Port Performance Research Articles

A comprehensive performance measurement model for maritime Logistics: Sustainability and policy approach

Maritime logistics is the glue that links the fragmented production model of the global value chain and carries paramount importance for accelerating the international trade of a country. However, there is no specific set of indicators for measuring the maritime logistics performance (MLP) as the popular indexes such as the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) or the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) are either too broad to capture the specific performance of maritime logistics, or too narrow to incorporate all the functional areas of MLP. This article addresses this gap and proposes a comprehensive performance measurement model for maritime logistics. The study attributes extensive literature review and experts’ opinions for developing the initial list of indicators. For extracting and validating the principal factors, the study adopts exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and has found nineteen indicators of the MLP. Based on the Eigenvalues, the indicators have been clustered under four principal factors namely- Port Performance, Shipping Connectivity, Hinterland Logistics, and Sustainability and Resilience. The model will be particularly helpful in understanding the functional areas, key performance indicators, and respective measurement scales of maritime logistics. Thus, it helps the policymakers to understand, evaluate, and accelerate the MLP of a country with appropriate policy mechanisms

Conceptual models of port governance

The port system is characterized as one of the main links in a country's logistics chain, contributing to the socio-economic development of the regions in which they operate. Port performance is the result of a diversity of activities by the various organizational and institutional actors present in this environment, which is materialized through port governance. Distributed in more than 900 international ports, port governance models have different mechanisms, depending on the environment in which the logistics-port chain is inserted. Brazil, in the process of professionalizing the port sector, has sought to identify models of port governance for implementation in the Brazilian port system. In this context, this article aims to identify the port governance mechanisms proposed by the most contemporary conceptual models in the scientific literature, to support their better understanding and to identify the knowledge gaps to support future research in the area. To this end, theoretical research was carried out, through a systematic literature review, using the electronic, international, and interdisciplinary Scopus database. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and with the support of a search directed to the theme for the inclusion of new specialist publications, 12 conceptual models of Port Governance were considered. Even though the construct is a broad concept, it was possible to identify the conceptualization of the term, mechanisms, and components for its configuration. The models mainly include aspects of state participation; devolution; governance environment, strategy, structure, and dimensions; port reforms and performance and guidance for efficiency and effectiveness. However, the research results highlight that aspects of vertical and horizontal relationships deserve to be better explored; relationship networks; cooperation; co-production, and a systemic view.

The Influence of Service Quality, Relationship Quality on Port Performance Which has Implications For Customer Satisfaction at The Port Tg. Priok Jakarta Indonesia

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect The Influence of Service Quality, Relationship Quality On Port Performance Which Has Implications For Customer Satisfaction At The Port Tg. Priok Jakarta Indonesia. The influence of the organization on the performance of Jakarta's Port tg.priok was studied with regard to its organic employees, either partially or indirectly. A sample of 70 people was selected from a population of 100 people using the Slovin formula. This research employs a survey method with descriptive and associative explanation techniques. Data was collected using both descriptive and inferential statistics through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM- SMART PLS). The model consists of sub-structures including Service Quality and Relationship Quality as exogenous variables, Port Performance as an intervening variable, and Customer Satisfaction as the endogenous variable. The primary components of the model consist of two indirect structures: the first examines the effect of Service Quality and Relationship Quality on Port Performance, while the second considers the direct effect of Service Quality and Relationship Quality on Customer Satisfaction. The R Square test on the inner model is one way to measure how much an endogenous variable can be explained by the related exogenous variables. In the following explanation, we will explain in more detail about the R Square concept in the inner model and how its use can help to understand the interrelationships between variables in a model. Following are the results of the regression analysis in this research model: The results showed that there was a positive and significant effect R Square R Square Adjusted Customer Satisfaction 0.493 - 0.471 Port Performance 0.251 - 0.230 . The following are the results of the R Square and R Square Adjusted tests on two endogenous variables in a model, namely Customer Satisfaction and Port Performance. Customer Satisfaction has an R Square of 0.493, which means that around 49.3% of the variation in Cust Satisfaction can be explained by exogenous variables associated with these variables. Meanwhile, the R Square Adjusted is 0.471, which indicates that around 47.1% of the variation in customer satisfaction can be explained by exogenous variables in the model, after taking into account the complexity of the model. Port Performance has an R Square of 0.251, which means that about 25.1% of Port Performance variations can be explained by exogenous variables associated with these variables. Meanwhile, the R Square Adjusted is 0.230, which indicates that around 23.0% of the variation in Port Performance can be explained by exogenous variables in the model, after taking into account the complexity of the model.

