Port Water Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КЕРУВАННЯ СУДНОМ ПРИ ПЛАВАННІ В ПОРТОВИХ ВОДАХ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПІДГОТОВКИ МОРЯКІВ ТА ПЕРЕВІРКИ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ

Establishment of the appropriate communication with the pilot, exchange of all the necessary information for the safe passage of the vessel, awareness by all responsible parties of their duties and the correspondence of their competency to the positions held, as well as knowledge and understanding, among other aspects, of the elements of bridge resource management theory, not only do not lose but even acquire greater relevance today. This fact is confirmed not only in practice but is also reflected in the relevant statistical materials. This partially appears in the following: despite the recommendations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), other sources and the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents, many ship captains put too much trust in pilots when maneuvering the ship in port waters or channels. This paper examines the issue of sailing in port and inland waters from the perspective of the human factor's influence when using pilot services. The effectiveness of training for seafarers in the first approach has been evaluated with the aim of increasing the level of navigational safety and promoting responsibility awareness for all parties involved with regard to their duties, as well as assessment of their competency. In accordance with the obtained results, only 9.7% of seafarers out of the total number of participants were able to complete the set task of exiting the port water area in the Bay of Haydarpaşa (Istanbul, Turkey) and the Bosporus Strait in a safe and successful way on the first attempt and without pilot’s and/or tugs’ assistance. At the same time, this task did not cause difficulties for the respondents who undergo regular training in their companies and increase their level of competence. The experiment was conducted using a navigational simulator by means of simulation modelling methods. Keywords: ship handling, pilotage, certification and training, competence assessment.

Prediction of Ship Trajectory in Nearby Port Waters Based on Attention Mechanism Model

In recent years, the prediction of ship trajectory based on automatic identification system (AIS) data has become an important area of research. Among the existing studies, most focus on a single ship to extract features and train models for trajectory prediction. However, in a real situation, AIS contains a variety of ships and trajectories that need a general model to serve various cases. Therefore, in this paper, we include an attentional mechanism to train a multi-trajectory prediction model. There are three major processes in our model. Firstly, we improve the traditional density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm and apply it to trajectory clustering. According to the clustering process, ship trajectories can be automatically separated by groups. Secondly, we propose a feature extraction method based on a hierarchical clustering method for a trajectory group. According to the extraction process, typical trajectories can be obtained for individual groups. Thirdly, we propose a multi-trajectory prediction model based on an attentional mechanism. The proposed model was trained using typical trajectories and tested using original trajectories. In the experiments, we chose nearby port waters as the target, which contain various ships and trajectories, to validate our model. The experimental results show that the mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the model in longitude (°) and latitude (°) compared with the baseline methods were reduced by 8.69% and 6.12%.

Microplastics in Harbour Seawaters: A Case Study in the Port of Gdynia, Baltic Sea

An important source of microplastics (MPs) in the Baltic Sea waters is plastic waste, which is fragmented in the natural environment. The pilot research on the identification of microplastics in the surface waters of the Port of Gdynia is presented. In this paper, microplastics of particle sizes 0.3–5 mm in harbour seawaters were investigated. Microplastics were collected from five harbour basins using an unmanned mobile research unit, HydroDron-1. Sampling of microplastics on the surface port water was conducted over four seasons. The collected plastic particles were separated by chemical oxidation and flotation in the NaCl solution (density 1.2 g/cm3). Polymer identification was carried out by visual and microscopic observations, as well as using the Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Based on tows conducted in five basins of the Port of Gdynia, in total, the concentration of microplastics identified ranged from 0.082 mg/m3 to 0.524 mg/m3, depending on the investigated basin. Four groups of microplastic shapes (fragments, films, fibres and spheres) were detected in all the investigated harbour basins. Fragments and fibres were prevalent when categorised by particle shape, whereas when categorised by colour, transparent, white and black particles were dominant. The predominant type of the identified polymers was polyolefins (PE, PP, PS) and their derivatives.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN FASILITAS PERAIRAN PADA PELABUHAN KUSAMBA, DESA PESINGGAHAN KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG

