Port Cargo Research Articles

Investigation of Existing Nonintrusive Inspection Technologies for Port Cargo Inspections

The quantity of cargo handled by U.S. ports has increased significantly in recent years. According to 2010 data, 2,333.4 million short tons of cargo passed through U.S. ports in 1 year. All such cargo must be inspected by U.S. Customs and Border Protection officials in the most effective manner possible. Existing nonintrusive inspection (NII) technologies have significant strengths, but they also have weaknesses, such as a low detection rate and long inspection time. Newer and more advanced technologies can be used to inspect cargo with higher accuracy and less delay. Research was conducted to identify the most effective and efficient combination of NII technologies for inspection of cargo arriving at U.S. ports. A discrete-event simulation model was developed to simulate the cargo inspection procedure. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the various combinations were evaluated through simulation of the operations of combinations of NII technologies. This information was used to provide recommendations about the most effective and efficient combinations of NII technologies for detecting a wide range of contraband. The results of this research will help decision makers choose the appropriate NII technologies for inspecting cargo that enters U.S. ports.

Container Liner Operation Economic Model and the Departure Interval Decision-making

To seek the optimal departure interval of container liner operation and related decision variables and find a more economic way for the shipping industry with capital intensive nature, this paper proposes a liner operation economic model. The object is maximal profit from some liner route in a certain operation period and the restrictions are ship load capacity, container quantity of each type and port efficiency of loading and unloading. Based on the container quantity relations among ports on the line, the paper thoroughly analyzes the ship capital cost, operation cost, and voyage variable cost including fuel cost, cargo handling fee, berthing fee, port charges and crew subsidy. It puts forward the harmonic mean method to calculate integrated handling efficiency of different container types at port. And it works out the solution of profit-speed with the conditions keeping a certain amount of fuel on each voyage section and realizes profit at the time of delivery, thus realizing the consideration of maximizing both daily profit of each voyage section and the total operating profit. It then gets the optimal solution of the decision-making variable by combining implicit function derivation and extreme value solving method of functions, and shows the effectiveness of the model via an example.

Implikasi Keruangan Pemindahan Pelabuhan Jayapura ke Pelabuhan Depapre

Pelabuhan Jayapura saat ini berperan sebagai pelabuhan penumpang sekaligus barang bagi KotaJayapura dan hinterlandnya. Pergerakan kapal dan arus barang terus meningkat seiring pertumbuhanekonomi wilayah ini hingga muncul masalah kurangnya area penumpukan peti kemas. Hal ini menjadidasar Pemerintah Provinsi Papua memisahkan fungsi pelabuhan barang dari Jayapura ke Distrik DepapreKabupaten Jayapura. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implikasi keruangan pemindahan pelabuhanbarang dari Jayapura ke Depapre. Studi ini mengidentifikasi peran dan fungsi pelabuhan Jayapura danDepapre saat ini, beban dan manfaat pemindahan pelabuhan bagi Jayapura dan Depapre, serta implikasikeruangan pemindahan tersebut. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan alatbantu analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Analisis menunjukkan bahwa pelabuhan Jayapura berperanutama melayani kegiatan ekspor dan pasokan bahan pokok, sedangkan Depapre akan berfungsikomplementer pada tahap awal seiring tumbuhnya bangkitan kargo dari sentra produksi di sekitarnya.Beban yang dialami Jayapura adalah peningkatan biaya distribusi, disertai degradasi lingkungan yangdialami Depapre. Manfaat yang dialami Jayapura adalah efisiensi proses distribusi, ditambah gerakanekonomi yang dialami Depapre. Implikasi pemindahan pelabuhan tersebut adalah perubahan guna lahandi sekitar pelabuhan Depapre dan di sepanjang koridor Sentani-Depapre. Perubahan ini memerlukanlangkah-langkah pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang di wilayah Depapre dan koridor Sentani-Depapre.

