Porcine Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activities Research Articles

Steroidal saponins from the roots of Polygonatum odoratum and their inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase

Twenty steroidal saponins were isolated from the water extract of fresh fibrous roots of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, of which seven were new compounds (1-7) along with thirteen known compounds (8-20). Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and chemical techniques. All isolated compounds were evaluated for porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Compounds 9 and 10 showed inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 201.90 ± 0.036 μM and 151.20 ± 0.058 μM (positive control orlistat; 2.82 ± 0.060 μM).

Screening and identification of lipase inhibitors extracted from Dioscorea nipponica Makino by UV–vis and HPLC coupled to UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

Dioscoreae nipponica Makino (D. nipponica) as the rhizome of dioscoreaceae rich in steroidal saponins, has been reported to have the hypolipidemic effects etc. However, it is still unclear which exact active components are primary responsible for the beneficial effects. This study was conducted to fish out the lipase inhibitors from D. nipponica, and evaluate the inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) through in vitro kinetic assay using p-nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate. Accordingly, the ethanolic extract was subjected to D101 macroporous resin purification for spectrophotometric screening, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation and structural characterization by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Through orlistat validation, the PPL inhibitory activity and IC50 value of the extract were respectively 68.34 ± 1.47 % and 107.05 μg/mL under the optimized inhibition conditions. From 6 steroidal saponins identified, the inhibitory components named the protodioscin, protogracillin, dioscin and gracillin were fished out by grouping separation and HPLC analysis. Furthermore, dioscin and gracillin with the parent structure of diogenin were confirmed as the major inhibitors by virtue of stability tests based on transformation of protodioscin and protogracillin. Finally, the inhibitory mechanism of the major inhibitors toward PPL was further clarified by kinetic analysis and molecular docking analysis. The proposed method not only revealed the PPL inhibitory components in D. nipponica, but also provided an effective approach to hierarchical screening of PPL inhibitors from natural plants.

Isolation, Identification and Pharmacological Effects of Mandragora autumnalis Fruit Flavonoids Fraction.

Since ancient times, Mandragora autumnalis has been used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of numerous ailments. In light of this, the current study was designed to isolate and identify the chemical constituents of the flavonoids fraction from M. autumnalis ripe fruit (FFM), and evaluate its DPPH scavenging, anti-lipase, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antidiabetic effects. An ethyl acetate extract of M. autumnalis was subjected to a sequence of silica gel column chromatography using different eluents with various polarities. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were identified using different spectral techniques, including 1H NMR and 13C NMR. FFM’s anti-diabetic activity was assessed using a glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation assay, as well as an inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase using standard biochemical assays. The FFM anti-lipase effect against porcine pancreatic lipase was also evaluated. Moreover, FFM free radical scavenging activity using the DPPH test and antimicrobial properties against eight microbial strains using the micro-dilution method were also assessed. Four flavonoid aglycones were separated from FFM and their chemical structures were identified. The structures of the isolated compounds were established as kaempferol 1, luteolin 2, myricetin 3 and (+)-taxifolin 4, based on NMR spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxicity test results showed high cell viability (at least 90%) for up to 1 mg/mL concentration of FFM, which is considered to be safe. A dose-dependent increase in GLUT4 translocation was significantly shown (p < 0.05) when the muscle cells were treated with FFM up to 0.5 mg/mL. Moreover, FFM revealed potent α-amylase, α-glucosidase, DPPH scavenging and porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities compared with the positive controls, with IC50 values of 72.44 ± 0.89, 39.81 ± 0.74, 5.37 ± 0.41 and 39.81 ± 1.23 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, FFM inhibited the growth of all of the tested bacterial and fungal strains and showed the greatest antibacterial activity against the K. pneumoniae strain with a MIC value of 0.135 µg/mL. The four flavonoid molecules that constitute the FFM have been shown to have medicinal promise. Further in vivo testing and formulation design are needed to corroborate these findings, which are integral to the pharmaceutical and food supplement industries.

