Surface Pore Research Articles

Disorder Over Pore Size: Boosting Supercapacitor Efficiency

AbstractThe urgent need for efficient energy storage systems has spotlighted supercapacitors and nanostructured porous carbon materials. These materials require structural optimization to enhance their performance and lifespan, necessitating advanced design and synthesis techniques. In a recent publication, Forse and co‐workers reveal that structural disorder in nanoporous carbon materials significantly enhances their capacitance performance, suggesting that optimizing structural disorder is key to developing high‐energy‐density supercapacitors. This study innovatively shows that structural disorder in nanoporous carbon materials significantly enhances capacitance performance, surpassing traditional factors like pore size and surface area. The investigation of multiple nanoporous carbons from a range of different suppliers showcases the generalizability of the findings. Annealing treatment further confirms that the capacitance enhancement is due to structural disorder. This discovery guides the design and synthesis of new efficient electrode materials, providing a new direction for the future development of supercapacitors.

Synergistic effect as a function of preparation method in CeO2-ZrO2-SnO2 catalysts for CO oxidation and soot combustion

The development of catalysts based on environmentally desirable components is a topical challenge. In the present work, we consider the effects of the preparation method on phase composition, porous structure, nature and distribution of active sites as well as synergistic behavior of components in two series of CeO2-ZrO2-SnO2 catalysts for soot combustion and CO oxidation. The catalysts prepared by the citrate method feature rather large SnO2 aggregates distributed on CeO2 and/or ZrO2 oxides. On the contrary, the catalysts prepared by the CTAB-templated approach feature a uniform distribution of oxide species and usually show higher activity in both CO oxidation and soot combustion. In both series, the activity and characteristics of catalysts are enhanced due to the synergistic effects arising when two or more oxide components coexist in their composition, and the degree of synergy is a function of the preparation method. The features of the most active catalysts combine (1) high specific surface area and pore volume, (2) high microstrain values, (3) coexisting oxygen vacancies of different nature, (4) high H2 consumption at low temperatures, and (5) high fraction of adsorbed active oxygen species.

A Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitor with High-Performance and Long-Lifetime: Fabrication of Nanoworm-Like-Structured Electrodes Based on Polypyrrole-Thiosemicarbazone Complex.

A thiosemicarbazone-based iron(III) complex is prepared and used in the preparation of a supercapacitor electrode material. This electrode is produced by a solvothermal reaction of polypyrrole and the complex on carbon felt. The characterization of the complex and material is carried out using UV-vis, elemental analysis, FT-IR, XRD, BET, and TGA methods, and the surface morphology is examined using SEM technique. Because the interaction of electrode and electrolyte is of great importance in energy storage systems, as the surface area and pore volume increase, electrode ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface leak to the inner surfaces and interact with the larger surface area, which increases the charge storage performance. The electrode material, nano-worm structure, reached the highest specific capacitance value of 764.6 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1. Compared to the capacitance value of polypyrrole in its pure form, it is observed to exhibit an 187.2% increase. The highest specific capacitance value of the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) formed with a graphite electrode is 318.1 F g-1 at the current density of 1 Ag-1. Moreover, ASC reached a wide working potential of 1.8 V in an aqueous electrolyte and exhibited ultra-long cycle life (112%), maintaining its stability after 10000 cycles.

Nanomaterial Texture-Based Machine Learning of Ciprofloxacin Adsorption on Nanoporous Carbon.

Drug substances in water bodies and groundwater have become a significant threat to the surrounding environment. This study focuses on the ability of the nanoporous carbon materials to remove ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions under specific experimental conditions and on the development of the mathematical model that would allow describing the molecular interactions of the adsorption process and calculating the adsorption capacity of the material. Thus, based on the adsorption measurements of the 87 carbon materials, it was found that, depending on the porosity and pore size distribution, adsorption capacity values varied between 55 and 495 mg g-1. For a more detailed analysis of the effects of different carbon textures and pores characteristics, a Quantitative nano-Structure-Property Relationship (QnSPR) was developed to describe and predict the ability of a nanoporous carbon material to remove ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of potential nanoporous carbon-based adsorbents for the removal of ciprofloxacin was shown to be sufficiently accurately described by a three-parameter multi-linear QnSPR equation (R2 = 0.70). This description was achieved only with parameters describing the texture of the carbon material such as specific surface area (Sdft) and pore size fractions of 1.1-1.2 nm (VN21.1-1.2) and 3.3-3.4 nm (VN23.3-3.4) for pores.