Spatial correlation network structure of port performance and its drivers: A case study of Chinese coastal ports

Coastal ports play a critical role as vital intersections connecting land and sea, and their level of spatial connectivity and integration serves as a crucial indicator of competitiveness. This study employs a gravity model to analyse the spatial network of port performance among 21 major coastal ports in China, investigating the overall characteristics of the network, centrality measures, network vulnerability, and spatial clustering features during the period from 2012 to 2021. The findings reveal a relatively stable spatial network structure of the coastal port performance, with closely intertwined connections between ports. Key ports such as Shanghai Port, Qingdao Port, Xiamen Port, and Guangzhou Port occupy central positions within the network, exerting a dominant influence. Port performance shows more obvious clustering characteristics in the correlation network, with strong intra-plate correlations and significant spatial spillover from the Southeast Coast, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Southwest Coast. Furthermore, spatial distance, urbanization level, per capita GDP, and marketization level significantly impact the spatial correlation of port performance. The higher the similarity of economic development and marketization levels between ports, the stronger the spatial correlation and spillover of port performance. These research findings contribute to the establishment of collaborative mechanisms for the coordinated development of coastal ports and provide valuable insights for port management decision-making.

Maritime Data Collection Framework for Container Port Benchmarking

Container ports play a crucial role in global maritime trade by serving as key transportation hubs for the movement of goods. Their performance differs due to unique local characteristics, creating a need for benchmarking to improve. Trends in trade patterns, supply chains and maritime transport operations can substantially impact on the cargo handling requirement at ports and therefore port performance. The aim of this research is two-fold; first, to examine the current situation, main trends and disruptions affecting maritime container transport and ports, and second, to investigate the key criteria for assessing and benchmarking port performance. Regarding the first objective, for the investigation of the global trends in the liner shipping and container port sector, desk research is performed. Regarding the second, a framework is developed by identifying five areas of interest based on the strategic value of data and selecting the best available data. This allows creating a two-layer data framework that enables the collection of data at the country and port level. The developed framework is applied to gather relevant data points for various container ports, and allows drawing conclusions on the performance of the framework. The results of this research contribute to the understanding of container port performance and may serve as a valuable resource for port operators and researchers in the field. By examining the specific factors that influence port performance, this study provides a foundation for enhancing the comparability of container port operational performance.

A port performance measurement approach using a sustainability balanced scorecard based on stakeholders’ expectations

ABSTRACT This study aimed to integrate stakeholder theory into developing port performance management systems through the sustainable balanced scorecard (SBSC), which represents and reflects different stakeholders’ expectations in hybrid organizations, such as port communities. The study developed an integrated stakeholder-based framework for global performance measurement, ensuring a balance between the SBSC performance indicators and stakeholders’ consensus. Fifty-seven port performance indicators (PPIs) selected from the literature were categorized into six SBSC dimensions and assessed by 41 stakeholders in the Port of Radès using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) technique. The framework fully considered the stakeholders’ perceptions, expectations, and satisfaction levels. Prioritizing the PPIs using an indicator priority number, inspired by the risk priority number approach of FMEA, fostered an effective balance between the performance dimensions in the SBSC. The developed framework can help port authorities reach a consensus on the most important strategic priorities, align port stakeholders’ expectations, prioritize their improvement actions, and gain a significant competitive advantage. The participative approach enabled by the integration of stakeholder theory promotes the effective use of global performance measurement systems. Emphasizing the governance and environmental dimensions of the SBSC contributes to enhancing port competitiveness.

Integration between ecoport management and capacity utilization of container terminals as a sustainable seaports development strategy

Seaports have a very important role in world trade, as well as Makassar New Port 1A, which has a very strategic role, especially for the Eastern Indonesia Region. The container terminal at Makassar New Port 1A has an important role in loading and unloading of goods. The use of the capacity of container terminal is urgent to analyze, whether it is optimal or not. Ecoport management is also urgent to analyze because it can affect sustainable port performance. It is necessary to know how is the integration between the use of container terminal capacity and ecoport management at Makassar New Port 1A. So this study aims to: (1) analyze the application of ecoport management in Makassar New Port 1A; (2) analyze the utilization of Makassar New Port 1A container terminal whether it is optimal or not; (3) analyze the integration between ecoport management and the capacity utilization of the Makassar New Port 1A container terminal. The results showed that the use of electrical energy quite efficient and capacity of the Makassar New Port 1A container terminal had not been used optimally with the average BTP value (12.77 TEUs/meter). While the results of the correlation analysis show a strong-enough integration with a value of 0.514, meaning that the management of ecoport and the use of container terminal capacity are interrelated, influencing each other, meaning that development must go hand in hand in order to provide optimal and sustainable benefits.

