Number Of Populations Research Articles

Landscape Planning of Pondok Tahfidz with Islamic Garden Concept in Durin Simbelang A Village, Pancur Batu

Pancur Batu is one of the districts in Deli Serdang, with the majority of the population being Muslim. But from a large number of the Muslim population, the facilities to channel the spiritual needs of Muslims are relatively few. There are fewer mosques than churches, and schools that teach Islamic knowledge, such as Madrasahs and tahfidz houses, are also relatively few. This research aims to design the landscape of the tahfidz hut area as a place to channel the spiritual needs of Muslims which contain open space, a tahfidz Qur'an building, a place of Muslim worship (Mosque), a coaching area for tahfidz Qur'an students and Muslim visitors. Islamic garden is a concept adopted from the depiction of the beauty of heaven in the Qur'an towards a landscape character. The research method used in this research is the site inventory method, then comparative studies of similar projects, literature studies, and data analysis techniques. The results of this research are in the form of working drawings that include basic concepts, design concepts, and development concepts. The output of landscape planning of Tahfidz boarding school consists of a site plan and illustration drawing. The result of Islamic garden-based landscape planning is to plan a landscape that can be enjoyed optimally and can have a good influence on humans and has sharia rules or restrictions on elements, characters, and activities in Islamic gardens that aim not to associate with Allah SWT.

Prediction Model of Pigsty Temperature Based on ISSA-LSSVM

The internal temperature of the pigsty has a great impact on the pigs. Keeping the temperature in the pigsty within a certain range is a pressing problem in environmental control. The current pigsty temperature regulation method is based mainly on manual and simple automatic control. There is rarely intelligent control, and such direct methods have problems such as low control accuracy, high energy consumption and untimeliness, which can easily lead to the occurrence of heat stress conditions. Therefore, this paper proposed an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) based on a multi-strategy improvement to optimize the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) to form a pigsty temperature prediction model. In the optimization process of the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), the initial position of the sparrow population was first generated by using the reverse good point set; secondly, the population number update formula was proposed to automatically adjust the number of discoverers and followers based on the number of iterations to improve the search ability of the algorithm; finally, the adaptive t-distribution was applied to the discoverer position variation to refine the discoverer population and further improve the search ability of the algorithm. Tests were conducted using 23 benchmark functions, and the results showed that ISSA outperformed SSA. By comparing it with the LSSVM models optimized by four standard algorithms, the prediction effect of the ISSA-LSSVM model was tested. In the end, the ISSA-LSSVM temperature prediction model had MSE of 0.0766, MAE of 0.2105, and R2 of 0.9818. The results showed that the proposed prediction model had the best prediction performance and prediction accuracy, and can provide accurate data support for the prediction and control of the internal temperature of the pigsty.

Application of an evaluation tool for mega-hospital site sustainability. Assessment of public private partnership large sized healthcare infrastructures in European context.

Healthcare facilities are large and complex infrastructures designed to respond to a growing need of sanitary services in specialized environments to serve an increasing population number while containing costs. New financial and design models emerged for large sized Hospital -Facilities (Mega-hospitals) but their site sustainability is questioned. The paper focuses on a comparison -between European region case studies of Public Private Partnership (PPP) Mega-Hospitals. A total of 21 large sized hospitals in operation after 2010 have been compared with the application of the Assessment Tool for -Hospital Site Sustainability (ATHOSS). A specific focus on Turkish Hospitals has been also provided as the PPP model is widely adopted in this country. This analysis shows that Turkish cases gets general lower scores than European ones in terms of Construction Density and Community Connectivity (28%;50%), Alternative Transportation (18%; 50%), Site Development (26%; 38%). Connection to Natural World (30%; 52%) and Heat Island Effect (33%; 43%). Only in Development Density criteria (30%; 16%) the score was higher. It also emerged that gross floor area per bed ratio is much larger for Turkish cases (334m2/bed; 198 m2/bed) which can be interpreted as one of the weaknesses related to oversizing such infrastructures. The tool application highlighted some point of attention to be considered when designing and planning Mega-hospital facilities and improvement strategies for site sustainability are -suggested.

Effects of long-term feeding by spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on ecophysiology of common hardwood host trees.