Characterization and optimization of biodiesel production from corn oil using heterogeneous MoO3/MCM-41 catalysts

Different types of heterogeneous catalysts have been developed worldwide and tested for biodiesel production from corn oil as a feedstock via the transesterification and esterification reactions. In this study, varying contents of MoO3 were incorporated into the mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 using the pore saturation method to form heterogeneous catalysts (MoO3/MCM-41). Characterization results confirmed the formation of the MCM-41 structure and the mesoporous phase filling by molybdenum, along with different surface areas, volume, and pore diameters. The silanol groups impart acidity to the molecular sieve, and a molybdenum content above the optimum reduced the availability of acidic sites on the catalyst surface, filling the micro and mesoporous channels, resulting in lower acidity. Catalytic performance was evaluated using a 22 factorial design with three center points to optimize reaction parameters including MoO3content and temperature. The maximum yield was 87.87 %, achieved with a 3 % catalyst load containing 15 wt% MoO3, at an oil-to-alcohol molar ratio of 1:20 at 150 °C for 3 h. Temperature had the most significant influence on biodiesel yield.

Optimizing Resin Infiltration Procedure in Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Lesions.

This article aims to describe a new technique for predicting the results of resin infiltration procedure in molar incisor hypomineralization lesions, named Infiltration Monitoring by Transillumination. The technique involves the use of transillumination together with ethanol application during the steps of lesion body opening and resin penetration. It provides color contrast that enhances the removal of the less porous surface layer and controls the effectiveness of resin infiltration within the lesion. The clinical procedure presented illustrates the steps involved in the resin infiltration procedure for color masking of molar incisor hypomineralization lesions in anterior teeth, highlighting the use of transillumination both for monitoring the lesion body opening step and the resin infiltration process. The monitoring with transillumination during the ethanol test can assist the removal of the enamel external layer over the lesion, necessary to expose the inner porosity to be infiltrated, in a very precise and conservative way. In addition, it can effectively help to determine the moment when the infiltrant resin has fully penetrated the lesion. The Infiltration Monitoring by Transillumination technique offers the possibility to precisely control the infiltration procedure in molar incisor hypomineralization lesions, thereby improving the predictability of the esthetic outcome.

Evaluation of Commercially Available Sanitizers Efficacy to Control Salmonella (Sessile and Biofilm Forms) on Harvesting Bins and Picking Bags

This study evaluated the efficacy of five commercially available sanitizers to reduce Salmonella (sessile and biofilm forms) count on experimentally inoculated materials representative of harvesting bins and picking bags in the fresh produce industry. Sessile Salmonella cells were grown onto tryptic soy agar to create a bacterial lawn, while multistrain Salmonella biofilms were grown in a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reactor at 22 ± 2 °C for 96 h. Samples were exposed to 500 ppm free chlorine, 500 ppm peroxyacetic acid (PAA), 75 psi steam, and 5% silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) for 30 sec, 1, or 2 min or 100 ppm chlorine dioxide gas for 24 h. Sanitizer, surface type, and application time significantly affected the viability of Salmonella in both sessile and biofilm forms (P < 0.05). All treatments resulted in a significant reduction of Salmonella when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Chlorine dioxide gas was the most effective treatment in both sessile and biofilm forms regardless of the type of surface, and it achieved a 5-log reduction. PAA at 500 ppm applied for 2 min was the only liquid sanitizer that resulted in a greater than 3-log reduction in all surfaces. Scanning electronic microscopy demonstrated the porous surface nature of nylon and wood, compared to HDPE, impacted sanitizer antimicrobial activity. Understanding the efficacy of sanitizers to control Salmonella on harvesting bins and picking bags may improve the safety of fresh produce by increasing available sanitizing treatment.

