Population Of Uttarakhand Research Articles

Limb salvage following snakebite using acute limb shortening and secondary lengthening

A case of 16-year-old boy from the remote tribal population of Uttarakhand is described, who sustained a viper snakebite. The patient after various interventions and referrals developed locoregional and systemic complications. He not only had an open tibiofibular fracture but a large bimalleolar defect over his lower limb. The wound infection with underlying osteomyelitis progressed to septic shock and failure of the conventional cross-leg flap. Computed tomography scan of the limb revealed a single patent vessel, eliminating the option of microvascular flap. Limb amputation was considered for source control; however, in an attempt to salvage the limb, the novel approach of acute limb shortening with secondary limb lengthening was performed with parental consent, an approach not previously reported in the management of snakebite injuries. Adequate infection control was achieved following removal of the osteomyelitic bone, and the defect was covered with overlapping tissue from the docked limb and a cross-thigh flap. Secondary lengthening was performed after 3 months, and following extensive surgical and rehabilitative interventions, the boy's limb was salvaged and he retains a near-normal gait. This case report entails a detailed account of how mutilating a snakebite injury could be and how unconventional techniques like acute limb shortening with secondary lengthening can be used in such injuries.

An evaluation of molecular characterization and population structure of Uttarakhand, India

The northern Indian state of Uttarakhand is a landmark of culture, traditional values and natural beauty. It is located on the western side of the Himalayas resulting in geographic semi-isolation, which draws attention to the genomic diversity of the population of Uttarakhand. To explore the genomic structure and forensic characterization, randomly 427 unrelated individuals from Uttarakhand were selected. A wide range of allele frequency (0.001 to 0.415) and observed heterozygosity (0.693 to 0.888) was observed, which points towards a high level of genetic mixing instead of population isolation. The allelic data of 15 autosomal STR markers were found to be under the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The population of Uttarakhand showed genetic closeness with geographically close populations, i.e., the populations of Uttar Pradesh, central India and north-western India as compared to geographically distant populations of eastern and southern India, as well as western and eastern Asian populations. The locus D2S1338 (3p21.31) was found to be the most informative marker among all the studied loci with the highest discrimination power (PD = 0.971) and polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.864), while locus TPOX (2p25.3) was found to be the least informative with the lowest discrimination power (PD = 0.862) and polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.654). The combined value of discrimination power (CPD = 1), power of exclusion (CPE = 0.999999023), paternity index (CPI = 9.40 × 105) and matching probability (CPM = 2.10 × 10−18) showed that the tested loci are very useful for personal identification, paternity testing and disaster victim identification.

Association Between CDKAL1, HHEX, CDKN2A/2B and IGF2BP2 Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes in Uttarakhand, India.

IntroductionCurrent study aimed to find the association of genes polymorphism of CDKAL1, HHEX, CDKN2A/2B, and IGF2BP2 with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the population of Uttarakhand.Research Design and MethodsOverall 469 persons comprising 369 recently diagnosed T2DM cases and 100 healthy control were enrolled in the present study. The polymorphisms were analyzed through the PCR-RFLP technique.ResultsFor the rs10440833 variant (CDKAL1), CC genotype’s frequency was significantly high among T2DM subjects than controls and increase the T2DM risk (OR: 4.46, 95% CI: 2.22–8.99, p <0.0001). The c allele was significantly found to increase the T2DM risk (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.54–3.14, p <0.001). In the rs1111875 variant (HHEX), the difference of genotype frequencies among T2DM cases and control was statistically non-significant (p-0.138). We did not observe significant differences in allelic frequencies among T2DM cases and control (p-0.444). In the case of rs10811661 variant (CDKN2A/2B), frequency of both TC (OR: 3.16, 95% CI: 1.84–5.42, p <0.0001) and TT (OR: 5.84, 95% CI: 1.75–19.45, p −0.004) genotype were significantly higher in T2DM cases in comparison with control and significantly associated with higher T2DM risk. Compared to the C allele, a significant increase in T2DM risk was documented with the T allele (OR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.55–3.92, p <0.001). For rs4402960 variant (IGF2BP2), TT genotype contributed to increased T2DM risk (OR: 4.25, 95% CI: 2.02–8.93, p −0.0001). T allele’s frequency was significantly high in T2DM cases in comparison with healthy control. Except WHR, HDL-C, exercise, household chores, standing work more than 3 hours, and family history, significant differences were found between T2DM cases and healthy individuals in all other parameters.ConclusionOur study concluded a significant association of CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B, and IGF2BP2 polymorphism with T2DM in the Uttarakhand population. For HHEX, the genotype and allelic frequencies difference between T2DM cases and control were statistically non-significant. However, a significant association of HHEX gene polymorphism with T2DM was observed only under the dominant model.