Nepeta curviflora essential oil: Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-migratory efficacy against cervical cancer cells, and α-glucosidase, α-amylase and porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities

The essential oils extracted from plants play an important role in medicine in addition to their huge value in the cosmetics and nutraceutical industries. In this investigation, besides the identification and quantification of the phytochemical composition of Nepeta curviflora Boiss essential oil, in-vitro antioxidant, porcine pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the essential oil obtained by microwave ultrasonic-assisted extraction were investigated. More importantly, it was designed to assess the essential oil impact on cell migration and cell proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines. The phytochemical composition of Nepeta curviflora essential oil was qualitatively and quantitatively determined utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Twenty compounds were identified from Nepeta curviflora essential oil representing 100% of total essential oil, of which 1,6-dimethyl spiro[4.5]decane (27.51%), caryophyllene oxide (20.08%), and β-caryophyllene (18.28%) were the most abundant compounds. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was measured as 6.3 ± 0.43 μg/mL in comparison with trolox (positive control) employing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The high concentrations of the caryophyllene oxide and caryophyllene thought to contribute significantly to the antioxidant of the essential oil. The obtained essential oil displayed α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 26.3 ± 0.57, 45.7 ± 0.26, and 54.9 ± 0.34 μg/mL, respectively, in comparison with the positive controls orlistat and acarbose which showed IC50 values of 12.3 ± 0.33, 28.84 ± 1.22 and 37.15 ± 0.32 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, anticancer activity was established exploiting wound healing and cell proliferation assays against cervical cancer cell lines. Remarkably, non-cytotoxic concentrations of Nepeta curviflora essential oil have significantly inhibited the migration potential of cervical cancer cells after 24 h of treatment and revealed that the oil concentration and treatment time increase the inhibitory action on cervical cancer cell viability.

Chemical Constituents from the Whole Plant of Cuscuta reflexa

Two new 2H-pyran-2-one glucosides, cuscutarosides A (1) and B (2), and one new steroidal glucoside, 7β-methoxy-β-sitosterol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (3), together with 12 known compounds (4–15) were isolated from the whole plant of Cuscuta reflexa (Convolvulaceae) collected from Myanmar. The chemical structures of these new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. The antiobesity activity of these isolates was evaluated using porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), and the antiplatelet aggregation activity was screened using rabbit platelets induced by thrombin, platelet-activating factor (PAF), arachidonate (AA), or collagen. 7β-Methoxy-β-sitosterol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (3) showed weak PPL inhibitory activity. Cuscutaroside A (1), its acetylated derivative (1a), and scrophenoside B (8) showed weak inhibitory activity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen. Compound 1a also showed inhibitory activity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by AA.Graphic

Dihydrochalcone C-glycosides from Averrhoa carambola leaves

Ten undescribed dihydrochalcone C-glycosides, carambolasides R1‒R3, S1, S2, T1‒T3, 3-hydroxycarambolaside T1, and 3-hydroxycarambolaside P were isolated along with carambolasides I and P from the leaves of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Among them, carambolasides P, T1, T2, and I with contents of 22.78, 14.39, 4.93, and 1.87 mg g−1 dry wt., respectively, were shown to be abundant in the leaves by HPLC analysis. All the compounds showed more potent ABTS radical cation scavenging activity than l-ascorbic acid. 3-Hydroxycarambolaside T1 and 3-hydroxycarambolaside P also demonstrated moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity. Further, carambolaside R3, 3-hydroxycarambolaside T1, and 3-hydroxycarambolaside P exhibited weak in vitro porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity.

Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity of Citrus unshiu Leaf Extract

In the cultivation of Citrus fruit, pruning in late winter after harvest is important to obtain excellent flower buds in the next spring and a rich harvest of superior fruit in the following winter; a large number of pruned leaves are usually discarded. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility value of pruned leaves of Citrus unshiu. A methanol extract of pruned C. unshiu leaves showed a porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Fractionation of C. unshiu leaf extract (CUL-ext) followed by bibliographic and chromatographic analyses revealed that a part of the pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of CUL-ext was attributable to nobiletin (1), rutin (2), and hesperidin (3). Thus, pruned C. unshiu leaves may be a reasonable natural resource for the preparation of ingredients with lipase inhibitory activity.

Flavonoids isolated from the fresh sweet fruit of Averrhoa carambola, commonly known as star fruit

Thirteen flavonoids were isolated from the fresh sweet fruit of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), commonly known as star fruit, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. 8-Carboxymethyl-(+)-epicatechin methyl ester, pinobanksin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, and carambolasides M–Q were undescribed structures. (+)-Epicatechin, aromadendrin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, helicioside A, taxifolin 3′-O-β-d-glucoside, galangin 3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside were reported from this species for the first time. Pinobanksin 3-O-β-d-glucoside and carambolasides M–Q showed more potent 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity (IC50 = 5.3–2.3 μM) than l-ascorbic acid (10.5 μM). Further, (+)-epicatechin, pinobanksin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, and carambolasides O–Q exhibited weak porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity.