Numerical investigation of droplet impacting, spreading and penetration on porous substrates

The behavior of droplets impacting porous surfaces, including spreading and penetration, plays a critical role in various engineering applications, yet the underlying mechanisms governing the interaction between these processes remain unclear. In this study, the complex interplay between droplet spreading and penetration on porous media was comprehensively investigated using the Level Set method. The droplet evolutions outside and inside the porous substrate influenced by droplet size, impact velocity, porosity, particle diameter, surface tension, and dynamic viscosity were explored. The results indicate that increases in droplet size and velocity lead to a simultaneous increase in both spreading factor and penetration depth. Higher values of porosity, particle diameter, and surface tension facilitated droplet penetration, despite at the expense of impeding droplet spreading on porous surfaces. Droplet size and surface tension exhibited less pronounced effects on penetration depth, particularly during the early stages. The spreading factor exhibited a non-monotonic trend with viscosity, initially increasing and subsequently decreasing, while the penetration depth decreased accordingly. Moreover, a larger spreading diameter corresponds to an expanded penetration width. A correlation was proposed to predict the maximum spreading factor based on Weber number, Reynolds number, and Darcy number, which can predict 83 % data in literature with deviations within ±20 %. This study provides new insights into the droplet dynamics on porous media and offers practical guidance for optimizing relevant engineering applications.

Organic-Inorganic Biocompatible Coatings for Temporary and Permanent Metal Implants.

The general trend of increasing life expectancy will consistently drive the demand for orthopedic prostheses. In addition to the elderly, the younger population is also in urgent need of orthopedic devices, as bone fractures are a relatively common injury type; it is important to treat the patient quickly, painlessly, and eliminate further health complications. In the field of traumatology and orthopedics, metals and their alloys are currently the most commonly used materials. In this context, numerous scientists are engaged in the search for new implant materials and coatings. Among the various coating techniques, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) (or micro-arc oxidation-MAO) occupy a distinct position. This method offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to modification of metal surfaces. PEO can effectively form porous, corrosion-resistant, and bioactive coatings on light alloys. The porous oxide surface structure welcomes organic molecules that can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of the implant and improve the biological response of the body. The review considers the most crucial aspects of new combined PEO-organic coatings on metal implants, in terms of their potential for implantation, corrosion resistance, and biological activity in vitro and in vivo.

Application of Modified Silica as an Efficient Slow-Release Carrier Medium: A Review

The use of mesoporous material as a carrier is increasingly gaining significant attention in recent years. The carrier often exists in the form of organic polymers, including chitosan and starch-g-poly (L-lactide), as well as inorganic substances, namely zeolites, sulfur, and silica. In this context, silica has the greatest abundance in nature and is extensively applied as a carrier medium due to its high selectivity, excellent regeneration ability, and environmental friendliness. However, this material shows some limitations, such as high surface tension and large inter-particle bonding forces, which can be addressed through modifications of the surface area and pore size by adding surfactants. The modifications will transform silica into a mesoporous structure, suitable for use as a slow-release carrier in various applications, including catalysts, sensors, adsorbents, chromatography, drug delivery systems, and intelligent corrosion inhibitors.

Designing Impact Resistance and Robustness into Slippery Lubricant Infused Porous Surfaces.

Slippery lubricant infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have the potential to address daunting challenges such as undesirable surface fouling/biofouling, icing, etc. However, the depletion of lubricants hampers their practical utility. As a solution, here a rational strategy is introduced that operates synergistically in three parts. First, ultra-high capillary pressure is exploited from the reticular structure of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with sub-nanometer pores. Second, the need for geometric compatibility is demonstrated; the lubricant chain diameter must be smaller than the MOF pore to enable lubricant chain intercalation. Lastly, the MOF pore chemistry is tailored to achieve a strong intermolecular interaction for any given MOF/lubricant combination. The strategy is investigated through experiments and quantum/molecular simulations, which show that the approach helps lock the intercalated lubricant chains inside the MOF pores and forms a non-conventional supramolecular structure. The resulting SLIPS (including those with fluorine-free chemistry) not only show typical low wetting hysteresis, friction, and ice adhesion but are uniquely resistant to more stringent tests such as continuous dripping and sliding of water droplets (up to 50hrs), repeated impacts of high-speed water jets (liquid impact Weber number >4×104) and prevent bacterial biofilm formation even in dynamic flow conditions. The findings may widen the practical applications of SLIPS.