Klungkung Regency has a growing tourism attraction because it has a very exotic archipelago, namely Nusa Penida, Lembongan and Ceningan Islands. So that it requires adequate crossing facilities, the Regional Government of Klungkung Regency plans to build this Kusamba Port. With this function, port development must be accountable both economically and technically. The purpose of this study was to determine the area of the construction of water facilities and to determine the needs of water facilities at the Kusamba port in Pesinggahan Village, Klungkung Regency.This research uses a quantitative descriptive method that is aligned with research variables that focus on actual problems and phenomena that are happening in the form of research results in the form of numbers that have meaning. In this study data analysis uses wind data, tidal data, ship visits, ship data, wave data, shipping channel data, berth areas, ship loading areas, rotary pool areas, ship mooring areas, ship mooring areas, emergency place. Based on the data analysis carried out, the priority needs of Kusamba Port water facilities are, wharves, shipping lanes, areas where ships berth, rotary pool areas, areas where ships moor, areas for moving ships and areas for emergency needs. The results of calculating the need for water facilities at the Kumba port in Pesinggahan Village are a 140.00 m rotating pool, 1.126 km2 shipping channel, 5.170 km2 berth area, 2645.163 m2 ship berth area, 39677.445 m2 ship mooring area, 39677.445 m2 area where the ship is needed emergency 5,170,617.695 m2. So that the area of each water facility is obtained.

Effects of Pre-Turbocharger Turbine Water Injection on the Sustainable Performance of Spark Ignition Engine

Water injection strategy is considered a promising technique to improve the performance of boosted engine and reduce the NOx emission via the latent heat of water vaporization. Numerous research on water injection has been conducted on in-cylinder and intake port water injection. However, the water injection focusing on the spark ignition (SI) engine exhaust system is still lacking. This study proposed a pre-turbocharger turbine water injection (PTWI) concept to reduce the turbine inlet temperature. This was done so that the stoichiometric engine operation could be achieved at a medium–high load and engine speed without resorting to a fuel enrichment strategy to reduce the exhaust gas temperature. This study aims to investigate the effect of injecting water into the exhaust gas at the pre-turbine of a turbocharged spark ignition engine. This study experimented on a 1.3-L 4-cylinder turbocharged engine to collect engine data for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) baseline model validation. A one-dimensional engine model was then developed based on the 1.6-L 4-cylinder turbocharged engine experiment using AVL BOOST software. The CFD model was used to investigate the effects of water injection pressure, pipe diameter, and water injector location. The CFD results showed that a 50 mm connecting pipe with 4 bar of injection pressure gives the largest reduction in exhaust temperature. The CFD results were then applied to the one-dimensional engine model. The engine model simulation results showed that the fuel consumption could be reduced up to 13% at 4000 rpm during wide-open throttle and 75% engine load. The PTWI is a new approach, but this study has proved the potential of using water injection at the pre-turbine turbocharger to reduce the fuel consumption of a turbocharged SI engine.

The EU Interreg Project “GEREMIA” on waste management for the improvement of port waters: results on monitoring the health status of fish as bioindicator

Highly anthropized areas as ports represent complex scenarios that require accurate monitoring plans aimed to address the environmental status. In this context, the activities of the EU Interreg Project “GEstione dei REflui per il MIglioramento delle Acque portuali (GEREMIA)” were focused on comparing sites differently affected by human presence, as the Port of Genoa and the natural area of the S’Ena Arrubia fishpond: a panel of analyses was carried out on Mugilidae fish sampled in these two areas, aimed to address trace metal accumulation in the liver, gills, and muscle, as well as cytochrome P450 (CYP450) induction in liver and biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites, and histopathological alterations in the liver and gills. Chemical analyses in the liver, gills, and muscle of specimens collected in the port area showed an overall higher degree of trace metal contamination compared to the natural fishpond, and similar results were obtained in terms of CYP450 induction and biliary PAH metabolites, suggesting a higher exposure to organic compounds. In addition, histopathological analyses revealed a significant alteration and then a loss of functionality of liver and gill tissue in individuals from the port. Overall, this study describes the complex environmental pollution scenario in the Port of Genoa, confirming the importance of using multidisciplinary approaches and different types of analyses to address both the presence and the effects of contaminants in marine environments.

Change and stasis of distinct sediment microbiomes across Port Everglades Inlet (PEI) and the adjacent coral reefs.

