Population Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Environmental shocks and migration among a climate-vulnerable population in Bangladesh

Various studies predict large migration flows due to climatic and other environmental changes, yet the ex post empirical evidence for such migration is inconclusive. To examine the causal link between environmental changes and migration for a population residing along the Jamuna River in Bangladesh, an area heavily affected by floods and riverbank erosion, I relate the respondents’ self-reported affectedness by environmental changes, their migration aspirations, and their capability to move to their migration likelihood. The analysis relies on a unique quasi-experimental research design based on original survey panel data of 1604 household heads. I find that erosion significantly and substantively increases the likelihood to migrate, leading to more than a doubling of the migration likelihood compared to the unaffected control group. Flooding has a significant effect only if it causes severe and irreversible impacts. Moreover, erosion affectedness increases the likelihood of moving permanently, with the whole household, and to a rural location. Individual, temporary moves to urban locations, by contrast, are primarily driven by low socio-economic status. Those who move with the whole household migrate mostly less than five kilometers. These findings call for a more nuanced understanding of the complex environment-migration nexus.

Comparing Antibody Responses to Homologous vs. Heterologous COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in an Urban Bangladeshi Population.

Vaccination has played a crucial role in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 and reducing its severe outcomes. While over 90% of Bangladesh's population has received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose, the comparative effectiveness of homologous versus heterologous booster strategies, along with the complex interplay of factors within the population, remains understudied. This study aimed to compare antibody responses between these booster approaches. This cross-sectional study enrolled 723 adults in urban Dhaka who had received COVID-19 booster doses within the last six months. Participants were grouped based on homologous or heterologous booster vaccination. Data were collected through structured household surveys, and 2 mL blood samples were collected for measuring antibody titers. Heterologous booster recipients showed higher median antibody titers (8597.0 U/mL, IQR 5053.0-15,482.3) compared to homologous recipients (6958.0 U/mL, IQR 3974.0-12,728.5). In the adjusted analysis, the type of booster dose had no significant impact on antibody levels. However, the duration since the last booster dose was significantly associated with antibody levels, where each additional month since receiving the booster corresponded to approximately a 15-16% reduction in antibody levels (Adj. coeff: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.88; p < 0.001). Participants over 40 years demonstrated higher antibody levels than younger individuals (Adj. coeff: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.43; p = 0.005). Sex, BMI, and prior COVID-19 infection showed no significant associations with antibody levels after adjustment. The results underscore the complexity of immune responses across different demographic groups and suggest potential benefits of ongoing heterologous booster strategies in sustaining immunity.

Risk of Dementia and Its Associated Factors Among the Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Attending a Tertiary Cardiac Hospital of Dhaka City: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In Bangladesh, data related to the future risk of dementia and its associated factors are scarce. Furthermore, no dementia risk prediction tool has yet been applied to estimate the risk in any population in Bangladesh. Therefore, our objective was to assess the risk of dementia and its associated factors among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This cross-sectional study conveniently recruited 280 stable patients with CAD who were admitted for coronary revascularization at a tertiary cardiac hospital situated in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected face-to-face using a pretested questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEP-wise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) of Noncommunicable Diseases Risk Factors questionnaire (Version 3.2). The questionnaire included background information (sociodemographic, comorbidity), behavioral and metabolic risk factors, physical and biochemical measurements. The next 20 years' risk of dementia was estimated using the "Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia" score. The risk score, risk levels, and risk factors were presented descriptively. The associated factors of dementia risk were elucidated using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The mean ( ± standard deviation) risk score for dementia was 6.26 ± 2.28. The predicted "at-risk" population was 63.6%. The prevalent risk factors were unhealthy diets (84.3%) presented by inadequate fruit/vegetable consumption (70%) and added salt intake (46.4%). In the final model of hierarchical multiple regression, the risk score showed a significant association with several risk factors: family history of diabetes (p = 0.03), alcohol intake (p = 0.03), current smoking (p = 0.03), estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.02). A substantial proportion of patients with CAD had a future risk of dementia which demands an urgent risk reduction strategy in Bangladesh. Future longitudinal studies may more precisely justify the current findings.