Preparation of Loess‐Clay Based Eco‐Friendly Geopolymer for Efficient Removal of Pollutants in Water

AbstractHeavy metals and dyes cause serious harm for water environment, geopolymer materials with the large pores and specific surface area, and easy modification of pore surface have received extensive attention in wastewater treatment. Herein, using loess‐clay (LC) as natural mineral materials, we developed an eco‐friendly geopolymer of loess‐clay (GpLC) with excellent adsorption properties and promotion plant growth was prepared by alkali excitement. Its morphology and structure were exhibited by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, XRD, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. Moreover, its adsorption property for removing metal ions and different dyes was measured, and the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were investigated. GpLC presented excellent adsorption ability for Pb2+, which the removal rate got to 98.7 %. It had the universality of removing organic pollutants, and the removal rate reached to 98.0 %. It was dominated chemisorption and single‐layer adsorption, which GpLC conformed to quasi‐second‐order adsorption kinetics, and being more consistent with Langmuir isothermal model. Furthermore, it was found that GpLC could promote growth of crops as it contain P and K element with essential element of plants. In summary, it provides insights and strategy for developing a kind of eco‐friendly functional materials with strong adsorption capacity and promoting plant growth, and it is an effective method for reusing loess resources.

Low Ru doping induced interface and defects engineering in 2D square micro-mesoporous CoNiRuOx nanosieves for advanced oxygen evolution electrocatalysis

Efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts require the reasonable integration of geometric architecture, defects construction and interfacial electronic structure, which is difficult to combine multiple advantages into one low-cost catalysts. Herein, we designed a novel low Ru doping 2D square CoNiRuOx nanosieves (NSs) with abundant surface micropore and mesopore structure, rich oxygen defects and heterophase interfaces. Owing to the Ru incorporation, the electrons in Ni2+ could partially spontaneously transfer to the Ru4+ species by the bridge O2− with π donation effect according to the proposed “Ni-O-Co-O-Ru-O-Ni” electron interaction model. Benefitting from the porous surface with rich mass transfer channel, increased oxygen defects concentration, well-optimized electron redistribution, the CoNiRuOx nanosieves possessed a low overpotential of 261 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2, which is better than that of counterpart CoNiOx NSs and commercial RuO2 catalysts. The CoNiRuOx NSs also possessed the favorable durability with 50 h. Moreover, the CoNiRuOx//Pt/C electrode couple exhibited enhanced overall water splitting performance. This work provides offers insightful significance to design 2D micro-mesoporous materials for the robust electrocatalysis processes related to energy conversion technologies.

Incorporation of Multiple Binding Sites into an Adaptive MOF for Sieving Butane Isomers

AbstractEfficient separation of liner alkanes from branched alkanes is of prime importance in the petrochemical industry. Herein an adaptive metal‐organic framework FJI‐H38 is reported with 1D channel which can vary delicately ≈4.0 Å. The activated FJI‐H38 displays extremely large butane (n‐C4H10) capacity, especially at low pressure (44.15 cm3 g−1 at 298 K and 0.1 bar), but barely adsorbs isobutane (iso‐C4H10). Remarkably, FJI‐H38 possesses a high n‐C4H10/iso‐C4H10 selectivity of 246.75. Gas‐loaded single crystal X‐ray analysis and modeling calculation reveal that the synergetic effect of pore confinement and surfaces decorated with uncoordinated carboxyl group plays a critical role in the capture of the relatively smaller n‐C4H10 while the exclusion of the larger iso‐C4H10. In addition, dynamic breakthrough tests explicitly prove FJI‐H38 displays prominent separation performance for n/iso‐C4H10 under various conditions with ultra‐high productivity of high‐purity n‐C4H10 (42.48 L/kg, ≥99.0%) and iso‐C4H10 (42.35 L/kg, ≥99.95%).