Deep water ports are human built coastal structures that by definition welcome ship traffic and disturbance. Evidence is accumulating that enhanced port activities such as dredging or deepening have negatively affected nearby natural habitats. Port Everglades Inlet (PEI) is a large active South Florida cargo port for over two million people and lies adjacent to coral reefs, dwindling mangroves, and recreational beaches. In this study, the microbial communities of PEI and adjacent reef sediments were characterized to serve as indicators for change due to dredging and assess anthropogenic influence on these sensitive ecosystems by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA ahead of a large-scale port deepening event. For the first time, this study established baseline bacterial community characterizations and their patterns of diversity prior to and after a maintenance dredging event. PEI samples were collected for two consecutive years 2020 (Phase I, before maintenance dredging) and 2021 (Phase II, after maintenance dredging) from PEI sediments and adjacent coral reef sediments. In spite of their proximity and tidal connections through the PEI, reef and PEI sediment microbial communities were distinct. Changes in microbial diversity within the intracoastal waterway (ICW), a route for community exchange or transfers, were the greatest after maintenance dredging occurred. Microbial diversity in reef sediments also changed after dredging, indicating potential influence from resuspended sediments due to an associated increase in trace metals and decrease in cyanobacterial diversity. Sediments were identified as a possible source of human and coral pathogens, although dredging did not affect the relative abundances of these indicator microorganisms. This study highlighted the utility and relative ease of applying current molecular ecology methods to address macroscale questions with environmental management ramifications.

Ecosystem-based merchant ship ballast water management strategy in Soekarno Hatta Port Makassar, Indonesia

Soekarno Hatta International Port is located in Makassar city, South Sulawesi province. Many national and international ships carry out operational activities at the port. Ballast water on ships is used as ballast to maintain ship stability when the cargo is empty or half filled. Ballast water exchange is still carried out when the ship is docked and carrying out operational activities at the port. This process has potential environmental impacts, because the disposal of ship ballast water is classified as waste. Ship ballast water often contains contaminated oil, harmful pathogens, and the exchange of marine organisms that have different habitats. The purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate alternative strategy in the management of ship ballast water in port of Soekarno Hatta. This research is descriptive qualitative, which is research that intends to describe a phenomenon and the research technique used is SWOT analysis. Based on the SWOT analysis, the management of commercial ship ballast water at Soekarno Hatta Port Makassar is in the first quadrant, namely the aggressive strategy. The position of internal and external factors in the ballast water management sub-sector in this quadrant shows that strengths and opportunities are more dominant than weaknesses and threats. The resulting strategies include: carrying out training and training for ship crews on the importance of commercial ship ballast water management, checking ballast water carried out regularly by stakeholders, socializing the management of commercial ship ballast water by stakeholders, and confirming the rules related to the management of commercial ship ballast water at Soekarno Hatta Port in order to maintain its ecosystem.

State of marine biota in the water area of the Muchke Bay’s Coal Terminal of the Tatar Strait

An analysis of the species composition of phytoplankton and ichthyoplankton was carried out for the first time in the port water area of the Muchke Bay (Tatar Strait) in autumn. The species composition, distribution features and structure of macrozoobenthos were considered. Phytoplankton density is evenly distributed in the study area. The density of diatoms reached 97 % of the total phytoplankton density, and the biomass was 99 %. The microalgae Sceletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, 1873 and Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J.C.Lewin, 1964, species that live in polluted waters, were discovered. The development of phytoplankton in the autumn period was active, but the peak of flowering was not observed. Ichthyoplankton in October 2017 is represented by live eggs of Limanda sakhalinensis (Schmidt, 1904) (8 ind./m3), in September 2018 - by the larvae of Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius, 1810 (0.003-0.056 ind./m3) and H. octogrammus (Pallas, 1814) (0.01-0.077 ind./m3). Up to 85 representatives of macrozoobenthos were registered from the research area, including 40 species of Polychaeta, 19 ones of Crustacea, 16 species of Mollusca, 5 ones of Echinodermata and 5 species of other fauna groups. After dredging, a decrease in the species diversity of phytoplankton, ichthyoplankton and macrozoobenthos was found in the samples.

Using the quality management system for risk management by the seaport administration

An increase in the number of ships in the world merchant fleet, their tonnage and speed has significantly enhanced the intensity of navigation, and the accident rate. Despite the fact that ships are equipped with the latest integrated navigation and power systems, the improvement of shore services and the quality of crew training, the accident rate of ships in port waters remains high. The main reason is the “human factor”, which is understudied. The problems and potential of implementing the quality management system were analyzed by Burkov, Irikov, Buyanova, Vetrenko, Vilsky, Voropaeva, etc. The purpose of the present study is to determine the most promising and effective method for developing the quality management system in the Seaport Administration. To achieve this goal, the concept and role of the quality management system, the role of the seaport administration in the system of the transport industry, duties of top managers related to the quality management system in the seaport administration were explored. The object of the study is the Seaport Administration. The study is novel as it develops a new scientific approach that can improve the efficiency of the quality management system in the Seaport Administration, the role of top managers, the methodology for training transport industry workers in order to eliminate emergencies and AS.