Exploring bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh: Current scenario and future outlook

Bovine brucellosis is an enduring and formidable challenge in Bangladesh. In this first comprehensive review, we explored the historical, current, and future perspectives of bovine brucellosis outbreaks in Bangladesh. Data spanning from 1984 to 2023 regarding bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh were gathered from literature, reviews, conference papers, and online reports using various search engines and software tools. We considered 29 published documents and analyzed them thoroughly to evaluate the current status of bovine brucellosis for the present comprehensive review. We also suggest policy and other frameworks to mitigate and control the disease on a national scale. Bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh affects various livestock and poses economic burdens due to reduced milk and meat production with potential risks to human health. Over the past decade (2013-2023), the ruminant population in Bangladesh has increased substantially (between 1.46 and 26.95 million individuals), with goats showing the most significant growth, while financial losses due to bovine brucellosis have risen steadily, emphasizing its economic impact (basis on species between Euro currency 12.824 and 298.272). This review highlights brucellosis prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and traditional management practices contributing to its spread. Our findings indicate that bovine brucellosis was reported and prevalent in mild to severe forms across 26 districts of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has initiated measures such as vaccination and awareness campaigns, but effective control remains challenging due to diverse farming systems and resource constraints. A one-health approach is advocated for future strategies, emphasizing community engagement and multidisciplinary efforts to address the complex challenges posed by bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh, ultimately aiming to safeguard livestock health, public health, and economic stability.

Interleukin-1β rs16944 and rs1143627 polymorphisms and risk of developing major depressive disorder: A case-control study among Bangladeshi population.

Epidemiological research suggests that altered levels of cytokine are associated with pathophysiology and the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). Based on earlier study, IL-1β rs16944 and rs1143627 polymorphisms may increase the risk of depression. Here, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between these polymorphisms and MDD susceptibility among the population in Bangladesh. Blood samples were collected from 100 MDD patients and 70 matched controls. Study participants were evaluated by DSM-5 criteria and PCR-RFLP method were applied for genotyping. The IL1β rs1143627 and rs16944 polymorphisms were found to have a significant association with the risk of MDD. In case of rs1143627 CT heterozygous genotype (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.08-4.55, p-value = 0.029) and combined CT+TT (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.15-4.79, p-value = 0.019) genotype was strongly associated with the increased risk of MDD in comparison to CC common genotype. Moreover, the over-dominant model indicated a 2.15-fold higher risk for MDD development (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.05-4.40, p-value = 0.036). On the other hand, the IL1β rs16944 polymorphisms revealed that the TC+CC combined genotype in the dominant model showed a 2.06-fold increased risk for MDD development compared to the TT common homozygote (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.06-3.99, p-value = 0.032). Studies suggests that IL1β rs16944 and rs1143627 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of MDD. These findings will provide us with valuable insights into the pathophysiology of MDD.

Fibrosis-4 and Ultrasonography Assessment of Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Cross-sectional, Observational Study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously termed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, has now emerged as endemic. Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) can grade the risk of evolving liver fibrosis utilizing inexpensive easily available parameters, and ultrasonography (USG) is the attainable initial imaging modality to detect the presence of MASLD. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and grades of MASLD along with fibrosis risk stratifications according to the FIB-4 index among the urban diabetic population of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was performed at National Healthcare Network Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 2022 to October 2023 with ethical clearance among nonpregnant adults having type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged 18 years to ≤74 years. The presence of MASLD with grading was ascertained by USG of the hepatobiliary system, and the fibrosis risk score was calculated according to the FIB-4 index. Results: Overall, 167 subjects were studied (male-to-female ratio of 1:1.7). USG revealed that 94.6% had fatty changes in the liver, among them 37.7% had Grade 1, 48.5% had Grade 2, and 8.4% had Grade 3 fatty changes. Risk stratification by the FIB-4 index revealed that 65.3% had low risk, 31.7% indeterminate risk, and 3.0% high risk for hepatic fibrosis. Most subjects in the indeterminate and high-risk group had HbA1c% ≥7 than the low-risk group for fibrosis. The study found that 41.9% of patients were overweight, 47.3% were obese, and central abdominal obesity was seen in 85.6% of patients. Conclusion: This study revealed a considerable prevalence of MASLD, with varying degrees of liver fibrosis among the diabetic population. Case-finding strategies using USG and noninvasive tests (such as FIB-4) should be applied to rule out or in advanced fibrosis.