A Thermogravimetric Analysis of Biomass Conversion to Biochar: Experimental and Kinetic Modeling

This study investigates the pyrolytic decomposition of apple and potato peel waste using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical characteristics and structural properties of biochar was studied. The degradation of biomass samples was studied between 25 °C and 800 °C. Although apple and potato peel decomposition present similar thermogravimetric profiles, there are some differences that can be evidenced from DTG curves. Potato peel showed one degradation peak in the range 205–375 °C with 50% weight loss; meanwhile, the apple peel exhibited two stages: one with a maximum at around 220 °C and about 38% weight loss caused by degradation of simple carbohydrates and a second peak between 280 °C and 380 °C with a maximum at 330 °C, having a weight loss of approximately 24%, attributed to cellulose degradation. To gain more insight into the phenomena involved in biomass conversion, the kinetics of the reaction were analyzed using thermal data collected in non-isothermal conditions with a constant heating rate of 5, 10, 20, or 30 °C /min. The kinetic analysis for each decomposed biomass (apple and potato) was carried out based on single-step and multi-step type techniques by combining the Arrhenius form of the decomposition rate constant with the mass action law. The multi-step approaches provided further insight into the degradation mechanisms for the whole range of the decomposition temperatures. The effect of temperature on biomass waste structure showed that the surface morphologies and surface functional groups of both samples are influenced by the pyrolysis temperature. A higher pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C results in the disappearance of the bands characteristic of the hydroxyl, aliphatic, ether, and ester functional groups, characteristic of a porous surface with increased adsorption capacity. Therefore, this study concludes that biomass waste samples (apple and potato) can produce high yields of biochar and are a potential ecological basis for a sustainable approach. The preliminary adsorption tests show a reasonably good nitrate removal capacity for our biochar samples.

Anticorrosion strategy for magnesium alloys through a superhydrophobic approach utilizing slippery liquid-infused porous surface coating

Anticorrosion strategy for magnesium alloys through a superhydrophobic approach utilizing slippery liquid-infused porous surface coating

Insights into the wetting mechanisms in low-permeability sandstone reservoirs and its evolution processes: The shahejie formation in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay basin

During the accumulation and development processes of low-permeability oil, wettability plays a crucial role in the percolation capacity of fluids. In particular, the evolution of low-permeability sandstones involves complex changes in formation fluid properties and mineral types, leading to a deficient understanding of wetting mechanisms in low-permeability sandstones. This gap significantly impedes research on the accumulation mechanisms of low-permeability oil. Focusing on the low-permeability sandstones in Shahejie formation of Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, tests like Casting thin section, scanning electron microscope, contact angle measurement, molecular dynamics simulation and the Amott method based on nuclear magnetic resonance technology were performed to comprehensively investigate sandstone wettability and its evolutionary process. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of hydroxyl groups or monovalent cations (K+and Na+) for water molecules causes residual intergranular pores, feldspar dissolution pores, quartz dissolution pores, clay mineral intercrystalline pores and micro-cracks to exhibit hydrophilicity; while the adsorption capacity of divalent cations (Ca2+and Mg2+) for oil molecules causes the surface of dissolution pores of carbonate minerals to exhibit neutrality or lipophilicity. Additionally, changes in formation conditions (temperature, pressure, ion types, and ion concentration) significantly control the wettability of pore surfaces, further determining the overall wettability of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs. Throughout the evolutionary process of low-permeability sandstones, the Amott-Harvey index of low permeability sandstone is greater than zero, and the wettability exhibited hydrophilic or neutral. From A-stage eodiagenesis to B-stage mesodiagenesis, the Amott-Harvey index is 0.82, 0.12, 0.37, 0.03, and 0.49, and the wettability of reservoirs transitions through phases of strong hydrophilicity, weak hydrophilicity, hydrophilicity, neutrality, and hydrophilicity, respectively. Finally, an evolutionary model of the wettability of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs was established, which is of great significance for predicting the quality of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs.

