Porphyrin Nanostructures Research Articles

Binaphthalene-Assisted Axial Chirality in Porphyrins: Toward Solid-State Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Self-Assembled Nanostructures.

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is emerging as an effective tool to study the excited-state optical activity in molecules and their self-assembled nanostructures. Chiral porphyrins are a class of optically active molecules wherein the ground-state chirality has been extensively studied in recent times using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. However, obtaining CPL from porphyrin nanostructures, which would have vast implications in biological applications, has remained an uphill task. In this work, we design and synthesize a pair of chiral porphyrin enantiomers functionalized by axially chiral binaphthalene units at the four meso-positions. The molecule undergoes self-assembly following an isodesmic polymerization model, leading to the formation of a spherical nanostructure possessing opposite chirality. Favorable thermodynamic parameters achieved through the controlled experimental conditions helped drive the self-assembly in the forward direction. The limitations imposed by a large nonradiative decay constant arising due to the aggregation-induced quenching could be overcome by fabricating self-standing polymeric films of the nanostructures. The films exhibited relatively high radiative decay and, more interestingly, good CPL activity with clear mirror image spectra for the nanostructures with opposite chirality. The work on CPL-active solid-state materials opens avenue for the design and synthesis of a variety of porphyrin-based chromophoric systems and their nanoaggregates that can find potential application in the field of chiral biosensing and bioimaging, security tags, and display devices.

Facile synthesis of g-C3N4@porphyrin nanofiber composite via self-assembly as photoelectrode for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting

The creation of self-assembled porphyrin nanostructures and their organised arrays has garnered significant attention, with the objective of mimicking natural light-harvesting mechanisms and energy storage, as well as pioneering novel nanostructured materials for use in photocatalytic processes. This study explored the formation of porphyrin nanofibers onto the surface of g-C3N4 via self-assembly, creating a photoelectrode with remarkable potential for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. By integrating these two distinct materials, the resultant hybrid structure leverages the unique properties of both components, enhancing the overall performance of the photoelectrochemical system. The fabrication process involves acid-base neutralization-induced self-assembly, leading to the formation of a well-distributed composite. The resulting photoelectrode exhibits improved charge separation and enhanced light absorption properties. Experimental analyses, encompassing techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photocurrent measurements, validate the successful integration of the hybrid material and its notable photocatalytic efficiency. The porphyrin nanofiber was evenly distributed over the surface of the generated g-C3N4@porphyrin hybrid material. The photoelectrochemical measurements showed a remarkable enhancement in the photocurrent when using g-C3N4@porphyrin photoelectrode in the light-irradiating condition compared to the dark condition. The possible PEC water-splitting mechanism by g-C3N4@porphyrin photoelectrode was also proposed and discussed. This work showcases a promising avenue for advancing the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting through innovative material design and assembly strategies.

Facile preparation of porphyrin@g-C3N4/Ag nanocomposite for improved photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution

In the quest of improving the photocatalytic efficiency of photocatalysts, the combination of two and more semiconductors recently has garnered significant attention among scientists in the field. The doping of conductive metals is also an effective pathway to improve photocatalytic performance by avoiding electron/hole pair recombination and enhancing photon energy absorption. This work presented a design and fabrication of porphyrin@g-C3N4/Ag nanocomposite using acid-base neutralization-induced self-assembly approach from monomeric porphyrin and g-C3N4/Ag material. g-C3N4/Ag material was synthesized by a green reductant of Cleistocalyx operculatus leaf extract. Electron scanning microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectrometer were utilized to analyse the properties of the prepared materials. The prepared porphyrin@g-C3N4/Ag nanocomposite showed well integration of porphyrin nanostructures on the g-C3N4/Ag's surface, in which porphyrin nanofiber was of the diameter in nanoscales and the length of several micrometers, and Ag NPs had an average particle size of less than 20 nm. The photocatalytic behavior of the resultant nanocomposite was tested for the degradation of Rhodamine B dye, which exhibited a remarkable RhB photodegrading percentage. The possible mechanism for photocatalysis of the porphyrin@g-C3N4/Ag nanocomposite toward Rhodamine B dye was also proposed and discussed.