Pre-Marital Screening and Genetic Counseling: Knowledge, Awareness, and Perception among Bangladesh's Population

Premarital screening tests couples for genetic disorders (e.g., sickle cell anemia and thalassemia), as well as infectious diseases (e.g., hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS), while genetic counseling offers information and support on genetic conditions. This study addresses the significant lack of data on public awareness and understanding of pre-marital screening and genetic counseling (PMSGC) in Bangladesh, contrasting with countries like Saudi Arabia where PMSGC is mandatory. To bridge this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to September 2023, involving 638 participants of various age groups and educational levels. Despite all participants being familiar with PMSGC, only 33% demonstrated adequate understanding, with higher knowledge levels linked to better education and positive medical history. While participants recognized the importance of PMSGC, there was a clear disconnect between their perceived significance and awareness of associated risks. Notably, 71.6% emphasized the urgent need for improved public awareness. The findings suggest that targeted educational campaigns and enhanced counseling services focusing on genetics, chronic diseases, mental health, and reproductive health are essential for improving PMSGC awareness and effectiveness in Bangladesh.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE AND HUMAN POPULATION MODEL WITHIN BANGLADESH AND SRI LANKA

This article presents projections of the future population growth in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, along with a comparative analysis of the demographics of these two countries. Based on our projections, the projected population of Bangladesh in 2060 is estimated to be around 211 million, while the population of Sri Lanka is projected to be around 356 million. The exponential expansion of the global population represents one of the most formidable challenges facing humanity, profoundly impacting individual well-being while compelling transformative adaptations within societal frameworks and governmental institutions. Moreover, we have computed a forecast for the next period and included a demographic evaluation of the rural populations and crime rates of both nations in this piece. This study critically examines the precision and applicability of three mathematical frameworks, namely, the least squares model, the logistic growth model, and the Malthusian (exponential growth) model, in forecasting population dynamics within Bangladesh and Sri Lanka by the conclusion of the twenty-first century. Even though transgender individuals are recognized as the third gender, the appropriate statistics are not yet available. In addition, the study presents a speculative analysis of how the state has addressed the growth of its population in previous instances and how it would address it in coming years.

Bayesian analysis of non-communicable diseases risk factors: a focus on the lower-educated population in Bangladesh.

This study investigates non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors, specifically hypertension and diabetes, among Bangladeshi adults with lower educational attainment. With an increasing global burden of NCDs, understanding the dynamics in lower-educated populations becomes crucial for targeted interventions and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3.4-curtailing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by one-third by 2030 through prevention and treatment. Utilizing data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (2017-2018), a two-stage stratified sampling design identified 7287 lower-educated individuals. Bayesian logistic regression was applied for risk factor analysis. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among lower-educated people was 31% and 9.3%, respectively. NCD prevalence (37.3%) underscored a significant health burden. Factors such as gender, age, wealth status, working status, residence and region showed significant associations with NCDs. Bayesian analysis revealed that females were 1.30 times more likely to develop NCDs, while older age groups demonstrated 4.30 times greater likelihood. Employed individuals exhibited a 43% lower risk. Wealthier households showed higher NCD likelihood and residence in the central region was associated with an 11% lower risk. This study highlights the high risk of developing NCDs among lower-educated females, particularly those ≥35y of age in Bangladesh. Therefore, targeted interventions for this group are critical to reducing NCD risks, supporting national health objectives and advancing progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.

Future Population Aging in Bangladesh: Economic and Social Aspects

Recently, Bangladesh has entered into a lower-middle-income country and faces various challenges like other developed countries of the world regarding its population. Eventually, aging will become a challenge for its progressive economy and society. This paper aims to identify the future time periods in which the majority of the indices confirm Bangladesh as an aging country. This study estimates various demographic indices to reveal the age structural transition of Bangladesh's population for 2011-2061. Furthermore, it has computed general distribution indices, the aging index, the Billeter index as reproductive indices, and several economic and support dependency ratios. The trend line of the coefficients of inflow, outflow, and exchange of the productive population has been drawn in order to visualize the future workforce. It has been observed that Bangladesh will be an aging country between 2030 and 2035, taking into account major traditional measures of population aging. In this sense, it is a novel finding for policy implications to overcome the upcoming challenges of the inevitable population aging in Bangladesh. To deal with the implications and drivers of population ageing several steps are required to consider by the government and private institutions. International Journal of Statistical Sciences, Vol. 24(2), November, 2024, pp 109-124