Secondary treated effluent irrigation did not impact chemical composition, and enzyme inhibition activities of essential oils from Origanum syriacum var. syriacum

Environmental conditions, including irrigation water quality, are known to affect secondary metabolite production in plants and hence the composition and activity of essential oils of aromatic plants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of irrigation with secondary-treated effluent, as compared with potable water irrigation, on the composition, biological activities and yield of essential oil (EO) from Origanum syriacum L. var. syriacum (OSS). The EO from OSS cultivated in Palestine under secondary treated municipal effluent compared with potable water irrigation were analyzed seasonally over a two-year period for oil quantity and composition, antioxidant activities 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), antimicrobial and inhibitory properties against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). The quality of the irrigation water did not affect the essential oil yield quantity and quality demonstrating the potential of this marginal water source for agri-industrial production of OSS. Under both irrigation water qualities, the EO contained 35 constituents, of which thymol (40.4–46.7%), and carvacrol (35.1–41.8%) were the most abundant. EOs from plants of both irrigation water qualities exhibited a strong free radical scavenging ability and reducing power activity, and high AChE, BChE, and PPL inhibitory activities. The EOs also showed a moderate antibacterial activity against most test bacterial strains, with high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with 117 percent inhibition compared with chloramphenicol (30μg/disc). The high inhibitory activity of the EOs on AChE, BChE, and PPL, and its high antioxidant and antibacterial activities may be due to high concentrations of monoterpenes, especially thymol and carvacrol. The data demonstrate that secondary-treated municipal effluents can be successfully utilized for irrigation of industrial crop production setups for essential oil production from OSS (as a source of natural antioxidants, anticholinesterase, antiobesity and antistaphylococcal agents) without compromising yield quantity and bioactivities compared with potable water irrigation.

Non-flavonoid phenolics from Averrhoa carambola fresh fruit

The fruit of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) is a commercially important fruit. Our study on the chemical constituents present in the fresh sweet fruit led to the isolation of eleven non-flavonoid phenolic compounds. Their structures were identified by analyses of spectroscopic data. They were two new alkyl phenol diglucosides, carambolasides K (1) and L (2), four phenylpropanoids, (+)-isolariciresinol 9-O-β-d-glucoside (3), (+)-lyoniresinol 9-O-β-d-glucoside (4), (−)-lyoniresinol 9-O-β-d-glucoside (5), and 1-O-feruloyl-β-d-glucose (6), three benzoic acids, protocatechuic acid (7), 1-O-vanilloyl-β-d-glucose (8), and tecomin (9), a simple phenol, koaburaside (10), and a naphthoquinone, (+)-cryptosporin (11). All of them were reported from A. carambola fruit for the first time. Compounds 1–8 and 10 showed 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity comparable to l-ascorbic acid, while compounds 3, 5, and 7 exhibited potent ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, compounds 6 and 11 demonstrated weak porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity.

A Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity by Mango (Mangifera indica) Leaf Methanolic Extract

&lt;p&gt;The objective of this study was to identify pancreatic lipase inhibitory active ingredients of mango leaves, and to examine a relationship between leaves maturation and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. A methanolic extract of old dark green mango leaves (OML-ext) showed a porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of OML-ext was attributable to 3-C-&lt;em&gt;β&lt;/em&gt;-D-glucosyl-2,4,4’,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;) and mangiferin (&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;). The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of young mango leaf extract was superior to that of old leaf extract. It was suggested that the activity is correlated with the content of &lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt; in these extract. Considering the amounts of leaves obtained from pruning, old dark green leaves may be a reasonable natural resource for the preparation of ingredients with lipase inhibitory activity.&lt;/p&gt;

Antihyperglucolipidaemic and anticarbonyl stress properties in green, yellow and red sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

Effect of aqueous methanol extract of different colour sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) on parameters of diabesity and carbonyl stress was analysed in vitro. Yellow pepper displayed significantly (p < 0.001) higher intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than green and red pepper. Porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was significantly (p < 0.01) high in yellow and red pepper than in green pepper. Green and red pepper inhibited vesperlysine-type advanced glycation end products (AGEs) more potently than yellow pepper; however, pentosidine-type AGEs were similarly inhibited by all three peppers. Yellow and red pepper inhibited lipid peroxidation more potently (p < 0.01) than green pepper. Total polyphenol content and free radicals scavenging activities in yellow and red bell peppers were higher than in green pepper. Total flavonoid content was high in green pepper than that present in yellow and red peppers. Green pepper displayed presence of proanthocyanins; however, oligomeric anthocyanins were detected in yellow and red peppers.