Porodaedalea Pini Research Articles

Differential Biochemical Content and Free Radical Scavenging Potency of Three Solvent Extracts of Porodaedalea pini

Porodaedalea pini, a non-edible mushroom, is a notable source of bioactive compounds with traditional medicinal uses. Solvent selection is crucial in research and development of natural products. This study examined how solvent polarity affects the biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of P. pini. Crude extracts were prepared from whole mushrooms using chloroform, methanol, and ethyl acetate through cold extraction. Total carbohydrate, flavonoid, and phenolic contents were measured, and free-radical scavenging activities against DPPH and superoxide anion were assessed by employing standard protocols. Methanolic extracts yielded significantly more than ethyl acetate (p<0.05) and chloroform (p<0.001) extracts, showing higher levels of carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, and phenolics (p<0.001). All extracts displayed notable free-radical scavenging activity, with methanol being the most potent, followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform. Thus, solvent polarity greatly affects the biochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of P. pini extracts, highlighting the importance of solvent choice in optimising their bioactive potential.

Evaluation of taxonomic, phytochemical and antioxidant characterstics of wild mushroom Porodaedalea pini

Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill. a member of the family Hymenochaetaceae and is a highly admirable traditional mushroom for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the microscopic and macroscopic features, phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant potential of different extracts of Porodaedalea pini by using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, ferric reduction antioxidant potential assay, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. The DNA nicking assay and polyphenolic detection were carried out for the most potent fraction. After the complete study, it was concluded that the methanolic extract has shown higher antioxidant activity as compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. In the plasmid DNA nicking assay, the methanolic extract has shown a concentration-dependent increase in protective activity. The UHPLC profiling of methanol extract for 12 different standard polyphenolic compounds has shown the presence of all compounds except rutin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol. The presence of these polyphenols might be responsible for its antioxidant activity.

Long-term pathological consequences of resin tapping wounds on stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Key messageAfter 5–6 decades since inflicting resin tapping wounds, overmature (> 120 years old) Pinus sylvestris stems remain undecayed and vigorous.Overmature trees of Pinus sylvestris bearing large wounds made by resin tapping decades ago are still present in woodlands of south-eastern Baltic Sea region. The aim of the present study was to investigate health condition of those trees focusing on fungal infections and to estimate impact of the injury on radial stem growth. The study was conducted in Latvia in three overmature stands of P. sylvestris, resin-tapped in 1950–1970 s. On the studied ninety 120–167-year-old trees, exposed sapwood constituted from 1140 to 7755 cm2 per individual stem. Of the 127 wounds sampled, 52 (41%) showed wood discoloration. The discoloration in its extent was limited, expanding beyond wound margins approx. 1 (max 3) cm in radial, and 6–7 cm in longitudinal directions. Of the 127 wood samples/wounds subjected to fungal isolations, 96% resulted in fungal growth, yielding 236 fungal isolates that represented 47 fungal taxa. The most common among macro-fungi was basidiomycete Porodaedalea pini, which was isolated from 9% of stems. The fungus is currently classed not as a tree pathogen, but instead as an indicator species for woodland sites to be considered for nature conservation. Data from tree ring widths have revealed that tree reacted to the resin tapping injury by increasing radial increment of the un-affected part of the circumference of the stem. Current study demonstrated that even on the long term, resin tapping has little influence on health condition and vitality of P. sylvestris, even at the very old age. This should be considered as a supporting message in case resin taping practices in the region are to be revived.

Cytotoxic Activities of Methanol Extract and Compounds of Porodaedalea pini Against Colorectal Cancer

Porodaedalea pini is a medicinally important mushroom with antioxidant, cytotoxic, immunostimulating, antitumor, antiviral and immunomodulating activities. Therefore, in this study, P. pini methanol extract and isolated compounds from the methanol extract were tested for cytotoxic activities against DLD-1 (colorectal cancer) and CCD-18Co (human colon fibroblast cell line) by using Alamar Blue assay. Cytotoxic activity on DLD-1 was decreased in the order of P. pini methanol extract> 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (3)> pinoresinol (2)> ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (1). P. pini methanol extract was determined to have the best cytotoxic activity with the lowest IC50 value on DLD-1 (IC50: 25.33±0.29 µg/mL) and the highest IC50 value on CCD-18Co (434.30±1.45 µg/mL). Within the scope of the findings, it is thought that P. pini mushroom can be used as a new and natural agent in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Structural characterization and determination of biological activities for different polysaccharides extracted from tree mushroom species.