The Role of an Integrated Quality Management System in Improving Performance in the Port Organization

Abstract The scientific paper aims to present the performance evaluation methods in ports and port organizations and the contributions that an integrated quality management system can bring. Water transport is the most reliable mode of transport, both in terms of transport capacity and in terms of consumption and environmental aspects, compared to other modes of transport. But it cannot function at an optimal level without complex and permanent on-shore management. The port organizations have an important contribution in the global performance of the port and thus in the economy of a country that is open to the sea. By approaching an integrated quality management system, port organizations can achieve the expected performance in a planned and systemic way in terms of quality, environment, logistics supply chain security, etc. The paper analyzes the performance assess in ports and port organizations, the most common applied regulations and management systems in port organizations and the advantages an integrated quality management system brings in increasing organizational performance by preventing losses and improving processes using known methodologies globally promoted such as Lean. It also highlights the relationship of mutual dependence that the port performance and the port organizations performance have on each other.

Perceptions of the Relationship between Port Security Level, Resilience, Cargo Operational Performance, and Sustainability Performance among Korean Port Operators and Shipping Companies

Purpose – As globalization progresses, complexity also increases, and various factors that threaten port functions are emerging. Accordingly, the demand for port security to prevent the crisis and resilience that quickly recovers its original function after the crisis is also increasing in port operations. However, few studies have examined how to ensure the port security and how the resilience affects operation performance of port and sustainability performance as well. So the study aims to find out how port security affects port resilience and port operational performance, and consequently, this two factors affect socioeconomic and environmental sustainability performance respectively and synthetically. Design/methodology – Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was first performed to determine the validity of the factors of model and hypothesis test was performed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) to analyze the Port Performance Model, which show the perception logic among port security level, port resilience, operation performance, and sustainability performance. In order to empirically analyze this model, total 264 respondents from port security operators, shipping companies in South Korea were surveyed. Findings – As result of SEM, First, port security level positively affected the resilience (H1) and cargo operational performance (H2) but not in both of the sustainability performances (H3, H4). Second, resilience positively affected only cargo operational performance (H5) and socio-economic sustainability performance (H7). Last, cargo operation performance positively affects the both of sustainability performances (H8, H9). Originality/value – It was confirmed that port security could improve cargo operational performance through ensuring port resilience and eventually increase the socio-economic sustainability. Therefore the study implies that careful integration and management of port security, port resilience, and sustainability are required, along with compromise on sustainable development goals in the social, economic, and environmental area among all stakeholders.

Modeling challenges affecting the performance of major ports of India

PurposeDespite several initiatives taken by government of India since 2013 to improve the performance of major ports, growth was not as anticipated. Hence, there is a need to understand the performance of these major ports during 2013–2020 and to identify the critical challenges that affect their performance. Design/methodology/approachPerformance analysis was conducted using Malmquist productivity index (MPI) and critical challenges were identified using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique as well as the cross-impact matrix multiplication (MICMAC). FindingsTen major ports in terms of operational, 12 ports in terms of service quality, and six ports in terms of financial performance have been categorised as high performers, based on the MPI values. 19 challenges affecting the performance were identified in an eight layered ISM model. Research limitationsThis research is limited to major ports of India and does not cover the non-major ports of India due to unavailability of data Practical implicationsThis study will enable the port decision-makers to identify the ports which are high performers in terms of operational, service quality, and financial performance, and thereby the best practices followed across can be replicated. Originality/valueThis study explored the multi dimensions of performance of Major ports of India and there was no such study in the past. Despite the existence of performance studies in the literature, none of them explored the challenges faced by the major ports.

Modeling Structural Changes in Intra-Asian Maritime Container Shipping Networks Considering Their Characteristics

In East Asia, where several large hub ports exist, maritime container shipping (MCS) has developed rapidly, and the MCS network has become more complex. This study develops a link prediction model that reproduces the changes in the structure of the intra-Asian oceangoing MCS network using graph theory. To improve the prediction accuracy, we propose a method that reflects the generation of a link considering the node and link characteristics of the MCS network, including the port performance and shipping distance between ports. Consequently, we conclude: (1) The intra-Asian oceangoing MCS network has expanded from 2011 to 2021 as the trading partners and trade volume have increased. (2) The usefulness of the proposed model is confirmed. In particular, the proposed model is good at predicting the new links between ports with short distances. (3) The prediction accuracy of link disappearance remains to be improved.