Measuring Port Evolution, Growth and Vulnerability: ‘Port Growth Performance Evaluation’ Approach

This study proposes a group of indicators in the analysis of port performance. Section one presents a new model of analysis to evaluate how the port cargo openness, the productivity level, the cargo expansion, and the technological change adaptability can affect directly on the marginal productivity growth rate and performance of a port. This new model, “The Port Growth Performance Evaluation model (PGPE-Model)” is intended to offer policy makers and researchers an additional analytical tool to study the impact of dynamic changes such as change in international trade trends an the impact of technology or competition on port performance from a new perspective. The PGPE-Model can be applied to the study of any production unit or a group of economic activity and not constrained by geographical area or development stage of the entities on study. The PGPE-Model is simple and flexible. Section two, summarizes the results on the performance of Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Japan and China. In an era of dynamic global change and supply change where production units change location, the PGPE-Model’s strength is the ability to capture and measure the change, vulnerability and port performance.

RESEARCH OF COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT OF KLAIPĖDA SEAPORT COMPARING TO OTHER SEAPORTS IN THE EASTERN BALTIC SEA REGION

Constructive and systematic management of a seaport may determine its successful competitive ability in the international market. The analysis of competitive ability of Klaipėda Seaport highlighted its weakest points, influencing the overall competitiveness of the port. The encouragement of port competitive ability is often stressed, however, there is a lack of methodologically based competitive models that include all key factors determining port competitive ability. The current paper gives stages of evaluation both the significance of indices and the importance of criteria in the international market allowed us to determine factors that have an impact on port competitive ability mostly. The method, allowing to predict cargo flows, was used in the description of scenarios for the encouragement of port competitiveness. In order to ensure these cargo flows the port development is also concerned, as an integrated task, which would allow the evaluation of possible changes of cargo flows, port investments and influence of other ports on cargo flows, etc.

Contribution to the Development of a Simulation Model for a Seaport in Specific Operating Conditions

The purpose of this paper is to show the efficiency of application of system dynamic simulation modelling when researching the behaviour dynamics of the port transhipment process, and finding the optimal solution for cargo handling with regard to the type and scope of cargo traffic, directions of movement, and pace of receiving and shipping of cargo. In view of the potential scientific implementation and verification of the hypotheses about the usage of system dynamic simulation models, the goals are multi-dimensional as they include designing qualitative and quantitative simulation models for a non-linear system, verification of the validity of the behaviour dynamics of the model, application of the simulation models, application of the parameter optimisation of the simulated process, and scientific verification of the results obtained through the simulation of the model. In compliance with the developed system-dynamic, mental-verbal and structural model, using the Powersim Studio system-dynamic flowchart of the port cargo system, in Powersim Studio simulation language, it is possible to conduct a scientific research of the dynamics of the continuous behaviour of the observed port cargo system in an experimental way, i. e. by using computers, simulating various scenarios of likely occurrences in the real world, without jeopardising it. KEY WORDS: system dynamics, modelling, transhipment process, optimisation, continued and discrete simulation

Traffic Demand Forecasting for Port Services

Successful management of any sea port depends primarily on the harmonisation of transport supply and demand, whereas their incompatibility leads to a number of problems. The port, i.e. its management, through its operation and part of port policy may affect the planning of the construction or modernization of its port facilities. In doing so, the specified planning requires forecasting and quantification of the needs for infrastructural services of specified port, i.e. assessment of traffic demand. Accordingly, the basic problem of research in this paper is forecasting of traffic demand for the port services by applying the appropriate forecasting methods. In order to find ways of solving concrete problems in the port operations the methods for traffic demand forecasting are set by applying the methodology and the presentation of the application of economic forecasting methods. The selected methods of demand forecasting for port services in demand are illustrated and tested on the example of the Croatian largest cargo port, the Port of Rijeka. KEY WORDS: planning, forecasting, traffic demand, commodity flows, port capacity

Port cargo handling in Chikuho coal mining industry during the Interwar Period

Port cargo handling in Chikuho coal mining industry during the Interwar Period

An Introduction to the Ports Growth Performance Evaluation Model (PGPE-Model)