Understanding the Needs of the Youths and their Coping Strategies

Youths are the most energetic and productive segment of the total population of any country. Generally, transitional period from childhood to adult- hood is considered as youth. But the age limit of youth varies from country to country. People in Bangladesh within the age group of 18-35 years are considered as youth as per its National Youth Policy. Among the total population of Bangladesh about one-thirds are of youth group. As individuals move into youth from adolescence their needs and demands are changed. But what is the nature of needs of the youths of Bangladesh? Do they face any barrier to meet their needs? What kind of strategies do they follow to meet their needs? These questions should be addressed with empirical evidence for the betterment of the youths. Therefore, an exploratory study has been carried out by following qualitative approach to address the abovementioned research questions and the findings have been presented in this paper with policy implications and concluding remarks at the end. The findings show that quality education, pure and fresh food, healthcare and reproductive health services, employment opportunity, housing with utility services, training for skill development and recreational facilities are their prime needs. They could fulfill their needs to some extent but still there are a lot of barriers to fulfill their needs. Accordingly, they adopt a variety of indigenous mechanisms to cope with this situation. However, the findings would be useful for the policy makers, social workers and development practitioners, and create a new avenue for further study in this field.

Assessing the Health Impacts of Urban Air Pollution on Marginalized Populations in Bangladesh

Air pollution has become a paramount environmental and public health concern worldwide, significantly affecting socio-economic conditions and health, especially in emerging nations. The study aims to investigate the impact of air pollution on the health of marginalized populations in urban Bangladesh, concentrating on identifying pollution sources, analyzing health effects, assessing socio-economic vulnerabilities, and evaluating the efficacy of regulatory frameworks. A systematic review methodology was employed, integrating data from pertinent research and official publications to deliver a thorough study of air pollution sources and health effects in these communities. The results indicate that sources of air pollution, including automobile emissions, industrial waste, and unregulated brick kilns, disproportionately impact vulnerable communities due to their closeness to high-pollution areas. The health consequences, particularly exacerbated respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, are more pronounced in these populations due to restricted healthcare access and socio-economic obstacles. Socio-economic vulnerabilities, including income level, housing circumstances, and access to healthcare, intensify exposure risks, underscoring differences in pollution exposure between marginalized and non-marginalized areas. The study suggests that although legal frameworks such as the Air Quality Management Project and the Brick Kiln Control Act establish a basis for air quality management, their inadequate enforcement in low-income regions diminishes their efficacy. This research underscores the necessity for focused policy interventions and community-oriented methods.

Cancer prevention, care, and outreach among the Rohingya refugee population in Bangladesh

Cancer prevention, care, and outreach among the Rohingya refugee population in Bangladesh

Socio-economic and lifestyle determinants of multi-morbidity among elderly patients attending tertiary level hospitals in Bangladesh

BackgroundMultimorbidity (MM), the co-existence of two or more chronic diseases, is not just a medical condition but a significant public health concern for many developing countries, including Bangladesh. The limited information on MM among the older population in Bangladesh has driven us to conduct this study, which is of utmost importance for healthcare professionals and policymakers in formulating effective healthcare strategies.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected two public medical college hospitals with a sample of 566 hospitalized elderly patients aged 60 years and above. Respondents’ clinical information on chronic conditions was obtained from hospital reports, and socio-demographic data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the associations among the variables and covariates of MM.ResultMM of the elderly varied substantially by socio-demographic, lifestyle, and economic attributes. Higher age, widowhood, lower education, use of tobacco, and greater economic dependency are conducive to heightened MM likelihood among the elderly. More specifically, females have higher rates of MM than males (64.18% vs. 54.17%). The higher the age, the higher the chances of MM [OR: 1.03; 95% CI 1.04–1.06]. Similarly, economically dependent individuals have higher MM than independent older adults [OR: 3.12; 95% CI 1.88–5.17]. Smoking cigarettes, bidis, tobacco, and other intoxicants (snuff, pan, and pan masala) have a higher likelihood of MM for both males and females. Urban and non-Muslim elderly also have lower odds of MM than their counterparts. Our findings, which highlight the variations in MM based on different socioeconomic and lifestyle determinants, underscore the urgent need for further exploration of determinant-specific variations. This will enable the development of effective preventive measures and specific clinical and public health strategies for targeted prevention and intervention. As revealed by our study, the ‘lifestyle factors’-centered systematic treatment strategy should be prioritized in the care of elderly patients with multimorbidity.