Biomimetic Approach toward Visible Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on a Porphyrin-Based Coordination Polymer Gel.

There has been a widespread interest in developing self-assembled porphyrin nanostructures to mimic nature's light-harvesting processes. Herein, porphyrin-based coordination polymer gel (CPG) has been developed as a "soft" photocatalyst material for hydrogen (H2) production from water under visible light. The CPG offers a hierarchical nanofibrous network structure obtained through self-assembly of a terpyridine alkyl-amide appended porphyrin (TPY-POR)-based low molecular weight gelator with ruthenium ions (RuII) and produces H2 with a rate of 5.7 mmol g-1 h-1 in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) as a sacrificial electron donor. Further, the [Fe2(bdt)(CO)6] (dbt = 1,2-benzenedithiol) cocatalyst, which can mimic the activity of iron hydrogenase, is coassembled in the CPG and shows remarkable improvement in H2 evolution (catalytic activity; rate ∼10.6 mmol g-1 h-1 and turnover number ∼1287). The significant enhancement in catalytic activity was supported by several controlled experiments, including femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and also DFT calculation. The TA study supported the cascade electron transfer process from porphyrin core to [Ru(TPY)2]2+ center, and subsequently, the electron transfers to the cocatalyst [Fe2(bdt)(CO)6] for H2 production.

Easy-to-fabricate high efficiency silicon nanowires solar cell modified by CdTe and zinc tetraphenyl porphyrin nanostructures

Liquid junction solar cell (LJSC) with vertically silicon nanowires (SiNWs) as the primary photosensitizer, co-sensitized with luminescent and narrow gap CdTe nanoparticles, and cuboidal microstructures of zinc tetraphenyl porphyrin (ZnTPP) dye offers broad and intense visible light absorption that translates into a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.09%, when combined with a polymeric gel of a I2/I− redox couple as the hole transport material and a counter electrode (CE) of poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with imide ions (PEDOT-N(CF3SO2)2), under 1 sun irradiance. The p-type CdTe efficiently scavenges holes from SiNWs and simultaneously allows the passage of photoexcited electrons from ZnTPP to SiNWs via electrical conduction thus imparting an enhanced solar cell performance. Co-sensitization also supresses back electron transfer effectively, as is inferred from a ~68% enhancement in PCE compared to SiNWs alone. Optimization of the CE entailed the evaluation of the effect of dopant anion: imide versus dicyanamide in PEDOT, and revealed that the presence of macro-cracks in the polymer surface, a deeper work function, and a lower electrical conductance are the shortcomings of the dicyanamide doped PEDOT and reduce the overall PCE, compared to imide. This study brings out how by judicious choice of photoanode and CE components, efficient, stable and easy-to-assemble LJSCs can be developed.

Pathway Complexity in Supramolecular Porphyrin Self-Assembly at an Immiscible Liquid-Liquid Interface.

Nanostructures that are inaccessible through spontaneous thermodynamic processes may be formed by supramolecular self-assembly under kinetic control. In the past decade, the dynamics of pathway complexity in self-assembly have been elucidated through kinetic models based on aggregate growth by sequential monomer association and dissociation. Immiscible liquid–liquid interfaces are an attractive platform to develop well-ordered self-assembled nanostructures, unattainable in bulk solution, due to the templating interaction of the interface with adsorbed molecules. Here, we report time-resolved in situ UV–vis spectroscopic observations of the self-assembly of zinc(II) meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (ZnTPPc) at an immiscible aqueous–organic interface. We show that the kinetically favored metastable J-type nanostructures form quickly, but then transform into stable thermodynamically favored H-type nanostructures. Numerical modeling revealed two parallel and competing cooperative pathways leading to the different porphyrin nanostructures. These insights demonstrate that pathway complexity is not unique to self-assembly processes in bulk solution and is equally valid for interfacial self-assembly. Subsequently, the interfacial electrostatic environment was tuned using a kosmotropic anion (citrate) in order to influence the pathway selection. At high concentrations, interfacial nanostructure formation was forced completely down the kinetically favored pathway, and only J-type nanostructures were obtained. Furthermore, we found by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy that the J- and H-type nanostructures obtained at low and high citric acid concentrations, respectively, are morphologically distinct, which illustrates the pathway-dependent material properties.

