plots were used to assess quantitative agreement between QRS axis and mean values for QTc interval, QRS duration and PR interval for paired 6L and 12L ECGs. Results There were relatively high levels of agreement between the mean 6L and 12L measures for QTc and PR interval and QRS duration, with the 6L readings slightly but significantly shorter on average. The largest difference was seen in the QTc intervals (391ms vs 401ms, p = 0.003). The 6L QRS durations were shorter on average by 3ms (89ms vs 92ms, p = 0.025) and PR intervals were shorter on average by 6ms (163ms vs 169ms, p < 0.001). There was complete agreement for all cardiologists for sinus rhythm and the presence of ectopics for the 6L and 12L readings. Conclusions The 6L readings had relatively high agreement with the 12L. All 6L measures (except heart rate) were slightly shorter on average than 12L. These small differences are unlikely to have any clinical significance, and are similar to findings comparing the 1L to 12L. 6L heart rates were slightly higher, which is best explained by seated compared to lying position. The reading with the greatest variation was QT interval, some of which is explained by heart rate variation. These pilot data suggest the 6L is sufficiently accurate to be useful in an athletic population as an event monitor for exercise-induced arrhythmias. This may provide more useful diagnostic data than the 1L. Larger studies showing higher levels of agreement with 12L would be required to expand the role of 6L beyond an event monitor. Abstract Figure 1: 6L device, Bland-Altman plots

Fentanyl detection and quantification using portable Raman spectroscopy in community drug checking

AbstractCommunity‐based drug checking has emerged as a harm reduction practice aimed at people who use drugs. Using a portable Raman spectrometer and the statistical method of partial least squares regression, a model was developed to quantify fentanyl in both powder binary mixtures and more complex ternary mixtures. The model was then applied to samples collected over a 2‐year period while operating the drug checking service. As an unpredictable drug supply will always pose a risk for quantification with portable drug checking technologies, we implement check steps that guide the harm reduction decisions and conversations surrounding quantitative results.

Use of biometric data and EEG to assess architectural quality of two office spaces: a pilot experiment

ABSTRACT Architecture's reach into neuroscience has demonstrated the value of biometric data, particularly neurophysiological data captured through the use of portable electroencephalography (EEG) technology, in understanding users’ physiologic responses to spaces. While methods employing portable EEG technology are increasingly being used to study a variety of everyday settings, office environments have not yet been the subject of such studies. To address this gap, we used portable EEG sensors and heart rate monitors to conduct a pilot-scale, quasi-experiment of office occupants in their space and then again when that group relocated to new space several months later. Our findings revealed that users experienced the new office, particularly its café space, in a more relaxed way compared to the old office, suggesting that neurophysiologic data can be used in describing the effects of design features and affordances. When conducted before and after an office space redesign, biometric studies of office users broaden the methodological diversity of post-occupancy evaluations. We reflect on the significance of our findings, given our pilot approach and limited sample size, with respect to biometric data's role in the design of mixed methods post-occupancy evaluations. We also reflect on directions for future research of office environments.

96 Developing and validating near infrared spectroscopy prediction equations for fresh alfalfa using a hand-held device

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a staple in laboratories used to determine forage quality in an affordable and efficient manner compared with standard wet chemistry analysis. The use of hand-held, portable NIRS technology in the field has not been thoroughly developed but could potentially be a tool to measure forage quality at harvest. The objectives of this research were to formulate and validate NIRS predictive equations for in-field use on wet alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) using a hand-held NIRS device (NIR4 Farm, AB Vista, Marlborough, England). In 2019, alfalfa was hand-harvested from an existing stand, sorted by maturity, and chopped to 2.5-cm lengths (n = 100 samples). Alfalfa was scanned as-is by the NIRS device in a climate-controlled room to obtain spectral data. Samples were then ground to 1-mm lengths and thoroughly mixed before performing wet chemistry analysis. Predictive equations were developed using the data gathered through wet chemistry analysis. In 2020, alfalfa was hand-harvested from different existing stands, sorted by maturity, and chopped to 2.5-cm lengths (n = 102 samples). Samples were scanned in the field immediately after harvesting using the NIRS device containing the previously developed equations. Samples were then analyzed using wet chemistry. Data were analyzed using R (version 3.6.2) and significance was set at P < 0.05. Calibration statistics were generated based on the developed prediction equation for crude protein (CP). A linear model and an ANOVA were then used to determine differences between the wet chemistry and NIRS values for CP. Calibration statistics showed that the developed predictive equation for CP could predict results with acceptable accuracy (R 2 = 0.84; Standard Error of Calibration = 1.45). There was no significant difference between wet chemistry and NIRS values for CP ( P = 0.86; R 2 = 0.89; Standard Error of Prediction = 0.77). These findings suggests that the hand-held NIRS could accurately estimate the CP concentration of wet alfalfa. The ability to predict CP indicates that other forage quality parameters may also be predicted by the hand-held NIRS device.