Polydopamine modified carbon fiber to improve the comprehensive properties of carbon paper for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

In this study, polydopamine (PDA) was used to modify functional groups on the surface of carbon fiber (CF), and the effects of different dopamine hydrochloride (DPH) concentrations on the surface morphology, functional groups, contact angle and dispersion stability of CF were studied. Subsequently, the raw carbon paper (RCP), hot-pressed carbon paper (HPCP) and carbon paper (CP) were prepared successively using the modified CF through wet forming, impregnation/hot-pressing, and carbonization methods. The surface morphology, tensile strength, flexural strength, electrical resistivity, air permeability and pore size distribution were analyzed for these materials. It was observed that the introduction of −OH and − NH2 groups improved the hydrophilicity and dispersion of PDA modified CFs, resulting in an increase in formation index (FI) from 39.2 to 48.1 for RCP samples. With increasing DPH concentration, the tensile strength of CP initially increased but then decreased while its electrical resistivity showed an opposite trend. Finally, PDA modified CP was assembled into proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The PEMFC assembled from DPH-CP-2.5 achieved a maximum limiting current density of 1440.0 mA/cm2 and power density of 458.25 mW/cm2. Meanwhile, the lower material transmission impedance for DPH-CP-2.5 as well as excellent water management ability and gas transmission performance.

Chert outcrops differentiation by means of low-field NMR relaxometry

Siliceous rocks served as raw materials in the production of stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic onwards. Due to migration, the provenance of archaeological artefacts can differ from their natural outcrop location. The aim of this work was the application of 1D and 2D low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry to distinguish cherts by their original source. Herein, bedded cherts and accompanying nodular cherts coming from three different outcrops of Kraków-Częstochowa Upland were investigated. 1D and 2D (T1-T2) experiments of water-saturated and dry rock sample states delivered T1, T2 times and T1/T2 ratios of distinct hydrogen populations – parameters sensitive to pore size, surface properties, and hydrogen bonding length. In-depth analysis of NMR data showed substantial differences in the porosity, pore surface and pore structure properties of investigated chert samples tested in the three different saturation levels (100% water-saturated, dried and differential). Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the number of correlations obtained and highlight the most important NMR properties specific to the particular outcrop localization."Please check captured corresponding author email if correct.""The email is correct"

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Cellulose Micro/Nanofibers from Lygeum spartum Through a Chemo-Mechanical Process.

Recent studies have focused on the development of bio-based products from sustainable resources using green extraction approaches, especially nanocellulose, an emerging nanoparticle with impressive properties and multiple applications. Despite the various sources of cellulose nanofibers, the search for alternative resources that replace wood, such as Lygeum spartum, a fast-growing Mediterranean plant, is crucial. It has not been previously investigated as a potential source of nanocellulose. This study investigates the extraction of novel cellulose micro/nanofibers from Lygeum spartum using a two-step method, including both alkali and mechanical treatment as post-treatment with ultrasound, as well as homogenization using water and dilute alkali solution as a solvent. To determine the structural properties of CNFs, a series of characterization techniques was applied. A significant correlation was observed between the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The FTIR results revealed the elimination of amorphous regions and an increase in the energy of the H-bonding modes, while the XRD results showed that the crystal structure of micro/nanofibers was preserved during the process. In addition, they indicated an increase in the crystallinity index obtained with both methods (deconvolution and Segal). Thermal analysis based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed improvement in the thermal properties of the isolated micro/nanofibers. The temperatures of maximum degradation were 335 °C and 347 °C. Morphological analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) showed the formation of fibers along the axis, with rough and porous surfaces. The findings indicate the potential of Lygeum spartum as a source for producing high-quality micro/nanofibers. A future direction of study is to use the cellulose micro/nanofibers as additives in recycled paper and to evaluate the mechanical properties of the paper sheets, as well as investigate their use in smart paper.