Chemical composition and structural characterization of polysaccharides of Fomes fomentarius (FF), Fuscoporia torulosa, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma applanatum (GAP), Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus igniarius, Pleurotus ostreatus (PO), and Porodaedalea pini (PP) tree mushrooms with antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities were determined in this research. Total carbohydrate contents of the polysaccharides were ranged between 65.06±6.76 and 88.27±5.15µg/mg and total protein contents were ranged between 3.18±0.72 and 6.56±1.25µg/mg. Galactose, glucose, and mannose were identified as major monosaccharides in all polysaccharides using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FT-IR analysis showed the characteristic peaks of the polysaccharides and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection was used to determine the molecular weight of the polysaccharides. In β-carotene-linoleic acid assay FF (IC50 : 2.55±0.40µg/ml) displayed the highest antioxidant activity, whereas GAP indicated the highest antioxidant activity in cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (A0.50 :59.90±0.53μg/ml), ABTS•+ (IC50 : 16.62±0.31μg/ml), and DPPH• (IC50 : 45.58±0.21μg/ml) assays. In cholinesterase inhibitory activity test, PO (56.31±0.0.74%) showed significant inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polysaccharides from mushrooms are the major class of bioactive compounds with various biological activities. Several studies were performed on the biological activity of the polysaccharide extracts from different mushrooms. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical composition, structural characterization, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities of extracted polysaccharides from studied mushrooms in detail. This investigation shows that polysaccharide extracts obtained from tree mushrooms show a significant bioactivity and these polysaccharides might be used as bioactive natural sources in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.

Chemical constituents of Porodaedalea pini mushroom with cytotoxic, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities

Chemical investigation of Porodaedalea pini led to the isolation of campesterol (1), ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (2), dioctyl phthalate (3), ergosterol peroxide (4), pinoresinol (5) and 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (6). Compounds 1, 3, and 6 were isolated for the first time from P. pini. The structures of compounds were elucidated by IR, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR techniques. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cell (MCF-7) were tested. The highest antioxidant and cytotoxic activity were found in the methanol extract. Also, compound 6 was found to be active in all antioxidant tests. The hexane extract (38.15 ± 1.50%) exhibited the highest activity against AChE enzyme while the acetone extract (48.75 ± 0.13%) against BChE enzyme. Moreover, among isolated compounds, compound 5 was found to have the highest cytotoxic (IC50: 21.08 ± 1.01 µg/mL), AChE (13.73 ± 0.85%) and BChE (80.02 ± 0.73%) inhibitory activities. The phenolic profile was analyzed by HPLC–DAD and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (32.40 µg/g) was identified as a major compound.

Investigations on Antioxidative Potential of Poroid Medicinal Mushroom Porodaedalea pini (Agaricomycetes).

The present investigations were undertaken to evaluate the antioxidative potential of Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill. Different solvent extracts were prepared using powdered basidiocarps to determine the total phenolic content in terms of tannic acid equivalents (TAE), hydroxyl, superoxide, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Maximum TAE (12.42 mg/g) were found in hot water (HW) extract, which was obtained for 1 h as compared to ethanol (0.456 mg/g) and methanol (0.227 mg/g) extracts. This was further supported by high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (90.0%), superoxide radical scavenging activity (88.9%), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (74.92%) in the the HW extract obtained for 1 h. Mass spectra analysis of HW extract revealed the presence of 14 polyphenolic compounds responsible for imparting antioxidative character. Among these hispidulin is one of the major polyphenolic compounds present in the poroid mushroom under investigation; this was further validated by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.

Economic and energetic effects of occurrence of Porodeadeala pini in north-west Polish forest stands

Introduction. Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill is a fungus in pine stands, where it is a permanent threat and causes significant losses of wood raw material. Objective. The purpose of the work was to determine the size of economic losses in forest management re- sulting from the development of P. pini in pine stands, as well as to determine the calorific value of infected wood. Methods. Field research was carried out in the area of the Forest Districts: Miastko, Tuczno, Gościno, Du- rowo and Łopuchówko. Results. The percentage of wood with rot on the research plots ranged from 0.31 to 2.16, which translated into a financial loss at the logging area from 212.35 to 4315.31 PLN. It is estimated that in 2017, losses due to the occurrence of pine forests could amount to PLN 75 million. There was no decrease in the calorific value of the wood tested.

Wood decomposition by Porodaedalea pini in vitro

Wood decomposition by Porodaedalea pini in vitro

Wood decomposition by Porodaedalea pini in vitro

1Katedra Fitopatologii Leśnej, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu 2Katedra Hodowli Lasu, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Some Mushrooms from Turkey.