Epidemiologic History and Genetic Diversity Origins of Chikungunya and Dengue Viruses, Paraguay.

Paraguay has been severely affected by emergent Zika and chikungunya viruses, and dengue virus is endemic. To learn more about the origins of genetic diversity and epidemiologic history of these viruses in Paraguay, we deployed portable sequencing technologies to strengthen genomic surveillance and determine the evolutionary and epidemic history of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Samples stored at the Paraguay National Central Laboratory were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Among 33 virus genomes generated, we identified 2 genotypes of chikungunya and 2 serotypes of dengue virus that circulated in Paraguay during 2014–2018; the main source of these virus lineages was estimated to be Brazil. The evolutionary history inferred by our analyses precisely matched the available travel history of the patients. The genomic surveillance approach used was valuable for describing the epidemiologic history of arboviruses and can be used to determine the origins and evolution of future arbovirus outbreaks.

Ultrathin Cu2P2O7 nanoflakes on stainless steel substrate for flexible symmetric all-solid-state supercapacitors

Phosphate based materials are emerging as advanced class of potential electrode materials for energy storage systems owing to their unprecedented redox activity, and high electrical conductivity. Fascinated by these exceptional physico-chemical properties of metal phosphates (MPhs), present work exclusively stands out as a first report on simple and industry scalable, successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) route to construct a binder-free electrode of ultrathin Cu2P2O7 nanoflakes with honeycomb analogues surface architecture directly grown on flexible stainless steel (SS) substrate. Unique nano-architecture with refined porosity furnishes a high specific surface area of 86.12 m2 g−1 and promotes effortless propagation of electrolyte ions, endowing enhanced extrinsic pseudocapacitive nature with excellent specific capacitance (332.9 F g−1, 399.6 mF cm−2, 268.9 F cm−3 at 10 A g−1). In addition, the contribution of surface-controlled and diffusion-limited processes to the total charge storage capacity of an electrode has been well distinguished. More importantly, the first-ever designed Cu2P2O7 based symmetric all-solid-state supercapacitor yields competent energy density of 11.54 Wh kg−1, commendable specific power of 7.06 kW kg−1, and noteworthy retention of 85% even at 4500 charge–discharge cycles. Furthermore, supremely flexible developed device lightens up an array of 21 red light emitting diodes (LEDs) depicting its glorious commercial feasibility towards next generation portable energy storage technologies.

Enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption performance of polymer/SiC-nanowire/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) composites

Electromagnetic pollution has become a serious issue with the ever-increasing development of portable technologies and commercialization of 5th generation wireless systems. Polymer composites of emerging nanomaterials such as 2D MXene Ti3C2Tx are promising candidates for manufacturing high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption materials. In this work, heterogeneous nanostructures of SiC-nanowire (SiCnw)/MXene were developed in a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix through electrostatic self-assembly, followed by solution casting and hot pressing. The synergism of the 2D MXene nanosheets and 1D SiCnw with numerous stacking faults in the structure created many heterogeneous interfaces in the polymer matrix. The unique nanostructures within the polymer matrix efficiently led to superior electromagnetic wave absorption properties. The SiCnws:MXene ratio and the SiCnw/MXene concentration were optimized to be SiCnw:MXene = 7:1 and 20 wt%, respectively, to achieve an effective bandwidth of 5.0 GHz over the Ku-band. A minimum reflection loss of −75.8 dB was found at the matching thickness from 1.45 mm to 1.5 mm. The excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the flexible PVDF/SiCnw/MXene nanocomposites was attributed to the proper impedance matching, enhanced interfacial polarization and high dielectric loss. Thus, this study introduces a simple approach to develop high-efficiency, flexible and lightweight electromagnetic wave absorption materials with a tailored nanostructure.