This paper will present a new group of indicators to analyze the performance of ports. Hence, this paper is divided into two parts. The first part will present a new model of analysis to evaluate how the port cargo openness, the productivity level, the cargo expansion, and the technological change adaptability can affect directly on the marginal port productivity growth rate performance. This new model of analysis is entitled “the ports growth performance evaluation model (PGPE-Model).” The objective of the PGPE-Model is to offer policy makers and researchers new analytical tools to study the impact and trend of ports performance from a new perspective. The PGPE-Model application is not limited to the study of a special group of ports. It is not constrained by issued about the geographical area or development stage of the port. The PGPE-Model, in effects, is a simple and flexible scheme. The second part of this paper shows the results obtained by the application of PGPE-Model on different ports at Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Japan and China. The PGPE-Model general objective is to measure the evolution and vulnerability of the ports performance.

Comparison of Artificial Neural Network Models and Multiple Linear Regression Models in Cargo Port Performance Prediction

Cargo ports operational performance was specified typically through revenue earned, quantum of cargo handled and number of ships serviced. It was predisposed by infrastructural facilities and cargo handling rate; it had an effect over pre-berth waiting time of vessels waiting and berthing time of ships at a port. An Indian port’s ship movement and port operational characteristics had been studied for five years (2005-2009). Ship’s service time was the crucial parameter used to quantify the port performance. This paper focused on building an artificial neural network technique based model to illustrate the relationship between service time and port operational characteristics. Validations of ANN model, comparing multiple linear regression model outputs were reported.

Richards Bay Harbour: Metal exposure monitoring over the last 34 years

Richards Bay Harbour is South Africa’s premier bulk cargo port. It was constructed in the Mhlathuze estuary in 1976 and over the past 34years has become South Africa’s most modern and largest cargo handling port. Although no official monitoring programme is in progress various studies by different groups have provided relevant data with respect to changing metal levels in brown mussel tissue (Perna perna) over the last 34years. Eleven elements were analysed in brown mussels from the main channel in Richards Bay Harbour using ICP-MS. The results indicate that the metal concentrations in the mussel tissue remained relatively constant between 1974 and 2005. The mean metal concentrations increased significantly in 2005 possibly due to the construction of the new coal terminal and associated dredging activities. Mean metal concentrations in the 2008 sampling event were also elevated due to increased run off during an above average rainy season.

The cargo throughput response to factor cost differentials–an analysis for the port of Hong Kong

Previous studies on port cargo throughput have been simplified. The regression models are mainly based on the autoregressive time series, in which the port throughput is regressed against the lagged value from the preceding time period. Most factors are assumed exogenous to port throughput. This approach is based on the premise that ports are oligopoly markets and many factors (e.g. port charges) are not available for inclusion in research. The main objective of this study is to include the costs of using the port in the regression model so as to reflect real commercial decision. Due to port costs generally not being available, the real estate prices and other factors are chosen as proxy variables to indicate indirectly the costs and benefits of using the port under study.

우리나라 물류보안의 문제점 개선 방안 제안 및 분석

9.11 This research since 2001, including shipping and port security and cargo flow international logistics the overall efficiency of the important issues of the international community that reflects the emerging research on the logistics to improve the security problems of I may occur in the logistics sector in the country, such as terrorism and to prevent security incidents from the security system of the logistics in order to operate in real time, and the introduction of advanced logistics and my analysis and logistics for the security system to collect data and develop lesson Logistics problems facing the security sector will want to analyze and improve the present. The analysis of the problems of logistics and security and find ways to improve research and literature selected by experts to improve, and to improve the first part of measures to improve the survey was analyzed through the AHP.