Despite considerable recent work to reveal different features of mushrooms species, the few studies of antiviral activities are inadequate and therefore further studies are required. Morchella conica, M. esculenta, Terfezia boudieri, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tricholoma anatolicum, Fomes fomentarius, Laetiporus sulphureus, Phellinus igniarius, Porodaedalea pini, and Pyrofomes demidoffii from Turkey were investigated to reveal their in vitro cytotoxic and anti-herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) activities. The crude methanol extracts (MEs) and aqueous extracts (AEs) of fungal species and acyclovir (ACV) were used. Various dilutions were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of fungal species (50-0.10 mg/mL) and ACV (500-0.98 μg/mL) on uninfected Vero cells. Maximum nontoxic concentrations were determined for all extracts and ACV by comparing the optical densities of their cell controls. The concentration providing 50% protection against the cytopathic effect caused by the virus, extracts, and ACV (EC50) was calculated, and the half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and the selectivity index (SI) were determined, the latter as the ratio of CC50 to EC50. While the AEs of F. fomentarius (EC50, 11.22 mg/mL; SI > 4.46), Ph. igniarius (EC50, 9.71 mg/mL; SI > 5.15), and P. pini (EC50, 7.16 mg/mL; SI > 6.98) showed considerable antiherpetic activity, MEs and AEs of the other fungal species did not showed any effects. The EC50 and SI of ACV were determined as 0.20 μg/mL and 3085, respectively. The results demonstrate that F. fomentarius, Ph. igniarius, and P. pini have important anti-HSV-1 activity.

Initial Proteomic Identification of Secreted Proteins of White-Rot Fungus Porodaedalea pini Grown on Liquid Medium

Initial Proteomic Identification of Secreted Proteins of White-Rot Fungus Porodaedalea pini Grown on Liquid Medium

Effect of decomposing heartwood of Scots pine by Porodaedalea pini on CO2 release

Effect of decomposing heartwood of Scots pine by Porodaedalea pini on CO2 release

Fungi inhabiting knotwood ofPinus sylvestrisinfected byPorodaedalea pini

AbstractAbundance and diversity of fungi in naturally formed knots ofPinus sylvestrisaffected byPorodaedalea piniwere investigated. Samples were taken from trees that were (i) affected, with internal heartwood decay and no conks, (ii) affected, with internal heartwood decay and conks and (iii) controls. The Illumina sequencing technology was used for amplification ofDNA, sequencing and analysis. In total, 566,279 raw sequences were obtained from six samples. Sequences included 74% of culturable and 8.4% of non‐culturable fungi and 17.6% of organisms with no reference sequences inNCBI. Abundance of organisms in knotwood, measured as number ofOTUs, ranged from 36,272 (29,506 for fungi) to 178,535 (177,484 for fungi) and differed significantly between two trees in a stand and between stands. The highest and lowest average number of fungalOTUs occurred in infected trees with no conks and in trees with conks, respectively. Number of taxa ranged from 171 to 415 and often differed significantly between two trees in one stand and between stands. Greatest diversity occurred in control trees. The number of fungal taxa shared by two trees in one stand was 67–152 and that shared by two stands was 51–141. The majority of fungi were Ascomycota. Those most common in pines affected byP. piniwereConiochaeta hoffmanniiandC. fodinicola(19.65%–59.92%).Infundichalara microchona,Leotiomycetes spp. andRhinocladiella atrovirenswere also present. Another common species,Lecanora conizaeoides,occurred most often in control trees (0.30%–8.82%).Porodaedalea piniwas detected only sporadically. Non‐culturable fungi were most frequent in the control trees. The greater average abundance and smaller average diversity of fungi in knots of trees infected byP. pinisuggest that the pathogen successfully competes with some fungal species and does not inhibit the growth of survivors. Some fungi detected may contribute to production of natural biocides.

Secondary metabolites from the fungus Porodaedalea pini

Secondary metabolites from the fungus Porodaedalea pini

Decay of the heartwood in lower and upper trunk of Pinus sylvestris by Porodaedalea pini

Decay of the heartwood in lower and upper trunk of Pinus sylvestris by Porodaedalea pini

Wood decomposition by porodaedalea pini from different regions of Poland

Red ring rot (Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill., previously Phellinus pini) is a fungus frequently found in pure and mixed pine stands and in tree plantings partly composed of pines. Porodaedalea pini sensu lato has been documented as occurring on a wide variety of coniferous and some hardwood hosts, including the following genera: Abies, Acer, Betula, Calocedrus, Cedrus, Chamaecyparis, Crataegus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Taxus, Thuja and Tsuga [Gilbertson, Ryvarden 1986; Larsen, Cobb-Poulle 1990]. The range of P. pini covers the whole of Europe, northern Asia and North America [Gilbertson, Ryvarden 1987]. In Poland, this fungus infests approx. 8% of Scots pine wood [Szewczyk 2008]. Porodaedalea pini decomposes heartwood (affecting stands starting from age class II), forming white pocket rot as a result [Ezhov, Konyushatov 2001]. The older the stand, the greater the number of infested pines. It is estimated that in a 100-year-old stand, approx. 15–35% of the pines are infested, while in a 160-year-old stand, it may be as much as 100% of the trees. The range of rot

