Porcine Peritoneum Research Articles

Comparison of Clinical Efficacy of Bio-Resorbable Xenogeneic Peritoneal Membrane with Connective Tissue Graft in the Management of Gingival Recession Defects: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

This randomized controlled trial was aimed to determine the clinical efficacy of xenogeneic collagen membrane derived from porcine peritoneum (XCM) in combination with a coronally advanced flap (CAF) in the management of gingival recession defects and to compare the outcomes to those of connective tissue graft (CTG). 12 systemically healthy individuals presenting with 30 isolated/multiple Cairo's RT 1/2 gingival recession defects in maxillary canines and premolars, were randomly treated either with CAF+XCM or CAF+CTG. Recession height (RH), gingival biotype (GB), gingival thickness (GT), width of keratinized gingiva (WKG) and attached gingiva (WAG) were recorded at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Patient perception for pain, esthetics and modification of root coverage esthetic score (MRES) were also documented. From baseline to 12 months, both groups showed a significant reduction in mean RH (CAF+CTG: 2.73±0.79mm to 0.33±0.61mm and CAF+XCM: 2.73±0.88mm to 1.20±0.77mm). At 12 months, CAF+CTG sites had a MRC of 85.60±28.74%, whereas CAF+XCM sites had a MRC of 55.13±31.22%. CAF+CTG treated sites had significantly better outcomes, with greater number of sites achieving complete root coverage (n=11) and higher MRES scores than porcine peritoneal membrane group (P<0.05). Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. doi: 10.11607/prd.6232.

Cross-linking porcine peritoneum by oxidized konjac glucomannan: a novel method to improve the properties of cardiovascular substitute material

The use of natural polysaccharide crosslinkers for decellularized matrices is an effective approach to prepare cardiovascular substitute materials. In this research, NaIO4 was applied to oxidize konjac glucomannan to prepare the polysaccharide crosslinker oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM). The as-prepared crosslinker was then used to stabilize collagen-rich decellularized porcine peritoneum (DPP) to construct a cardiovascular substitute material (OKGM-fixed DPP). The results demonstrated that compared with GA-fixed DPP and GNP-fixed DPP, 3.75% OKGM [1:1.5 (KGM: NaIO4)]-fixed DPP demonstrated suitable mechanical properties, as well as good hemocompatibility, excellent anti-calcification capability, and anti-enzymolysis in vitro. Furthermore, 3.75% OKGM [1:1.5 (KGM: NaIO4)]-fixed DPP was suitable for vascular endothelial cell adhesion and rapid proliferation, and a single layer of endothelial cells was formed on the fifth day of culture. The in vivo experimental results also showed excellent histocompatibility. The current results demonstrted that OKGM was a novel polysaccharide cross-linking reagent for crosslinking natural tissues featured with rich collagen content, and 3.75% OKGM [1:1.5 (KGM: NaIO4)]-fixed DPP was a potential cardiovascular substitute material.Graphical

Histological changes in intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) with synthetic and biological meshes. Results of the chronic experiment

The objective of the study was to analyze histological changes in the site of the meshes FTOREX, FTOREX coated with carboxymethylcellulose, Ventralight ST, Symbotex, REPEREN-16-2 and decellularized porcine peritoneum on the parietal peritoneum of the pig. At laparoscopy, 6 different meshes were placed intraperitoneally in each of the 3 pigs. After 90 days, the animals were taken out of the experiment. After staining with hematoxylin and eosin, quantitative morphometry and counting the number of vessels and cells in the interstitium in the areas of the mesh and peritoneum were performed. An immunohistochemical study with an antibody to pancytokeratins assessed the state of the initial peritoneum and neoperitoneum. According to morphological characteristics, the meshes were divided into 3 groups: 1) with fluoropolymer coating FTOREX, 2) Ventralight ST and Symbotex, 3) REPEREN and decellularized peritoneum. In group 1, the surface area of the mesh threads was optimal in terms of the arrangement and arrangement of the threads relative to each other. This contributed to the formation of a relatively dense fibrous framework and a place to preserve the underlying peritoneum involved in the formation of the neoperitoneum. Despite the smallest surface area of the threads, in group 3, the greatest fibroblastic reaction was noted. Inflammatory changes were the least pronounced in group 1. They were the greatest in group 3, where there was a pronounced leukocyte reaction, combined with the processes of metaplasia, the development of fibrinoid necrosis, and the progression of the secondary inflammatory process. In group 1, the optimal ratio of newly formed vessels was noted, in group 2 - veins prevailed over arteries, in group 3 - the number of vessels was minimal. Immunohistochemical study showed that in group 1, mesothelial cells covered almost the entire surface of the implant, and there were also areas of preserved basic peritoneum. In group 2, mesothelium also covered most of the surface of the meshes, but the underlying peritoneum was absent. In group 3, on the contrary, a significant number of extended areas not covered with mesothelium were revealed. The conducted morphological and morphometric study showed that the most balanced ratio of the components of the newly formed fibrous tissue and blood vessels is observed when using implants with a fluoropolymer coating FTOREX. At the same time, the remaining basic peritoneum actively participated in the formation of the neoperitoneum. The Ventralight ST and Symbotex meshes also contributed to the formation of a full-fledged fibrous tissue and adequate vascular proliferation, however, they prevented the preservation of the underlying peritoneum, which practically excluded its participation in the formation of the neoperitoneum. The REPEREN mesh and decellularized porcine peritoneum led to the least balanced cell and vascular proliferation and the greatest fibroplastic reaction, which could further negatively affect the state of the formed scar.