Environmental Impact And Management In The Face Of Industrial Growth: A Study Of Noapara Municipal Area, Jessore, Bangladesh

The rapid growth of Bangladesh's population and labor force has made industrialization essential, as agriculture alone cannot sustain the increasing workforce. Industrial development, while driving urbanization and economic growth, often results in unplanned and uncontrolled expansion, posing significant threats to the surrounding built environment. This study focuses on the environmental management practices in industrial zones within Noapara municipality, a Class-A municipality in Bangladesh. The research reveals that industries in Noapara fail to adopt scientific methods for waste management, contributing to environmental degradation. Moreover, agencies responsible for managing industrial waste face severe challenges, including insufficient technical and non-technical manpower, lack of facilities and equipment, and inadequate budgetary support. Compounding these issues, residents in industrial and surrounding areas are largely unaware of the detrimental effects of improper waste management. The study also explores the municipality's role in granting No Objection Certificates (NOCs) for industrial setups, analyzing data from the NOC register to classify industries established between 2000 and 2016. Findings highlight critical gaps in current practices and emphasize the urgent need for enhanced waste management strategies, institutional capacity building, and community awareness to promote sustainable capacity building, and community awareness to promote sustainable industrial development and environmental protection.

Burden of Non-Communicable Disease and It’s Association with Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Community of Bangladesh

Background: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are now the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bangladesh has also experienced a rapid epidemiological shift from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases due to growing urbanization and lifestyle alteration over the last few decades and this transition is also prominent in rural community of the country. Among all modifiable factors, overweight or obesity is the key risk factor for NCDs. This study aimed to determine the burden of NCD and its link to the body weight status of the rural population of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a village of Gomostapur Upazila under Chapainawabganj district from February to April 2024 among 135 people. The data were collected with face-to-face interview and Body Mass Index was measured. The data were compiled and tabulated according to key variables and analyzed with IBM SPSS 29.0.2. Results: Majority 44.5% of the study people belonged to age group 21-40 years. Among them 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. Maximum respondents were of low-middle socioeconomic condition. Among them around 3/4th of the population was suffering from NCDs. Most of the respondents 24.4% had bone and joint pain followed by Hypertension, Asthma, COPD, Diabetes and Heart Disease at 20.7%, 17.0%, 14.1% and 10.4% respectively. Hypertension, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Stroke and Cancers were more prevalent in the older age group. Hypertension, Diabetes, Stroke and Bone-Joint Pain were seen more in female participants whereas male respondents had more prevalence of Asthma, COPD. Most of the study population had BMI above 25 kg/m2 and the study showed maximum NCDs were prevalent considerably in overweight and obese groups. Conclusion: The study revealed that, NCDs are highly prevalent among obese older rural population of Bangladesh while management, prevention, awareness and research are low. The integrated programs must be designed and implemented through a primary health care approach and high risk-group targeted interventions should be procurable to combat the rising burden of NCDs. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 7(1), June 2024; 74-79

Challenges and Progress in Neurosurgery: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Landscape in Nepal.

A large portion of the global population lacks access to essential surgical care, despite surgical conditions contributing significantly to the overall burden of disease worldwide. This burden is heaviest in developing countries like Nepal, where disparities in access to surgery for neurosurgical disorders stem from health system failures including an inadequate neurosurgical workforce, lack of requisite neurosurgical equipment, and challenges in perioperative care. By bibliometric analysis of neurosurgery-related publications in Nepal through PubMed search using the search terms "Neurosurg* AND Nepal", we have found a total of 528 articles with a notable increase in the number of such publications from 14 to 25 between 2015 and 2016, with over 300 published in 2021, 2022, and 2023. Nepal has also seen a drastic increase in neurosurgeon density from 0.166 per 100,000 population in 2016 to 0.377 per 100,000 population in 2023 compared to 0.780in China, 0.274in India, 0.130in Bhutan, and 0.092per 100,000 population in Bangladesh in 2023. This study underscores the pressing need for enhanced neurosurgical capacity and improved health equity in Nepal.