Protein-aggregating ability of different protoporphyrin-IX nanostructures is dependent on their oxidation and protein-binding capacity

Porphyrias are rare blood disorders caused by genetic defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway and are associated with the accumulation of high levels of porphyrins that become cytotoxic. Porphyrins, due to their amphipathic nature, spontaneously associate into different nanostructures, but very little is known about the cytotoxic effects of these porphyrin nanostructures. Previously, we demonstrated the unique ability of fluorescent biological porphyrins, including protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX), to cause organelle-selective protein aggregation, which we posited to be a major mechanism by which fluorescent porphyrins exerts their cytotoxic effect. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that PP-IX-mediated protein aggregation is modulated by different PP-IX nanostructures via a mechanism that depends on their oxidizing potential and protein-binding ability. UV–visible spectrophotometry showed pH-mediated reversible transformations of PP-IX nanostructures. Biochemical analysis showed that PP-IX nanostructure size modulated PP-IX-induced protein oxidation and protein aggregation. Furthermore, albumin, the most abundant serum protein, preferentially binds PP-IX dimers and enhances their oxidizing ability. PP-IX binding quenched albumin intrinsic fluorescence and oxidized His-91 residue to Asn/Asp, likely via a previously described photo-oxidation mechanism for other proteins. Extracellular albumin protected from intracellular porphyrinogenic stress and protein aggregation by acting as a PP-IX sponge. This work highlights the importance of PP-IX nanostructures in the context of porphyrias and offers insights into potential novel therapeutic approaches.

The facile preparation of porphyrin based hierarchical micro/nano assemblies and their visible light photocatalytic activity

Porphyrin nanostructures are widely used in the field of visible light catalysis due to their superior light absorption properties and good controllability in size, shape and function. In this paper, the development of various morphologies in three types of porphyrins with three different phenyl substituents (designated as H2TTP, H2TPP and H2TCPP, respectively) is demonstrated. The formation mechanism proposed was based on the evolution of morphology as functions of molecular structure and solvent mixture. These nano/micro assemblies are well characterized by SEM, IR, UV-vis, X-ray diffraction and photoelectric conversion. The photocatalytic oxidation reactions under visible light irradiation of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) in water is utilized to evaluate the photoactivity of the as-prepared porphyrin assemblies. The photocatalytic results indicate that the obtained porphyrin assemblies exhibit enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. In addition, the photocatalyst is easy to separate and recover, and has good stability. The possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of DHN by the porphyrins nanopolyhedron photocatalyst was also proposed.

Stretchable memory loops and photovoltaic characteristics of organic-inorganic solid-state iron (III) chloride tetraphenyl porphyrin /p-Si(111) nanostructure devices

Iron (III) chloride tetraphenyl porphyrin (FeTPPCl) nanostructure decorated films were grown by thermal evaporation Technique (Edward-306) on p-type Silicon (111)/Al. The picked-up micrographs from the scan electron microscopy (SEM) declared that; the annealed FeTPPCl thin films at 350 ᵒC have a nanostructured decorated surface. An impedance spectrum of the Ag/FeTPPCl/p-Si/Al device is analyzed according to the Series Layer Model (SLM) as LRse[R1C1][R2C2] electrical equivalent circuit. The (Re(Z)-(-Im(Z))) complex-plane of Ag/FeTPPCl/p-Si/Al device is characterized by two composed semicircles with series resistance and induction behavior at higher frequencies. These results may be useful in Organic/Inorganic non-volatile memory scalable devices dependant on the electro‐resistive behavior. There are anomalies recorded types of cyclic (I–V) characteristic curves for the manufactured devices at different backward biasing voltages (under dark condition and illumination at room temperature). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 5.73 % at the power of the incident light intensity (Pin = 80 mW/cm2), whereas the projected area of the top electrode ∼ 73.6 × 10−3 cm2. The ideality parameter was larger than unity and the estimated barrier height is 0.46 eV. The series Rs and shunt Rsh resistances are characterized under different backward biasing voltage Vrev = {-2, -3, -4, -6−8, and -10 V} and a constant forward biasing voltage 5 V. When the backward voltage was stretched toward lower voltages (-4, -6, -8 and -10 V), Rsh is decreased as following: Rsh = 4.62, 4.73, 4.78, and 4.87 kΩ, respectively. The maximum values of the change in current (ΔIm) and resistance (ΔRm) are estimated and modulated, mathematically, corresponding to its backward biasing voltages. These results may be supporting utilizing this device in current and resistance electrical switching dependent backward biasing voltage application.