Shallow-Water Bathymetry Retrieval Based on an Improved Deep Learning Method Using GF-6 Multispectral Imagery in Nanshan Port Waters

Shallow-Water Bathymetry Retrieval Based on an Improved Deep Learning Method Using GF-6 Multispectral Imagery in Nanshan Port Waters

IDENTIFICATION OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN THE PORT OF THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF BALLAST WATER AND THE POSSIBLE INTERACTION WITH HUMAN HEALTH

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, has high incidences in regions with neglected populations, especially in terms of sanitation. V. cholerae can be transported by ship ballast water which makes it a D2 standard evaluation bioindicator for the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship´s Ballast Water and Sediments. The objective of this is to identify the presence of the organism in the port area of the City of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), in samples of surface water and ballast tanks, contributing to the analysis of the ballasting process and its interactivity with human health. In superficial and vessel sampling campaigns, the non-toxic form of the organism was detected. The conclusive facts suggest the vulnerability of the area, methodological elaboration for the selection of ships to be sampled, incentives for installation, inspection of the D2 standard and constant monitoring of port waters and vessels, aiming to prevent possible cholera outbreaks caused by the ballast of the modal maritime in region.

Investigations on the impact of port water injection on soot formation in a DISI engine through CFD simulations and optical methods

With the introduction of innovative solutions aimed at reducing environmental impact and increasing internal combustion engine efficiency, water injection is considered an interesting solution to decrease the risk of knock, reduce charge temperature and employ dilute combustion operation. It allows to use extreme downsizing for engines with higher compression ratio as well as increased margins for optimal spark timing. The present work aims to explore the effects of applying water injection on combustion and emissions in an optically accessible spark ignition engine fueled with commercial gasoline. For this study, the water mass is equal to 30% of the gasoline mass, and is delivered through two injectors placed in the intake manifold. A 3D-CFD study is carried out using the G-equation turbulent combustion model in a RANS framework, properly calibrated against available experimental data. Experimental and numerical results are compared in terms of OH radical concentration obtained by UV emission spectroscopy and by CFD simulations, around the spark plug and in two regions of interest near the intake and exhaust valves. Furthermore, the 3D-CFD model allows to have more in-depth information on the processes inside the combustion chamber: in this context, an investigation on the mechanisms of soot formation was carried out, focusing on the effect of water injection on this phenomenon. The water injection produces a less homogenous distribution of the charge in the combustion chamber to such an extent that the flame struggles to reach the area close to the intake valves, leading to the production of a greater quantity of soot than in the case without water injection.

Use of Neural Networks and Computer Vision for Spill and Waste Detection in Port Waters: An Application in the Port of Palma (MaJorca, Spain)

Water quality and pollution is the main environmental concern for ports and adjacent coastal waters. Therefore, the development of Port Environmental Management systems often relies on water pollution monitoring. Computer vision is a powerful and versatile tool for an exhaustive and systematic monitoring task. An investigation has been conducted at the Port of Palma de Mallorca (Spain) to assess the feasibility and evaluate the main opportunities and difficulties of the implementation of water pollution monitoring based on computer vision. Experiments on surface slicks and marine litter identification based on random image sets have been conducted. The reliability and development requirements of the method have been evaluated, concluding that computer vision is suitable for these monitoring tasks. Several computer vision techniques based on convolutional neural networks were assessed, finding that Image Classification is the most adequate for marine pollution monitoring tasks due to its high accuracy rates and low training requirements. Image set size for initial training and the possibility to improve accuracy through retraining with increased image sets were considered due to the difficulty in obtaining port spill images. Thus, we have found that progressive implementation can not only offer functional monitoring systems in a shorter time frame but also reduce the total development cost for a system with the same accuracy level.

A Network DEA Approach for Performance Evaluation of Safety Supervision and Rescue Capability in the Port Waters of Changjiang MSA

In recent years, the global economic situation and the development of the international shipping industry have been deeply affected by COVID-19. Since 2021, China has gradually recovered its international shipping supply chain industry with the help of government policy support, and its GDP has grown by 8.1% year by year. Under this favorable macroeconomic background, the Yangtze River waterway transportation, with its good waterway conditions, has led to the continuous increase in transportation demands. However, while pursuing rapid economic growth, ensuring the navigation safety and rescue of ships in the waterway has been one of the key issues of concern for maritime divisions along the Yangtze River. Therefore, combined with the network date envelopment data (DEA) model, this study intends to construct a new set of performance evaluation models in line with their safety supervision and rescue capability based on the daily work characteristics of the Changjiang Maritime Safety Administration (MSA). The occurrence of disasters in their port areas has been taken into consideration as the key undesirable variable. This study hopes to screen out worthy pacesetter representatives, and further suggests more targeted improvement options for inefficient maritime authorities to facilitate more effective safety supervision in the future.