Rare but not Abdicated: Status of Haemophilia in foothills of Himalaya, Uttarakhand: A cross-sectional study.

Background:Haemophilia is one of the bleeding disorders, which is inherited, in an xlinked recessive pattern. The diagnosis is by estimation of factor levels of 8 and 9. Timebound treatment for people living with Haemophilia (PWH) is factor replacement during bleeding manifestation. The prevalence of Haemophilia was mostly underestimated, and it is more so in hilly terrains like the state of Uttarakhand.Materials and Method:This is a crosssectional study by compiling the data of PWH visiting the tertiary care centre for Haemophilia in Uttarakhand. We collected data from the patients with bleeding disorder reporting to the Haemophilia centre from July 2017 to December 2018. In this manuscript, we try to describe the pattern of Haemophilia and the degree of severity and incidence of inhibitors among the sample population of PWH who represent the population of Uttarakhand. The magnitude of problems faced by PWH from this hilly terrain to assess basic treatment in case of emergency is also being depicted.Result:We reported Haemophilia A contributing about 80% of the PWH in our centre. Average distance a PWH has to travel to obtain treatment was about 131.5 km (SD ± 83.7 km). Incidence of inhibitors was about 5%.Conclusion:We infer from our study that Hemophilia A is more common than Hemophilia B. Through this manuscript we hope to spread awareness of the Haemophilia care that is ongoing, the role of prophylaxis therapy and the future role of primary care physicians that may change the care of PWH in future.

CDKAL1 (rs10946398) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146) gene polymorphisms and their association with risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus in population of Uttarakhand, India

PurposeType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a non- insulin dependent form of diabetes is predominantly the outcome of multivariate factors ranging from genetic, hereditary to environmental factors. CDKAL1 ((rs10946398)), gene play a permissive role in β-cell function by inhibiting activity of CDK5, the decrease of insulin gene expression. TCF7L2 ((rs7903146)) gene involved in the Wnt signalling pathway, has its direct effects on glucose-induced, which may risk prevalence of T2DM. The present study aims to understand the association of CDKAL1 and TCF7L2 Gene polymorphism in T2DM patients among the population of Uttarakhand, India. Materials and methodsThe present study included 400 T2DM subjects and 400 healthy controls. DNA extraction done from blood serum collected in plain vials and CDKAL1, TCF7L2 gene polymorphism was done by the PCR-RFLP method. ResultsSignificant differences were observed in BMI (kg/m2), FPG (mg/dl), PPG (mg/dl), HbA1c, FPI, systolic BP (mmHg), diastolic BP (mmHg) among the subjects and controls (all p < .0001). Genotypes of CDKAL1 and TCF7L2 genes among T2DM and healthy controls was found to be statistically significantly (p < .0001).Among the T2DM subjects, CDKAL1 genotypes GG, GC and CC were 32.5%, 60% and 7.5% while in healthy control, CDKAL1 genotypes GG, GC and CC were 58%, 39% and 3% respectively. Among the T2DM subjects, TCF7L2 genotype CC, CT and TT were 35%, 63% and TT 2.5% while in healthy control CC, CT, TT were 53%, 46% and 1% respectively. Higher heterozygous GC genotype and mutant CC genotype. Higher C allele frequency (0.37%) noticed in patients as compare to control C allele (0.22%). Odd ratio with 95% CI were calculated for CDKAL1, GC and CC had 2.79 (2.08–3.75) and 4.13 (2.08–8.20) risk taking GG as reference and TCF7L2, CT and TT had 2.09 (1.57–2.78), 3.04 (1.01–9.09) risk taking CC in T2DM subjects. ConclusionStudy concluded that CDKAL1 heterozygous GC, mutant CC were higher in among T2DM and TCF7L2 heterozygous CT, mutant TT were higher among T2DM subjects suggested connected with T2DM. Higher odds and relative risk was found with CDKAL1, TCF7L2 heterozygous GC, CT and mutant CC, TT genotypes respectively.