Surface-confined formation of conjugated porphyrin-based nanostructures on Ag(111).

Porphyrin-based oligomers were synthesized from the condensation of adsorbed 4-benzaldehyde-substituted porphyrins through the formation of CC linkages, following a McMurry-type coupling scheme. Scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data evidence both the dissociation of aldehyde groups and the formation of CC linkages. Our approach provides a path for the on-surface synthesis of porphyrin-based oligomers coupled by CC bridges - as a means to create functional conjugated nanostructures.

Self-assembled supramolecular nanostructure photosensitizers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Supramolecular self-assembly as a breakthrough methodology in the nanoscience and nanotechnology fields has attracted increasing attention. Highly ordered self-assembled supramolecular nanostructures aim to emulate natural light-harvesting and energy transfer and electron transfer processes, which have been an active and rapidly developing field for visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications. This Research Update aims to present the recent progress of the self-assembly of π-conjugated molecules, including perylene diimides (PDIs), porphyrin, and co-assembly of peptide–porphyrin as well as the shape-defined functional hierarchical structures. First, the basic principles of π-conjugated molecular structure design are described. The two nitrogen positions and the bay positions of PDIs can effectively regulate their electronic properties and geometric skeleton, and the functional groups and the good solvents of porphyrin effectively determine the choice of self-assembly methods. Then, the key morphology dependent optoelectronic properties and charge-transport and energy-transport functionalities are also discussed. These self-assembled supramolecular nanostructures’ inherent optoelectronic properties correlated with applications in photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen evolution are overviewed. By now, the self-assembled In(III) meso-tetraphenylporphine (InTPP) porphyrin nanostructures exhibited the highest photocatalytic hydrogen generation activity among the reported supramolecular nanostructures owing to the central metal of porphyrin and small size of the InTPP nanostructure. Finally, perspectives on the crucial issues and potential future research directions are addressed. This Research Update will provide a new reference for building high performance, stable, and durable photosensitizers based on the supramolecular assembly.

Covalently Conjugated Gold-Porphyrin Nanostructures.

Gold nanoparticles show important electronic and optical properties, owing to their size, shape, and electronic structures. Indeed, gold nanoparticles containing no more than 30–40 atoms are only luminescent, while nanometer-sized gold nanoparticles only show surface plasmon resonance. Therefore, it appears that gold nanoparticles can alternatively be luminescent or plasmonic and this represents a severe restriction for their use as optical material. The aim of our study was the fabrication of nanoscale assembly of Au nanoparticles with bi-functional porphyrin molecules that work as bridges between different gold nanoparticles. This functional architecture not only exhibits a strong surface plasmon, due to the Au nanoparticles, but also a strong luminescence signal due to porphyrin molecules, thus, behaving as an artificial organized plasmonic and fluorescent network. Mutual Au nanoparticles–porphyrin interactions tune the Au network size whose dimension can easily be read out, being the position of the surface plasmon resonance strongly indicative of this size. The present system can be used for all the applications requiring plasmonic and luminescent emitters.