Study on hydrogen substitution in a compressed natural gas spark-ignition passenger car engine

Hydrogen substitution in applications fueled by compressed natural gas arises as a potential alternative to fossil fuels, and it may be the key to an effective hydrogen economy transition. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide and unburned methane, as hydrogen is used in transport and industry applications, makes its use an attractive option for a sustainable future. The purpose of this research is to examine the gradual adoption of hydrogen as a fuel for light-duty transportation. Particularly, the study focuses on evaluating the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder port fuel injection spark-ignition engine as hydrogen is progressively increased in the natural gas-based fuel blend. Results identify the optimal conditions for air dilution and engine operation parameters to achieve the best performance. They corroborate that the dilution rate has to be adjusted to control pollutant emissions as the percentage of hydrogen is increased. Moreover, the study identifies the threshold for hydrogen substitution below which the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions due to efficiency gains is negligible compared to the reduction of the carbon content in the fuel blend. These findings will help reduce the environmental footprint of light-duty transportation not only in the long term but also in the short and medium terms.

The impact of COVID-19 on maritime pilots: Evidence and lessons

The COVID-19 pandemic led to port congestion and disruption to global logistics and supply chains. While previous research has examined the impact on port performance and economics, social issues, such as the impact on port personnel (including pilots), have been overlooked. In this context, this paper examines the challenges experienced by Chinese pilots during the pandemic through in-depth interviews with 28 pilots. It shows that the draconian pandemic control measures adopted in China, rather than the pandemic itself, impaired pilots’ physical and mental health, reduced their availability, and introduced new safety hazards, which curtailed both the port’s capacity and ability to provide efficient and safe pilotage and resulted in sub-standard services. The findings suggest that there is a serious issue regarding the absence of effective mechanisms for pilots to raise their health and safety concerns and how these might be addressed by port administrators and/or local authorities. Worker participation and involvement in occupational health and safety management was problematic. These findings have implications for pilot station management at both company and government administrative and legislative levels.

Assessment of the Influence of Maritime Piracy and Sea Robbery on Cargo throughput Performance of Nigerian Ports

The study assessed the impact of maritime piracy and sea robbery on the cargo throughput performance of Nigeria ports. The central objective of the study was to determine the significances of the influences of levels of attacks against ships trading in global cum local waters and maritime insecurity induced cargo pilferage levels on the cargo throughput performance of Nigeria ports. The study used secondary data sourced from the Nigerian ports authority, and the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) on the cargo throughput, levels of pirate attacks against ships in local; and global waters, level of cargo pilferages in ports and used for the study. The multiple regression analysis method was used to analyze the dataset obtained using cargo throughput performance of the ports as the dependent variable while global attacks, local attacks and volume of cargo pilfered were used as independent variables. the model showing the effects of maritime piracy and sea robbery attacks on the cargo throughput performance of the Nigerian ports is: CARGOt= 0.729700 +0.0140GLOTAKSt – 0.0921LOTAKSt –0.0003VOCARPt ….. (2). It indicates that a unit increase in attacks in global waters increases the cargo throughput in Nigerian ports by 0.0140 units while a unit increase in local attacks by pirates within the Nigerian territorial waters causes cargo throughput performance of Nigerian ports to decrease by 0.0921 units. Similarly, a unit increase in cargo pilferage associated with maritime insecurity in Nigeria ports causes the cargo throughput performance of the ports to decrease by 0.0003 units. It is also found that that there is a significant impact of the level of maritime piracy/sea robbery on the cargo throughput performance of the Nigerian seaports.

Analysis of Indian Port Performance Post Reforms in an Overlapping Hinterland: A Segmented Regression Approach

India has about 12 major ports under the aegis of the Indian Government, in its approximately 7,500 km long coastline and competing with another 200 state- government-run ones. Over the last 20 years, the Indian government has implemented several reforms. This article answers two research questions. RQ1: Have port reforms improved port performance? RQ2: Do ports with overlapping hinterlands compete, or does one port’s performance complement the other? The article proposed a composite operational port performance index (PPI) and carried out a breakpoint (segmented) regression analysis to study the impact of port reforms. This article makes three crucial propositions––First, port performance affects its output, that is, the ship calls when competition is high, but the same does not hold if the port enjoys monopoly or oligopoly status or due to other factors such as cargo demand. Second, performance of ports with lower capacity, also referred to as satellite ports, is affected by the performance of its complementing ports with higher capacity. Third, Reforms may lead to competition and cannibalisation of profits and growth of ports in a dynamic environment.