Genetic Polymorphism of Mitochondrial Genome D-loop Region in Bhotia and Buxa Population of Uttarakhand

To study genomic diversity polymorphic DNA Markers are widely used as most of them are selectively neutral, more ubiquitous than polymorphic protein and enzyme markers. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) characterized high mutation rates caused by lack of protective histones, inefficient DNA repair systems and continuous exposure to mutagenic effects of oxygen radicals. In the present study PCR-RFLP techniques were used to reveal polymorphism of mtDNA D-loop region in Bhotia and Buxa tribes of Uttarakhand. The results showed 3 restriction patterns for HaeIII enzyme for Bhotia community and no restriction pattern for Alu I enzyme. In Bhotia and Buxa tribes of Uttarakhand ethnic prejudice is very high and kinship marriages greatly occurred between them. Furthermore, both the tribes lived in a close geographical area and have a little and limited communication with other parts of the country and these conditions confirmed the low level of heteroplasmy and polymorphic patterns for mtDNA D-loop region that observed in this population.

Genetic Polymorphism of Mitochondrial Genome D-loop Region in Bhotia and Buxa Population of Uttarakhand

Genetic Polymorphism of Mitochondrial Genome D-loop Region in Bhotia and Buxa Population of Uttarakhand

Outcomes of temporomandibular joint disorders treatment after a survey in the population of Uttarakhand, Part I: An epidemiological study

AimTo observe the prevalence of signs and symptoms of Temporomandibular joint disorders in patients visiting outpatient department, AIIMS Rishikesh. Method and materialThe survey was conducted in a total of 960 patients, who visited outpatient Department (OPD), dept of Dentistry, AIIMS Rishikesh and were asked to fill a questionnaire based on Fonseca questionnaire for TMD in accordance to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. ResultsOut of 960 patients, 449 had no TMD, 322 patients had mild TMD, 123 moderate and severe TMD was seen in 54 patients. Also, male dominance for TMD was seen in all the groups. There was no age predilection; however most of the patients with severe TMD fell between 16 and 60 years of age. ConclusionTMD is a common problem occurring in all age groups, there was a male dominance seen in the epidemiological study.

Undiagnosed elevated blood pressure and its life style related risk factors among adults: Cross sectional survey.

Background:Globally, high blood pressure (BP) is a main health problem among adult population. High BP is considered as a major risk factor which may lead to many cardiovascular diseases. Globally, it is also the leading cause of death. According to the American Heart Association, a BP of 120/80 mm of Hg is a normal range but when the systolic blood pressure ≥130 and diastolic blood pressure ≥80, it is always labeled as hypertension.Objectives:In the present study, the researchers wanted to identify the prevalence of undiagnosed elevated blood pressure in the adult population of Uttarakhand, India and also try to explore its lifestyle-related risk factors.Methods:This study was an exploratory survey with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 440 participants by using the cluster sampling technique.Results:The male:female ratio among participants was 1:4 and most of the participants were aged 25–30 years. The study found that the prevalence of high blood pressure was 26%, in which marginal elevated BP prevalence was 16%, hypertension stage I was 7%, and hypertension Stage II was 3% which is significantly higher in number at a young age. Lifestyle-related risk factors showed a significant association of hypertensive status with gender, consumption of balanced diet, and personal habits. This increases the chances of elevated blood pressure in young adults.Conclusion:All health professionals must be sensitized for elevated blood pressure problems among the young adult populations. Elevated blood pressure should be considered as a warning alarm at an early age when prescribing any medication and during any invasive procedure. Awareness should be created among public regarding elevated blood pressure issues at a younger age and motivate people to adopt a healthy and stress-free lifestyle.