Development of a Web-Based Foreign Waterborne Cargo Data System in the United States

As nations forge strategic trade alliances, international marine trade is expected to increase, and the United States is expected to play a prominent role. This situation will require the private sector to play a critical role in identifying and entering new markets; correspondingly, public authorities must continue to provide adequate port services. Achieving this objective means having access to reliable foreign waterborne cargo data in a timely manner. In an effort to improve data access and use for analysis purposes, a web-based foreign waterborne cargo data system for the United States was developed to query the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' foreign waterborne cargo databases and report on U.S. port cargo movements (exports, imports, and in-transit) to foreign ports, countries, or regions. Query tools have been developed for cargo flows, cargo flow changes, ton-miles, container traffic, and additional reports. Potential system users include government agencies, international organizations, businesses, port authorities, individual shippers or carriers, trade associations, and chambers of commerce. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the current challenges in U.S. foreign waterborne transportation and present the results of the U.S. data system on foreign waterborne cargo. The main system query and report tools are illustrated through several examples. Also presented is a brief discussion on the benefits of utilizing these flexible tools and future system enhancements, which will focus on integrating foreign and domestic flows into a single system and improving cargo flow mapping by showing port–port routes.

Characterisation of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants in the East Mediterranean by diffusion denuder sampling lines

A field study aimed to characterize atmospheric pollutants in the gaseous and the particulate phases was conducted during the fall-winter of 2004 and the summer of 2005 in the Ashdod area, Israel. The site is influenced by both anthropogenic sources (power plants, refineries, chemical and metal industries, a cargo port, road traffic) and natural sources (sea-spray and desert dust). The use of diffusion lines--a series of annular diffusion denuders for sampling gaseous compounds followed by a cyclone and a filter pack for determining PM(2.5) composition--allowed a good daily characterization of the main inorganic compounds in both the gaseous (HCl, HNO(3), SO(2), NH(3)) and the particulate phase (Cl(-), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(=), NH(4)(+), and base cations). During the summer campaign two other activities were added: an intensive 3-h sampling period and the determination of PM(2.5) bulk composition. The results were interpreted on the basis of meteorological condition, especially the mixing properties of the lower atmosphere as determined by monitoring the natural radioactivity due to Radon progeny, a good proxy of the atmospheric ability to dilute pollutants. Several pollution episodes were identified and the predominance of different sources was highlighted (sea-spray, desert dust, secondary photochemical pollutants). During the summer period a considerable increase of nitric acid and particulate sulphate was observed. Secondary inorganic pollutants (nitrate, sulphate and ammonium) constituted, on the average, 57% of the fine particle fraction, organic compounds 20%, primary anthropogenic compounds 14%, natural components (sea-spray and crustal elements) 9%. The advantages of the diffusion lines in determining gaseous and particulate N- and S- inorganic compounds are discussed.

Distribution and speciation of Zn and Pb in coastal sediments of Dumai Sumatera, Indonesia

Concentrations of Zn and Pb in surface sediments collected from 23 sampling stations of Dumai coastal waters have been geochemically [easily, freely or leachable and exchangeable (EFLE), acid reducible, oxidizable organic and resistant] analyzed in addition to their total concentrations [expressed in µg g−1 dry weight (d.w.)]. Results showed that mean concentrations of total Zn and Pb were highest in Ferry Port (88.2 and 61.2 µg g−1 d.w., respectively), while the lowest was in Batu Panjang (32.6 and 15.7 µg g−1 d.w., respectively). Metal concentrations in 87% and 74% of the sampling stations for Zn and Pb were dominated by the resistant fraction. However, nonresistant fractions were found to be higher than resistant fractions at Cargo Port, Sungai Dumai, and Penyembal for Zn; and in Pelintung, Guntung, Mundam, Ferry Port, Fishing Port, and Purnama for Pb, indicating that anthropogenic inputs of Pb occurred in more stations when compared to Zn. Site I (eastern Dumai) was dominated by the nonresistant fraction for Pb (61%) suggesting dominant anthropogenic inputs of this metal. This might be attributed to the combination of large population, discharges of untreated domestic and industrial wastes, shipping activities and city run-off.

Research on probability distribution of port cargo throughput

In order to more accurately examine developing trends in gross cargo throughput, we have modeled the probability distribution of cargo throughput. Gross cargo throughput is determined by the time spent by cargo ships in the port and the operating efficiency of handling equipment. Gross cargo throughput is the sum of all compound variables determining each aspect of cargo throughput for every cargo ship arriving at the port. Probability distribution was determined using the Wald equation. The results show that the variability of gross cargo throughput primarily depends on the different times required by different cargo ships arriving at the port. This model overcomes the shortcoming of previous models: inability to accurately determine the probability of a specific value of future gross cargo throughput. Our proposed model of cargo throughput depends on the relationship between time required by a cargo ship arriving at the port and the operational capacity of handling equipment at the port. At the same time, key factors affecting gross cargo throughput are analyzed. In order to test the efficiency of the model, the cargo volume of a port in Shandong Province was used as an example. In the case study the actual results matched our theoretical analysis.

Anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations in the coastal sediments of Dumai, Indonesia

Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe were determined in the surface sediments to investigate the distributions, concentrations and the pollution status of heavy metals in Dumai coastal waters. Sediment samples from 23 stations, representing 5 different site groups of eastern, central and western Dumai and southern and northern Rupat Island, were collected in May 2005. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations (in microg/g dry weight; Fe in %) were 0.88 (0.46-1.89); 6.08 (1.61-13.84); 32.34 (14.63-84.90); 53.89 (31.49-87.11); 11.48 (7.26-19.97) and 3.01 (2.10-3.92) for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe, respectively. Generally, metal concentrations in the coastal sediments near Dumai city center (eastern and central Dumai) which have more anthropogenic activities were higher than those at other stations. Average concentration of Cd in the eastern Dumai was slightly higher than effective range low (ERL) but still below effective range medium (ERM) value established by Long et al. (Environmental Management 19(1):81-97, 1995; Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 17(4):714-727, 1997). All other metals were still below ERL and ERM. Calculated enrichment factor (EF), especially for Cd and Pb, and the Pollution load index (PLI) value in the eastern Dumai were also higher than other sites. Cd showed higher EF when compared to other metals. Geo-accumulation indices (I(geo)) in most of the stations (all site groups) were categorized as class 1 (unpolluted to moderately polluted environment) and only Cd in Cargo Port was in class 2 (moderately polluted). Heavy metal concentrations found in the present study were comparable to other regions of the world and based on the calculated indices it can be classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted coastal environment.

Consideration about Port Statistics of Containerized Cargo of Major Countries/Areas

In this paper, a study was conducted on the statistics of port cargo officially released by world major countries/areas, in which the methods of collecting data and the details were grasped, and the data were compared among countries, especially focusing on containerized cargo flow in foreign trade. In addition, points to keep in mind in using statistical data and how statistics ought to be in the future were also considered.

국내 3대 주요 컨테이너항만의 장래 컨테이너선박 교통량 추정

컨테이너항만의 물동량이 증가하는 추세에서 장래에 발생될 컨테이너선박의 교통량을 예측한다면 항만의 효율적인 계획과 운영관리를 사전에 수립할 수 있다. 해상교통 관점에서도 컨테이너선박의 입 출항 척수를 장기적으로 추정하고, 이를 근거로 해상교통수요를 원활하게 처리할 수 있는 합리적인 방안을 계획할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전국항만 기본계획에서 제시된 부산항, 광양항, 인천항의 컨테이너 물동량 예측자료를 토대로 각 항만에 대한 컨테이너선의 장래 입 출항 교통량을 추정하였다. 이를 위해서 컨테이너선박의 척당 물동량 추세를 ARIMA 모형을 통해 예측하고, 계절지수를 산출하였다. 이와 같이 예측된 척당 물동량을 2011년, 2015년, 그리고 2020년의 컨테이너 물동량에 대비시켜 발생예상의 해상교통량을 추정하였다. Effective plan and operation managements can be established in advance if the traffic volume of container ship will be forecasted in the trend for container port's cargo volume to increase. At the viewpoint for marine traffic the number of incoming and outgoing container ship can be presumed in the long run and organised rational plan to deal the demand of marine traffic on the basis. Therefore, the paper estimated the future traffic volume of incoming and outgoing container ship for Busan, Gwangyang, and Incheon port on a forecasting data basis of container volume suggested in the national ports base plan. The trends of volume per ship on container were estimated with ARIMA models and seasonal index was computed. Thus the traffic volume of container ship in the future was estimated computing with volume per ship in 2011,2015, and 2020 respectively.