Ports, crime and security: governing and policing seaports in a changing world By Anna Sergi, Alexandria Reid, Luca Storti, Marleen Easton, Bristol University Press. 2021. £80.00 (hbk). ISBN: 978‐152921771

Regional Science Policy & PracticeEarly View BOOK REVIEW Ports, crime and security: governing and policing seaports in a changing world By Sergi, , Reid, , Storti, , Easton, , Bristol University Press. 2021. £80.00 (hbk). ISBN: 978-152921771 Marco Antonelli, Corresponding Author Marco Antonelli [email protected] Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, ItalySearch for more papers by this author Marco Antonelli, Corresponding Author Marco Antonelli [email protected] Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, ItalySearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12673Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Bottalico, A. (2022). Innovation and labor in the port industry: A comparison between Genoa and Antwerp. Journal of Business Logistics, 43(3), 368– 387. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12303 Brooks, M. R., & Cullinane, K. (2007). Devolution, port governance and port performance. Elsevier. Kleemans, E. R. (2018). Organized crime and places. In G. J. N. Bruinsma & S. D. Johnson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of environmental criminology. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.24 Sergi, A. (2020). Policing the port, watching the city. Manifestations of organised crime in the port of Genoa. Policing and Society, 31(6), 639– 655. 10.1080/10439463.2020.1758103 Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Developing Smart Port with Crucial Domains and Indicators in the Thai Port Case: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The port is an important transportation hub of maritime transport, recently developing smart ship transport for the smart port. Therefore, smart port indicators (SPIs) are crucial for smart port development. Applying SPIs for port management improves the overall port performance, reduces environmental pollution, as well as promoting port safety and innovation. This research aims at confirming the smart port indicators and defining the primary strategies for smart port performance in Thailand. We have employed a questionnaire survey as a method of data collection. Descriptive statistical analysis of respondents' general information and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been used to test the key domains and indicators for confirming the dominant and verify the relationship of these indicators to the domains to which the indicator belongs. The results obtained comprise three main domains: smart port operation, smart port environment/energy, and smart port safety/security, using primary nineteen SPIs measurements. Furthermore, this research results have succeeded in introducing port operation to performance management in smart ports, thereby ensuring and facilitating port practice planning.

Analysis of environmental performance and interactivity of ports and regions

The port is the basic support for regional economic development and the global allocation of resources. With the rapid development of China's economy and growing ecological awareness, the assessment of port and regional efficiency has received unprecedented attention. In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, how the port and its region will be coordinated under the common goal of development has become a hot topic. In this study, the port subsystem (P-subsystem) and the regional subsystem (R-subsystem) are unified into the port–region system (PR system), and a new meta-frontier two-stage data envelopment analysis model is constructed to evaluate the P-subsystem efficiency and the environmental efficiency of the PR system. This research also measures the port–regional coordination level using the coordination index and explores the inefficiency of the PR system with the help of management improvement and technology improvement indices. Main results show that the overall efficiency of the Chinese PR system is increasing. The technological level of the PR system in coastal areas is close to the optimal level. The inefficiency of the Chinese PR system is mainly affected by management inefficiency. The coordination of regional and port development in China is also poor. Finally, on the basis of the research findings, this study provides targeted countermeasure suggestions to promote the efficiency enhancement and coordinated development of the PR system.

River logistics amid war and post-war recovery in Ukraine: current situation and prospects .

River logistics amid war and post-war recovery in Ukraine: current situation and prospects .

The Effect of Regulations on Port Efficiency: An Empirical Study using Regulatory Quality and Control of Corruption Index

A key determinant influencing port performance is the governance aspect. Since the port plays a crucial role in logistics supply chain systems, its performance determinants should be evaluated. Data from 57 ports worldwide was analyzed to investigate how regulations affected their efficiency. First, we utilized the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to obtain the measurement of the port's technical efficiency. Then, the econometric estimation is used to examine the role of regulation on port’s technical efficiency. The findings from the econometric estimation suggests that Regulatory Quality (REGQ) and Control of Corruption (CORR) were positively correlated with the port’s technical efficiency One important contribution of the study is the implementation of DEA-L in the DEA measurement as to include the external variables in the analysis. This study suggests the government should improve the process by enhancing the application of high-technology items and digitization that are able to ease the bottleneck at port.