Changes in the bacterial community in port waters during ship’s ballast water discharge

Changes in the bacterial community in port waters during ship’s ballast water discharge

СИСТЕМА АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОГО КОНТРОЛЮ ВАНТАЖНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ ТАНКЕРА

Liquid cargo is transported by the tanker fleet in different climatic zones. Significant changes in ambient temperature are observed in these zones. At elevated temperatures, the volume of liquid cargo will increase. Consequently, there is a risk of spillage of the cargo onto the ship's deck. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) and the International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT) regulate the filling of tanks when transporting liquid cargo. It is allowed to use only 98% of the volume of tanks, the remaining 2% is a reserve of tank volume for an unforeseen increase in the volume of the cargo when its temperature rises. The sender of the cargo must provide the tanker captain with complete information about the cargo and its properties. After receiving it, download operations can begin. The intensity of cargo operations when the tanker is loaded with various types of liquid cargo has led to an increase in the role of the "human factor" in ship power systems. Reducing the number of ship crews, in turn, contributes to the accumulation of fatigue, distraction of ship operators (masters) in the process of carrying out cargo operations on the ship. Watch assistants must constantly monitor the filling level of each tank, taking into account the weight, temperature and volume of the cargo. Statistics state that a significant proportion of accidents when loading a tanker occur as a result of loss of control over the volume of liquid cargo that is taken into each tank of the vessel. The operator's lack of accurate information about the filling status of each tank at the current moment in time leads to the risk of its overflow. Such an overflow, in turn, can lead to the spillage of liquid cargo, for example, petroleum products on the ship's deck and the water surface of the port's water area. At present, it is possible to monitor the level of liquid cargo in real-time using various models of liquid cargo level gauges: float, pneumatic, ultrasonic, magnetostrictive, microwave, and others. Creating a system that would allow for constant dynamic control of the volume of liquid cargo in tanks during tanker loading and would take into account all restrictions is a promising direction. Keywords: liquid cargo, tanker, level gauges, safety margin, loading control.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Ship Activity in Dongying Port Waters

The automatic identification system (AIS) provides detailed information about vessel movement that has gained wide application in areas such as ship behavior analysis over the past decade. Based on the AIS data in January and February of the lunar calendar in 2019 and 2020, this study analyzed the number and size of ships, the spatial distribution characteristics, such as ship position and density, ship speed, as well as the temporal characteristics of daily and monthly changes of ship flow, and then evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on ship activities in Dongying Port waters. The results show that the number of tankers declined to a lesser extent compared to fishing and cargo ships after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic. Because berthing activities would require extra operating time due to the epidemic, ships may require longer turnaround times. In general, tankers in Dongying Port waters were less affected by the epidemic than cargo and fishing ships.

Habitat Conditions of the Microbiota in Ballast Water of Ships Entering the Oder Estuary.

Ballast water is a vector for the transfer of microorganisms between ecospheres that can subsequently have a negative impact on native species of aquatic fauna. In this study, we determined the microbiota and selected physicochemical properties of ballast water from long- and short-range ships entering a southern Baltic port within a large estuary in autumn and winter (Police, Poland). Microbiological tests of the ballast water samples were carried out according to ISO 6887-1, and physicochemical tests were performed according to standard methods. Low amounts of oxygen (1.6-3.10 mg/dm3 in autumn and 0.60-2.10 mg/dm3 in winter) were recorded in all ship ballast water samples, with pH (above 7.90) and PSU (above 1.20) were higher than in the port waters. Yeast, mold, Pseudomonas bacteria (including Pseudomonas fluorescens), and halophilic bacteria as well as lipolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic bacteria were found in the ballast water samples. Heterotrophic bacteria and mold fungi (log. 2.45-3.26) dominated in the autumn period, while Pseudomonas bacteria (log. 3.32-4.40) dominated in the winter period. In addition, the ballast water samples taken during the autumn period were characterized by a statistically significantly higher (p < 0.1) abundance of microorganisms (log 1.97-2.55) than in the winter period (log 1.39-2.27).

Machine learning models and methods for solving optimization and forecasting problems of the work of seaports

Machine learning techniques have made significant advances and expanded application sphere over the past decade to include problems of port operations. This happened due to the growing amount of data available cargo ports. We review the literature on models and methods of machine learning and their application to optimization of port operations. A special attention is paid to the port planning and development a wide range of topics in port operations, including port planning and development, their safety and security, water and land port operations.