A Comparative Study Between Porcine Peritoneum and Pericardium as Cardiovascular Material.

Decellularized porcine pericardium has many applications in the cardiovascular field for its excellent properties. The peritoneum is a single-layer bio-dialysis membrane with many similarities and differences in physical characteristics, biochemical composition, and structure to the pericardium. The limited available literature suggests that, similar to the pericardium, the peritoneum has good application potential in the field of cardiovascular substitute materials. This research focused on comparing the differences between decellularized peritoneum and decellularized pericardium in microstructure, biochemical composition, mechanical properties, hemocompatibility, in vitro enzymatic degradation, in vitro calcification, cytocompatibility, and other vital indicators. The peritoneum was consistent with pericardium in terms of fibrous structure, hemocompatibility, in vitro calcification, and cytocompatibility. The peritoneal elastic fiber content (219 μg/mg) was significantly higher than that of the pericardium (66 μg/mg), resulting in two to three times higher maximum load (21.1 N) and burst pressure (1309 mmHg), and better performance than the pericardium in terms of in vitro resistance to enzymatic degradation. In the cardiovascular field, decellularized peritoneum can be used as vascular substitute material. Impact statement There are many similarities between the embryonic origin and morphological structure of the porcine peritoneum and the porcine pericardium, but little research has been done on the use of the porcine peritoneum as a biomaterial. In this compared research, we showed that porcine peritoneum had better resistance to enzymatic degradation, better stretching, and more suitable burst pressure for being used as vascular substitute material. This research is the first to describe the structural composition of porcine peritoneum and its advantageous properties as a cardiovascular material.

Extracellular matrix-based biomaterials as adipose-derived stem cell delivery vehicles in wound healing: a comparative study between a collagen scaffold and two xenografts

BackgroundStem cell therapies represent a promising tool in regenerative medicine. Considering the drawbacks of direct stem cell injections (e.g. poor cell localisation), extracellular matrix-based biomaterials (e.g. scaffolds and tissue grafts), due to their compositional biofunctionality and cytocompatibility, are under investigation as potential stem cell carriers.MethodsThe present study assessed the potential of three commercially available extracellular matrix-based biomaterials [a collagen/glycosaminoglycan scaffold (Integra™ Matrix Wound Dressing), a decellularised porcine peritoneum (XenoMEM™) and a porcine urinary bladder (MatriStem™)] as human adipose-derived stem cell delivery vehicles.ResultsBoth tissue grafts induced significantly (p < 0.01) higher human adipose-derived stem cell proliferation in vitro over the collagen scaffold, especially when the cells were seeded on the basement membrane side. Human adipose-derived stem cell phenotype and trilineage differentiation potential was preserved in all biomaterials. In a splinted wound healing nude mouse model, in comparison to sham, biomaterials alone and cells alone groups, all biomaterials seeded with human adipose-derived stem cells showed a moderate improvement of wound closure, a significantly (p < 0.05) lower wound gap and scar index and a significantly (p < 0.05) higher proportion of mature collagen deposition and angiogenesis (the highest, p < 0.01, was observed for the cell loaded at the basement membrane XenoMEM™ group). All cell-loaded biomaterial groups retained more cells at the implantation side than the direct injection group, even though they were loaded with half of the cells than the cell injection group.ConclusionsThis study further advocates the use of extracellular matrix-based biomaterials (in particular porcine peritoneum) as human adipose-derived stem cell delivery vehicles.Graphical abstractComparative analysis of a collagen scaffold (Integra™ Matrix Wound Dressing) and two tissue grafts [decellularised porcine peritoneum (XenoMEM™) and porcine urinary bladder (MatriStem™)] as human adipose-derived stem cells carriers

Application of antigen-free porcine peritoneum as carrier of autologous microskin grafting in patients with extensive burn