Use of Information Communication Technologies by Vegetable Growers of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is first and foremost an agricultural state and its share in the country’s total GDP is very small. More than half per cent of the population of Uttarakhand depend on agriculture for their livelihood. This emphasised the need for innovative approaches for agricultural development in the hilly region of the state. Majority of hill women are engaged in vegetable cultivation. Hill women were suffering from various problems due to lack of knowledge, information and education on various aspects. Thus, dissemination of information and education on various new aspects is necessary to empower the hill women. Present investigation was conducted in four villages viz; Koan, Baldiyakhan, Devidhura and Aadukhan of Nainital District of Uttarakhand. Result revealed that majority of respondents fall in middle age and belonged to General caste and can read and write. All the respondents have Mobile phone and television. Majority of respondents take the farming related information from neighbour followed by Input Dealer.

Ocular Morbidity in Population of Uttarakhand

Ocular Morbidity in Population of Uttarakhand

ASSOCIATION OF LIPID PROFILE WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN GALL STONE DISEASE

Introduction: Gall stone disease is common in northern regions of India including Uttarakhand. It is traditionally seen in fat, fertile, female of fourty. Apart from this, age, obesity, hyperlipidemia, smoking &amp; diabetes are other risk factors. Gall stones show more association with elevated levels of triglyceride and low high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) where less association with total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C). Increased prevalence of gall stone reported in overweight. This present study conducted with an aim to find out the co-relation of lipid profile, BMI (body mass index) and gall stones in Uttarakhand population attending Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College Teaching Hospital, Dehradun.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: Total 120 patients (10 M, 110 F) were included in the study following confirmation of diagnosis of gall stones on ultrasound. Age, sex, dietary habits, occupation, medical history and drug history of each patient were recorded in predesigned, tested proforma. The BMI calculated as weight in Kg/height in meter square. BMI of 18 to 24.9 were regarded as normal, whereas, 25 to 29.9 as overweight, 30 to 39.9 as obese and above 40 as morbid obese. The serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL and Triglyceride were estimated on a fasting sample by keeping patient nil orally for 12hrs after their normal meal.&#x0D; Results: Out of total 120 patients, 110(91.67%) were female &amp; 10(8.33%) were male, with female to male ratio 9:1. The age-group of 21 to 40 years was the most common, with 64(53.33%) patients belonging to this group. Triglyceride was raised in 35(29.17%) patients, total cholesterol was raised in 7(5.83%) patients and LDL was raised in 5(4.17%) patients. The cholesterol was lowered in 13(10.83%) patients, HDL was lowered in 8(6.66%) patients and triglyceride was lowered in 3(2.5%) patients. Triglyceride &amp; LDL were raised in 4(3.3%) patients, cholesterol and triglyceride were raised in 3(2.5%) patients and cholesterol and HDL were lowered in 4 (3.33%) patients. Patients with BMI of 18.0-24.9 were 72(60.00%), BMI of 25-29.9 were 36(30.00%) and BMI of 30-39.9 were 9(7.50%) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study on presence of Gall stones which are more commonly found in females aged 21 to 40 years. Raised levels of Triglyceride and lower levels of cholesterol are associated with gall stones. There is no association between Increased BMI &amp; presence of gall stones. BMI is associated with higher level of Triglyceride.&#x0D; Key Words: Gall stone, BMI, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, and HDL-C.

Genetic and morphometric comparison of two isolated populations of Barilius bendelisis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Indian Himalayas

Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton) inhabits cold water drainages of the Himalayan region, occurring near the stream banks. It is an important component of the diet of rural population of Uttarakhand and Jammu. Despite the aquaculture importance of B. bendelisis, no extensive molecular characterization from two geographically isolated rivers, Alaknanda and Chenab, has been conducted. In order to study those aspects, 567 samples of B. bendelisis were analysed and collected from these tributaries of two geographically isolated rivers between March of 2015 and April 2017. The morphometric data were analysed by means of truss analysis using tpsDig2 and PAST, whereas the genetic characterization was performed using the COI gene. In truss analysis 14 landmarks resulting in 90 measurements were studied from the digitized images of the sampled specimens. In total 23 measurements exhibited significant differences among the populations of B. bendelisis. The principal component analysis (PCA) generated seven components explaining- 93.15 % of total variance. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) revealed that 83.8 % of the specimens were classified into their original populations. Truss based morphometry and Maximum likelihood type of phylogenetic tree revealed heterogenicity between the two geographically isolated populations of B. bendelisis.

Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Adults &amp; Elderly- a Community based Study in Uttarakhand

Background: Alcohol is one of the leading causes of the death and disability globally. About two billion people worldwide consume alcoholic beverages and about one-third (nearly 7.6 million) are likely to have one or more diagnosable alcohol use disorders. In India, the economic returns from alcohol override public health issues with the situation being one of “getting less and losing more”. Aims &amp; Objectives: To find out the prevalence of alcohol consumption in relation to socio-demographic characteristics among adults and elderly population of Uttarakhand. Methods and materials: This is a cross sectional study. In this study we included four different geographic settings (urban, rural, town and slum) of Uttarakhand. A simple random methodology was adopted. Results: Out of 400 participants interviewed, alcohol consumption was reported higher in 30-49 years age group (45%), married (38%), employed (58%), males (72%), residing in rural areas (43%). Conclusion: In Uttarakhand percentage of alcohol consumption is higher among middle age group (30-49 year). Males are more alcoholic than females.

Panorama of foreign body in upper digestive tract in the population of Uttarakhand

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Foreign body aspiration is more common in children than adults because they explore the world with their hands and mouth and also have incomplete control and immature judgment. Foreign bodies in ENT are a medical emergency as their removal demands great skill due to unpredictability in the procedure and the complications associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; A prospective study was conducted on 40 cases of digestive tract foreign bodies in relation to age, sex, type, site, clinical presentation, extraction and complications. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Youngest child was 5 months old. Most predisposed age group was 0-5 years (60% of cases). Cricopharynx (24 cases) was the most common site of impaction for foreign body. In the present study toys (22.5%) were most common foreign bodies followed by coins (15%) ingestion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Avoid carelessness. Avoid hasty drinking, eating, talking and running with anything in the mouth. Keep the things out of reach of the children. Be particular in sleep, anesthesia, coma or delirium. Avoid putting objects into mouth.&lt;/p&gt;

Complications of Paediatric Cochlear Implantation in the Population of Uttarakhand.

Cochlear implants surgery is now routinely done at this center. Complications which have been experienced in cochlear implant surgery at our center are discussed, as a detailed knowledge about the complications and their early anticipation can save an expensive device and most importantly patients morbidity. To discuss the complications of the paediatric cochlear implantation in the population of Uttarakhand. The total of 60 patients were included in this study (age group 1-5years) who had undergone the cochlear implantation surgery between Sept. 2015 and Sept. 2016. These patients were regularly monitored and followed up for 1year. All the surgeries were performed by same team of surgeons. Rate of minor complications is 8.33% (reversible facial nerve paresis, injury to chorda tympani nerve, local skin reaction, perilymph gussher) and major complications is 5% (implant rejection and flap necrosis). The various complications should be closely monitored by the surgeon so that these can be avoided.

Species dilemma of musk deer (Moschus spp) in India: molecular data on cytochrome c oxidase I suggests distinct genetic lineage in Uttarakhand compared to other Moschus species

Musk deer are of high conservation priority owing to poaching pressure because of its musk pod. Representation of musk deer status using genetics is poorly documented in India, and it is not confirmed as to how many species of musk deer are present. We characterize for the first time, the genetic diversity of musk deer from Uttarakhand using Cytochrome Oxidase sub-unit (COI) gene (486 bp) and compared with the data available for other species. Results revealed the presence of six haplotypes in the Uttarakhand population amongst 17 sequences. Of these, 12 sequences shared the single haplotype. The intra-species sequences divergence was 0.003–0.017, whereas divergence with other species of musk deer was 0.071–0.081. Bayesian phylogenetic tree revealed that samples from Uttarakhand formed a separate clade with respect to other species of musk deer, whereas three species distributed in China clustered in the same clade and showed low sequences divergence, i.e., 0.002–0.061. Because of different ecomorph reported, we suggest using the barcoding based approach for inter and intra-species distinction and delineating species boundaries across the range for effective conservation. Besides, systematic classification, DNA barcoding would also help in dealing wildlife offence cases for disposal of the legal report in court.