Self-Assembly of Porphyrin Nanostructures at the Interface between Two Immiscible Liquids

One of the many evolved functions of photosynthetic organisms is to synthesize light harvesting nanostructures from photoactive molecules such as porphyrins. Engineering synthetic analogues with optimized molecular order necessary for the efficient capture and harvest of light energy remains challenging. Here, we address this challenge by reporting the self-assembly of zinc(II) meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrins into films of highly ordered nanostructures. The self-assembly process takes place selectively at the interface between two immiscible liquids (water|organic solvent) with the kinetically stable interfacial nanostructures formed only at pH values close to the pKa of the carboxyphenyl groups. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the assembly process is driven by an interplay between the hydrophobicity gradient at the interface and hydrogen bonding in the formed nanostructure. Ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and in situ UV–vis and steady-state fluorescence indicate the formation of chlathrate type nanostructures that retain the emission properties of their monomeric constituents. The self-assembly method presented here avoids the use of acidic conditions, additives such as surfactants, and external stimuli, offering an alternative for the realization of light-harvesting antennas in artificial photosynthesis technologies.

Structure, Properties, and Reactivity of Porphyrins on Surfaces and Nanostructures with Periodic DFT Calculations

Porphyrins are fascinating molecules with applications spanning various scientific fields. In this review we present the use of periodic density functional theory (PDFT) calculations to study the structure, electronic properties, and reactivity of porphyrins on ordered two dimensional surfaces and in the formation of nanostructures. The focus of the review is to describe the application of PDFT calculations for bridging the gaps in experimental studies on porphyrin nanostructures and self-assembly on 2D surfaces. A survey of different DFT functionals used to study the porphyrin-based system as well as their advantages and disadvantages in studying these systems is presented.

Interwoven Molecular Chains Obtained by Ionic Self-Assembly of Two Iron(III) Porphyrins with Opposite and Mismatched Charges.

We report ionic self-assembly of positively charged FeIII meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (FeIIINMePyP) with negatively charged FeIII meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (FeIIITPPS4), leading to the formation of flower-like nanostructures composed of unprecedented three-dimensional (3D) entangled chains of porphyrin dimers. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that the 3D entanglement of porphyrin chains closely correlates to mismatched charges present in porphyrin dimers like [FeIII(H2O)2NMePyP]5+/[FeIII(H2O)2TPPS4]3- that requires extra interactions or entanglement with neighboring ones to achieve electric neutrality. Interestingly, the interwoven chains bring in excellent thermal stability as evidenced by well maintenance of the flower-like morphology after pyrolysis at 775 °C in argon, which is in good agreement of high-temperature MD simulations. Meanwhile, heat treatment of the flower-like porphyrin nanostructure leads to the formation of a non-noble metal electrocatalyst (NNME) with largely inherited morphology. This exemplifies a new approach by combining ionic self-assembly with subsequent pyrolysis for the synthesis of NNMEs with desired control over the morphology of template-free NNMEs that has rarely been achieved prior to this study. Furthermore, our electrocatalyst exhibits excellent activity and durability toward oxygen reduction reaction as well as much better methanol tolerance compared with commercial Pt/C in alkaline solutions.

Picolyl Porphyrin Nanostructures as a Functional Drug Entrant for Photodynamic Therapy in Human Breast Cancers.

The major challenge in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is to discover versatile photosensitizers (PSs) that possess good solubility in biological media, enhanced singlet oxygen generation efficacy, and photodynamic activity. Working in this direction, we synthesized a picolylamine-functionalized porphyrin conjugate, compound 1, and its zinc complex compound 2. Compound 1 forms spherical structures in methanol, whereas compound 2 exhibited vesicular structures. Compared to the existing PSs like foscan and photofrin, compound 2 exhibited a high singlet oxygen generation efficiency and triplet quantum yield. The complex also showed good water solubility, and its PDT activity was demonstrated through in vitro studies using MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. The mechanism of biological activity evaluated using various techniques proved that the active compound 2 induced predominantly singlet oxygen-triggered apoptosis-mediated cancerous cell death. Our results demonstrate that zinc insertion in the picolyl porphyrin induces an enhanced triplet excited state, and the singlet oxygen yields quantitatively and imparts excellent in vitro photodynamic activity, thereby demonstrating their pertinence as a nanodrug in future photobiological applications.