Assessment of the Level of Awareness and Knowledge of Covid-19 among rural population in Khulna, Bangladesh

Objective: The objective of the study was to find out level of Awareness and knowledge about covid-19 among rural population in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive type of study was carried out in Bathiaghata Upazilla, Khulna from 25.11.21 to 25.12.2021. Adult persons, 455 (male 181 and female 274) with mean age ± SD was 24 ±1.5 years, selected purposively from the households in the adjacent villages were included in the study as respondents. Results: Among the respondents, 97.4% heard about covid-19. Of them, 292 (71.6%) had knowledge that the disease is transmitted by cough, sneezing, direct contact and the proportion of the respondents who knew about symptoms like high fever, headache, cough, loss of taste and loss of smell were 50.1%, 16.7%,16% and 7.4%, respectively. Most of the respondents received health care services from MBBS doctors (87.3%). The majority of the respondent (76.5%) identified who heard about prevention of covid-19 by wearing mask, as a good preventive practice against covid-19 infection, followed by frequent hand washing (18.4%) which is eventually important for the prevention of covid-19. Conclusion: It was a unique study that describing adult heath related knowledge on covid-19 among adult population in a rural area. The study results suggest a further need to strengthen health education about covid-19 among rural population in Bangladesh. Mediscope 2024;11(2): 62-67

Determination of immunogenicity of an inactivated ND-vaccine developed experimentally with Newcastle disease virus (Genotype VII.2) local isolates of Bangladesh.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII severely affects poultry, causing respiratory and neurological symptoms with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The research aimed to develop an inactivated ND vaccine using local isolates (Genotype VII.2) and assess its immunogenicity compared to other commercial live ND vaccines. An inactivated vaccine using a candidate NDV (GenBank: OR924274.1) was developed according to WOAH guidelines following inactivation, sterility, purity, and safety tests. The birds were vaccinated through subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) routes using three doses (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ml/bird). Immunogenicity and protective potentiality of the experimentally developed inactivated ND vaccine and live commercial ND vaccine (intra-ocularly/IO) were compared by challenge studies using three vaccination schedules: killed-followed-killed, live-followed-killed, and live-followed-live. The birds vaccinated with 1.0 ml/bird SC showed higher antibody titers compared to those of IM-vaccinated groups. Birds vaccinated with the live-followed-killed commercial ND vaccines had slightly higher antibody titers compared to those vaccinated with killed-followed-killed and live-followed-live vaccines. Birds vaccinated with the killed-followed-killed ND vaccine showed a higher protection rate (100%) compared to live-followed-killed (83±5.77%) and live-followed-live (57±5.77%) vaccines. Birds vaccinated with killed-followed-killed group showed a slower decline rate of antibody titers than other groups. This regimen provided significantly better immunity, highlighting its potential in controlling ND outbreaks in Bangladesh's poultry. The study found that the inactivated ND vaccine, developed with the locally circulating isolate of genotype-VII.2 of NDV, might play an important role in effective control and management of ND in the commercial poultry population in Bangladesh.

Elderly Care Provision under National Policy on Older Persons 2013: A Cross-Sectional Study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Bangladesh is undergoing a notable demographic transition, characterized by a substantial rise in the proportion of elderly individuals within its population. This demographic transition presents a range of economic, social and cultural issues that necessitate prompt attention and intervention. The aim of this study was to examine the current state of elderly care services and facilities available for older adults in urban landscape by taking into account the ‘National Policy on Older Persons 2013.’ This study was conducted in Dhaka city by employing a cross-sectional study design. The study population covers elderly people aged 60+ years, living in Dhaka City for more than five years continuously and are able to speak well with someone. The study was based on a sample of 240 and the respondents were chosen using convenient sampling technique. The data were collected through face-to-face interview using structured questionnaire and they were analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics. This study found that the existing elderly care services and available opportunities are below the satisfactory level for most of the older adults of the city, even though the ‘National Policy on Older Persons 2013’ was adopted a decade ago. The elderly people in Dhaka city encountered a number of difficulties considering their physical health, psychological and social well-being. In the case of availability of the affordable and quality healthcare services for older adults in their community, 30.4% of the respondents said that the availability, accessibility and affordability of quality healthcare services are very poor, followed by 24.6% below average and 26.3% at the average level. Nearly 75% of the study people said that they had ever experienced unfair treatment for being aged. Indeed, they receive care and support in an inconsistent, disorganized and incoherent manner. The study clearly revealed that there is a need to prioritize person-centered care as well as integrated care system for the effective management of the ageing population in Bangladesh. Jagannath University Journal of Science, Volume 11, Number 1, June 2024, pp. 118−134