Objective: To investigate the effects of microskin transplantation with antigen-free porcine peritoneum (AFPP) as substitutive carrier for allogeneic skin graft in treating patients with extensive deep burns. Methods: Medical records of 32 patients with extensive deep burns, hospitalized in Changhai Hospital of Naval Medical University meeting the inclusion criteria were investigated from January 2014 to December 2017. Twenty patients [12 males and 8 females, aged (35.4±2.2) years]with microskin transplantation using allogeneic skin graft as microskin carrier were included in allogeneic skin graft group and 12 patients [6 males and 6 females, aged (32.1±4.8) years] with microskin transplantation using AFPP as microskin carrier were included in AFPP group. On post injury day 3-7, the vital signs of patients were stable and escharectomy and autologous microskin grafting of head were performed. The expansion ratio of microskin, the application time of albumin and antibiotics, the percentage of infectious autologous microskin grafting area, the survival rate of microskin, and dressing change times of patients in 2 groups were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with t test. Results: The expansion ratio of microskin of patient in AFPP group was 14.8±0.6, which was close to 13.5±0.6 of allogeneic skin graft group (t=1.531, P>0.05). The application time of albumin and antibiotics of patients in AFPP group were close to those of allogeneic skin graft group (t=0.027, 1.121, P>0.05). The percentage of infectious autologous microskin grafting area of patients in AFPP group was (8.5±1.2)%, which was significantly lower than (18.1±0.6)% in allogeneic skin graft group in 4 weeks after surgery(t=7.593, P<0.01), the survival rate of microskin of patients in AFPP group was (82.5±1.1)%, which was significantly higher than (72.5±0.6)% in allogeneic skin graft group (t=8.689, P<0.01). The dressing change time of patients in AFPP group was significantly less than that in allogeneic skin graft group (t=4.743, P<0.01). Conclusions: Compared with allogeneic skin graft, microskin transplantation with AFPP as carrier can reduce wound infection, improve the survival rate of microskin graft, and reduce dressing change time, so that AFPP is a good carrier of microskin.

Decellularised porcine peritoneum as a tendon protector sheet

Tissue grafts achieve high levels of compositional and mechanical integrity biomimicry and are often considered as the gold standard in clinical practice. Herein, we assessed the potential of decellularised porcine peritoneum (XenoMEM) as a tendon protector sheet and correlated its properties to a commercially available product (TenoGlide®). XenoMEM presented lower cross-linking ratio (p < 0.05), higher mechanical properties (p < 0.01), lower coefficient of friction (p < 0.01) and higher (p < 0.05) cytocompatibility with human tenocytes than TenoGlide®. In addition, XenoMEM exhibited lower (p < 0.05) immune response than TenoGlide® with macrophages. Collectively, these data support the use of XenoMEM in tendon tissue engineering.

Enhanced Vascular Biocompatibility and Remodeling of Decellularized and Secured Xenogeneic/Allogeneic Matrices in a Porcine Model

Background/Purpose: Calcifications and absence of growth potential are the major drawbacks of glutaraldehyde-treated prosthesis. Decellularized and secured xeno-/allogeneic matrices were assessed in a preclinical porcine model for biocompatibility and vascular remodeling in comparison to glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium (GBP; control). Methods: Native human (fascia lata, pericardium) and porcine tissues (peritoneum) were used and treated. In vitro, biopsies were performed before and after treatment to assess decellularization (hematoxylin and eosin/DAPI). In vivo, each decellularized and control tissue sample was implanted subcutaneously in 4 mini-pigs. In addition, 9 mini-pigs received a patch or a tubularized prosthesis interposition on the carotid artery or abdominal aorta of decellularized (D) human fascia lata (DHFL; n = 4), human pericardium (DHP; n = 9), porcine peritoneum (DPPt; n = 7), and control tissue (GBP: n = 3). Arteries were harvested after 1 month and subcutaneous samples after 15–30 days. Tissues were processed for hematoxylin and eosin/von Kossa staining and immunohistochemistry for CD31, alpha-smooth muscle actin, CD3, and CD68. Histomorphometry was achieved by point counting. Results: A 95% decellularization was confirmed for DHP and DPPt, and to a lower degree for DHFL. In the subcutaneous protocol, CD3 infiltration was significantly higher at day 30 in GBP and DHFL, and CD68 infiltration was significantly higher for GBP (p < 0.05). In intravascular study, no deaths, aneurysms, or pseudoaneurysms were observed. Inflammatory reaction was significantly higher for DHFL and GBP (p < 0.05), while it was lower and comparable for DHP/DPPt. DHP and DPPt showed deeper recellularization, and a new arterial wall was characterized. Conclusions: In a preclinical model, DPPt and DHP offered better results than conventional commercialized GBP for biocompatibility and vascular remodeling.