Phylogenetic relationships among Porodaedalea pini from Poland and related Porodaedalea species

Abstract Porodaedalea pini has been found to be a pathogen of Pinus banksiana (1 specimen) and Pinus sylvestris (39 specimens) in north-western Poland. This fungus was initially identified by its host preferences and morphological characters of sporophores and basidiospores. The ITS 1/2 rDNA region was sequenced and analysed using the neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. All P. pini from Poland, P. pini neotype and other P. pini isolates from Europe grouped together forming a moderately supported monophyletic clade. The clade included two groups which did not correlate with geographic ranges. Nucleotide polymorphism of the Polish isolates of P. pini was small. This study provides evidence for the taxonomy of some isolates of the Porodaedalea Holarctic Group in North America: grouping with P. laricis or with P. gilbertsonii suggests that the isolates belong to these species. The absence of P. pini (in a form recognized in Europe) in North America is suggested. Sequencing of the ITS 1/2 rDNA region with the basidiomycete-specific primers (ITS1-F and ITS4-B) proved to be a suitable and sufficient method for differentiation of species within the genus Porodaedalea.

Unravelling the Phellinus pini s.l. complex in North America: a multilocus phylogeny and differentiation analysis of Porodaedalea

SummaryPhellinus sensu lato (s.l.) is a complex of segregate genera that act as aggressive pathogens of woody plants. Nearly all of the genera in this complex have unresolved taxonomies, including Porodaedalea, which is one of the most important trunk rot pathogens of coniferous trees throughout the northern hemisphere. In an attempt to elucidate the species within Porodaedalea, a multilocus phylogenetic analysis was performed with partial sequences from four loci (internal transcribed spacer, nuclear large subunit, tef1 and rpb2) using 41 isolates that originated from North America and Europe. For reference, we analysed the neotype isolates of Porodaedalea pini and P. chrysoloma. Our results confirmed that Porodaedalea pini s.s. and P. chrysoloma s.s. are unique phylogenetic species that do not occur in North America. We detected two discrete clades of Porodaedalea originating from the southwestern and southeastern United States. Isolates from these regions grouped with significant statistical support and represent undescribed taxa. With the exception of P. cancriformans, our analyses revealed monophyly among 28 isolates originating from the northern United States, Canada and Fennoscandia, a group we have labelled the ‘Holarctic group’. Holarctic group isolates were collected from Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga and were presumed to represent at least four morphological species (P. gilbertsonii, P. laricis, P. pini s.l. and P. piceina). Tests of gene flow and genetic differentiation detected significant differences among Holarctic group isolates by region of origin, and three subgroups were designated: (i) Atlantic‐Boreal; (ii) Interior; and (iii) Pacific. Neutrality tests using the Holarctic group demonstrated significant departures from the standard neutral model of evolution and could indicate that a diversifying selection has maintained rare phenotypes in the population, which has fostered taxonomic confusion in Porodaedalea.

Macromolecules isolated from Phellinus pini fruiting body: Chemical characterization and antiviral activity

Two major polymers, EP-AV1 and EP-AV2, were purified from the hot-water extract of the Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill (syn. Phellinus pini) fruiting body by 75% ethanol precipitation and size-exclusion chromatography. These polymers were shown to be polysaccharides consisting of glucose as the main sugar residue as well as other minor sugars, such as galactose, xylose and mannose, and are variants of β-1,3-glucans, with high molecular masses, 1,006 and 100 kDa, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared and elemental analysis suggested that these polymers contained certain level (∼10% in dry mass) of phenolic compounds. Both polymers inhibited plaque formation in Vero cells caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) by 91% and 93% at 5 g/mL, and by the coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) in HeLa cells by 32% and 84% at 1 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, their cytotoxicity to both cells was negligible. Their selectivity indices (ratio CC50/EC50) against the HSV-1 virus were quite high, >25,000 (EP-AV1) and >16,670 (EP-AV2), respectively. These polysaccharides also inhibited the neuraminidase activity in a dose-dependent manner but only at relatively higher concentrations. These results suggest that these water-soluble polysaccharides are promising agents for the treatment of HSV-1 infections.