Estimating and comparing the trends of fertility pattern from various birth cohorts in rural hilly population of Uttarakhand

Estimating and comparing the trends of fertility pattern from various birth cohorts in rural hilly population of Uttarakhand

Rhinolith a forgotten entity: our experience in remote hilly population of Uttarakhand

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Rhinoliths are mineralized foreign bodies in the nasal cavity and are diagnosed based on the presenting illness and clinical examination. Giant nasal stones are very rare in occurrence, since improved diagnostic techniques now make it possible to identify foreign bodies at an early stage of disease. The aim of the study was to revisit this rare and forgotten clinical entity with the variations in presentation in the hilly population of uttarakhand and treatment revisited.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;We report a case series of 33 patients with rhinoliths who presented to our institute over a period of 10 years, from January 2007 to January 2017. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Average age was 25.48 years (range: 5 years to 60 years). 19 were female and 14 male. The incident was reported by a family member/attendant in 12.1% of cases (4 cases), discovered following nasal symptoms in 84.84% (28 cases) and was incidentally discovered in 3.03% (1 case). Symptoms comprised rhinorrhea associated with unpleasant nasal odor in 30.3% of cases (10 cases), epistaxis in 15.1% (5 cases), symptoms of sinusitis in 18.12% (6 cases), ozena in 6% (2 cases)and nasal obstruction in 84.84% (28 cases). There was one case of massive bilateral rhinolith presenting with bilateral symptoms which required an open approach in today’s era whereas all other cases were managed endoscopically. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Although rhinoliths are a rare occurrence, attending doctors should be aware of this entity and should have a high index of suspicion in cases with progressive unilateral nasal obstruction, unilateral rhinorrhea, unilateral nasal bleeding. In rare cases, rhinolith should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis and also in bilateral nasal symptoms also specially if the symptoms are long standing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Trends in contraceptive demands and unmet need for family planning in migrant population of Uttarakhand

Background: The knowledge of contraceptive use and unmet need is important to know the constraints for unmet need based on user perspective. The aim of the study was to find the prevalence of Contraceptive use, Contraceptive preferred and the Un-met demand for contraceptives. Methods: Married, non-pregnant women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) from the migrant population were interviewed by Census method using pre-designed and pre-tested instrument by cross-sectional survey. Operational definitions for unmet need for spacing, limiting and unfelt need used in the study were as per NFHS -4 findings and traditional methods of contraception like abstinence, withdrawal were included in Un-met need for contraceptive due to its very high failure rate. Results: 58.44% study subjects had ‘Ever Used FP’ and 56.78% are currently using FP methods. The CPR is 56.7% by ‘Any Method’ and 43.0% by ‘Modern method’. The method which is most popular is ‘Sterlisation 29% and 20.96% and ‘Others’ i.e. highly unreliable methods like coitus interruptus, calendar method etc. found high number of users. The reasons for non use were apprehension of complication/side effects in 39%) and inconvenience or the difficulties with modern contraceptive methods or lack of knowledge by 7.67% and 6.95% respectively, 16% were relied on traditional methods, such as periodic abstinence, withdrawal and herbal mixtures from traditional healers as well as LAM 8% for a FP method, all of which have high failure rate. Only 24.8% Women were decision maker regarding the time and type of contraceptive to be used. The unmet need was 29.7% out of which the unmet needs for spacing and limiting were 9.6 per cent and 20.1 per cent, respectivelyConclusions: The unmet need is high and can be addressed by removing the constraints such as poor accessibility to the knowledge thus removing apprehension for side effects, improve accessibility to resources and low decision-making autonomy.