Decellularized extracellular matrix microparticles as a vehicle for cellular delivery in a model of anastomosis healing.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) materials from animal and human sources have become important materials for soft tissue repair. Microparticles of ECM materials have increased surface area and exposed binding sites compared to sheet materials. Decellularized porcine peritoneum was mechanically dissociated into 200 µm microparticles, seeded with fibroblasts and cultured in a low gravity rotating bioreactor. The cells avidly attached and maintained excellent viability on the microparticles. When the seeded microparticles were placed in a collagen gel, the cells quickly migrated off the microparticles and through the gel. Cells from seeded microparticles migrated to and across an in vitro anastomosis model, increasing the tensile strength of the model. Cell seeded microparticles of ECM material have potential for paracrine and cellular delivery therapies when delivered in a gel carrier. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1728-1735, 2016.

Constructing Human Skin Equivalents on Porcine Acellular Peritoneum Extracellular Matrix for In Vitro Irritation Testing.

The irritancy of topical products has to be investigated to ensure the safety and compliance. Although several reconstructed human epidermal models have been adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to replace in vivo animal irritation testing, these models are based on a single cell type and lack dermal components, which may be insufficient to reflect all of the components of irritation. In our study, we investigated the use of acellular porcine peritoneum extracellular matrix as a substrate to construct full-thickness human skin equivalents (HSEs) for use as irritation screening tool. The acellular peritoneum matrix (APM) exhibited excellent skin cell attachment (>80%) and proliferation for human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). APM-HSEs based on coculture of HDF and HaCaT were prepared. Increased HDF seeding density up to 5 × 10(4)/cm(2) resulted in APM-HSEs with a thicker and more organized epidermis. The epidermis of APM-HSEs expressed keratin 15, a keratinocyte proliferation marker, and involucrin, a differentiation marker, respectively. To assess the use of APM-HSEs for irritation testing, six proficiency chemicals, including three nonirritants (phosphate-buffered saline, polyethylene glycol 400, and isopropanol) and three irritants (1-bromohexane, heptanol, and sodium dodecyl sulfate) were applied. The APM-HSEs were able to discriminate nonirritants from irritants based on the viability. Levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) in these treatment groups further assisted the irritancy ranking. In conclusion, we have developed partially differentiated full-thickness APM-HSEs based on acellular porcine peritoneum matrix, and these APM-HSEs demonstrated utility as an in vitro irritation screening tool.

Porcine peritoneum as source of biocompatible collagen in mice

To investigate the biocompatibility and biodegradability of a membrane made from porcine peritoneum. The membrane (5x5 mm) was inserted in the subcutaneous tissue on the back of 15 mice, which were killed after 1, 3 and 9 weeks (ISO 10993-6). The cellular components of the inflammatory response and degradation of the membrane were analyzed in hematoxylin-eosin-stained histological sections. After one week, mononuclear cells were observed inside the membrane. After three weeks, the material was almost completely absorbed. After nine weeks, there was no presence of material and there were signs of tissue remodeling. There was neither a foreign body reaction nor signs of tissue necrosis. The collagen membrane derived from porcine peritoneum is biocompatible and bioabsorbable when implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of mice.

Studies of the permeability of isolated porcine peritoneum to nutrients: Saccharides

Isolated peritoneal membrane, freshly harvested from pigs, was studied in vitro to determine the permeability of the membrane to saccharide nutrients. Studies were performed with glucose and sucrose at various transmembrane gradients ranging from 150 to 600 mosm/liter (mmol/liter) and with polysaccharide at a 300 mosm/liter gradient. Findings indicate that flux of these nutrients across the isolated peritoneum is related to molecular weight and that sufficient kilocalories will traverse the membrane to provide for adequate carbohydrate nutrition (calculated to deliver more than 3000 kcal/day at gradients of 150 mosm/liter). Polysaccharide flux studies suggest that carbohydrate calories may be provided in the form of complex molecules and not only in the form of glucose. Studies of 1:1 serum and polysaccharide mixtures showed the conversion of polysaccharide to glucose by serum in vitro. When rats were given intraperitoneal polysaccharide their blood glucose levels rose promptly although they remained fasting, suggesting an in vivo conversion also occurs. These findings provide support for use of polysaccharides intraperitoneally as means to reduce the osmolarity of fluid administered for nutritional support; this would increase tolerance while still providing ample calories. The in vitro apparatus used in these studies provides a mechanism to study individual nutrients and yields highly reproducible results. These studies add further evidence that intraperitoneal nutrition is feasible.