Nanoparticles as template for porphyrin nanostructure growth

Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are one of the most widely studied platforms for the construction of supramolecular structures. These compounds have an extended aromatic system that allows [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] stacking interactions which, together with hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces and the formation of inter-metallic complexes arising from peripheral groups, offer a versatile platform to control the self-assembly mechanism. In this work, we present the study of nanostructures formed by self-assembly of the water-soluble porphyrins meso-tetra([Formula: see text]-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP) and meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) in the presence of hard nanotemplates. Different nanoparticles (silica, gold, and polystyrene), concentrations and synthetic procedures were explored. The obtained materials were characterized by SEM and AFM microscopies, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. A clear modification of the SiO2 NP surface roughness using one-pot synthesis was observed. The results were variable depending on the porphyrin–surface interactions and concentrations used. At lower porphyrin concentrations, a shift of the Soret band was observed, while at higher concentrations, free NS were formed. This reflects a competition between surface and solution directed self-assembly.

Porphyrin Nanostructures Modulates Its Protein Aggregation Ability via Differential Oxidation and Protein Binding

BackgroundPorphyrias are a group of diseases that associate with the accumulation of high levels of porphyrins due to well‐defined defect in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Porphyrins are known to spontaneously associate to form higher order structures. Prior studies from our lab demonstrated the unique abilities of fluorescent biological porphyrins to mediate protein aggregation in an organelle‐selective fashion. This protein aggregation provides a potential mechanism for cell and tissue damage that afflicts patients with porphyria. We hypothesize that the proteotoxicity of porphyrins is modulated by its supramolecular structures.MethodsUV‐visible and fluorescent spectrophotometry were utilized to study the speciation of protoporphyrin‐IX (PP‐IX) as a function of pH. The oxidizing potential of different PP‐IX species towards C=C containing biologic chromophores, including flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and free thiols, were tested. The differential binding of PP‐IX species to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and PP‐IX species aggregating ability towards glyceraldehyde 3‐phoshate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), were tested using spectrophotometry and gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting.ResultsAt lysosomal pH 4.5, PP‐IX (monomer ~ 0.5 kDa) was predominantly found as higher ordered species (~ 70 kDa). By contrast, PP‐IX was completely dimerized at pH 9 and formed a mixture of higher structures and dimers at pH 7.4. The dimers had significantly higher quantum yield than higher order structures, which manifested in their increased oxidizing ability towards FMN. Notably, PP‐IX dimers and higher structures were equally efficient in oxidizing free thiols. BSA, an abundant serum porphyrin binding protein, had two classes of PP‐IX binding sites, one for higher structures, and another for dimers. BSA preferentially bound PP‐IX dimers and had the ability to break‐up higher structures into dimers, but did not bind monomeric PP‐IX. While BSA‐PP‐IX interaction did not cause protein aggregation, GAPDH underwent aggregation upon interacting with PP‐IX, with a unique gel shift for higher order structures versus dimers and/or mixture of dimers/higher order structures.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that PP‐IX self‐associates to provide different porphyrin species depending on pH. Low pH4.5 leads to large PP‐IX structures while high pH leads to PP‐IX dimers and neutral pH7.4 leads to a mix of dimeric and larger structures. Differences in PP‐IX speciation have a profound effect on the ability of PP‐IX to bind to proteins and thereby induce protein oxidation and aggregation. These findings are likely to have important consequences in the pathogenesis of porphyrias, and offers insights into potential therapeutic approaches that target porphyrin speciation.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R01 DK116548 (M.B.O.); and by a Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan (B.M.P.)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Self-assembled porphyrin and macrocycle derivatives: From synthesis to function

Abstract

Band Structures of Periodic Porphyrin Nanostructures

Recent progress in the synthesis of π-conjugated porphyrin arrays of different shapes and dimensionalities motivates us to examine the band structures of infinite (periodic) porphyrin nanostructure...