While the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) [Hemiptera: Fulgoridae], continues to expand its range in the United States, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the economic threat that this pest presents to forest ecosystems and production nurseries. L. delicatula uses several common hardwood trees as hosts and a previous study found that short-term feeding can reduce growth of young maple saplings. Herein, long-term feeding over 4 consecutive seasons significantly reduced diameter growth and below-ground starch storage in roots of young silver maples (Acer saccharinum L.), weeping willows (Salix babylonica L.), river birches (Betula nigra L.), and trees of heaven (Ailanthus altissima [Mill.] Swingle) in response to L. delicatula feeding pressure in a density-dependent manner. In Year 3 when feeding pressure was the lowest, silver maple and willow recovered with greater diameter growth than in Year 2. Nutrients essential for photosynthesis and growth (iron, sulfur, and phosphorus) were reduced in leaves of all tree species compared to controls in the second year. This 4-yr study represents a worst-case scenario in which L. delicatula fed on the same trees for 4 consecutive growing seasons. In the wild, population numbers can vary greatly from year to year on individual trees and they move frequently among hosts (until autumn when they settle on A. altissima or other late-season hosts that have not yet senesced). Thus, we would not expect negative impacts of unconfined L. delicatula in natural settings on forest or ornamental trees to be as marked as reported here.

Supply Chain Inclusivity and Performance of State Corporations in the Energy Sector in Kenya.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of diversity and inclusivity in supply chain management. This includes a focus on promoting diversity and inclusivity within the workforce, as well as in the supply chain itself. Governments while deploying public funds for the provision of goods, works and services have realized the need to use supply chain function to advance social and economic development by ensuring the inclusion of otherwise excluded. However, there is little research done to establish whether inclusivity practices improve organization performance. This study therefore sought to establish the influence of supply chain inclusivity on the performance of state corporations in the energy sector. Specifically, the study aimed at determining the influence of discriminatory procurement, stakeholder involvement, supply chain diversity and supply chain integration on performance of state corporations in the energy sector in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population for this study was nine (9) State Corporations operating in the Energy sector in Kenya. Due to the limited number of target population, a census approach was adopted. Thus, all the 9 state corporations operating in Energy sector were included. The research purposefully targeted employees in the procurement and finance departments. A total of 20 employees were involved per organization arriving at a total of 180 respondents. A questionnaire was used in collecting data. With the study being quantitative in nature, both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were employed. The study used SPSS version 26 to facilitate the analysis of data. Inferential data analysis was done using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis method. Data was presented using a combination of statistical techniques and graphical techniques. The study established that jointly, discriminatory procurement, stakeholder involvement, supply chain diversity and supply chain integration influence the performance of state corporations in the energy sector. The study recommends that state corporations should institutionalize procurement plans with a total reservation of at least 30% of the procurement budget to the special groups. The study also recommends that state corporations should authenticate tender awards and purchase orders and enter into agreements with relevant financing institutions with an undertaking that the contracted special enterprises be paid through the account opened with the financier. Consequently, the study recommends that local firms be offered more protection to enable them stand chance against the mega global entities. Further, the study recommends for involvement of citizens, local communities and civil society organizations in the process of purchasing goods and services by the state corporations through provision of input on procurement plans, monitoring procurement processes, and providing feedback on the quality of goods and services purchased. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to state corporations that for them to effectively embrace supply chain diversity there is need to access and mitigate any barriers and bottlenecks that may hinder fair treatment, equity and justice in supply chain processes. The study also recommends to state corporations to explore and embrace advanced and emerging technologies in exchange of strategic supply chain information for improvement in the relationship and integration between the supply chain partners. The study further recommends for collaborations within the supply chain to allow firms to partner by combining core competencies and expertise as firms derive more benefits from working together than individual firms can gain on their own.

Modeling the Impact of Pollution on Sea Turtles

Human activities are currently threatening sea turtles at all life stages, both on nesting beaches and at sea. The debris and toxic waste dumped on the coast or at sea pollutes the sea and puts marine life in danger. In recent years, the number of global turtle population have noticeably decreased, and this is largely due to plastic pollution. However, how the sea pollution affects the sea turtles’ populations is not fully understood. Therefore, in this study, using the mathematical model, we will investigate the impact of pollution on sea turtle population. The model system is analyzed using standard mathematical techniques, including positivity of solutions and stability analysis. Our findings showed that there are two possible equilibrium points (i.e. steady-state solutions) for the model proposed, in which the stability analysis showed that only one of the solutions is asymptotically stable. Thus, the conditions of stability for both equilibrium points were also derived analytically based on their eigenvalues. As for the numerical simulations, the parameter of contamination rate is varied to investigate the effect of pollution on the population of sea turtles. The results suggested that if the contamination rate is high, then the population of sea turtles are expected to decrease and extinct approximately within 10 years. The comparison of survival and extinction of sea turtles are shown using the time series plots.

Possible role of locus coeruleus neuronal loss in age-related memory and attention deficits.

Aging is associated with a decline in cognitive abilities, including memory and attention. It is generally accepted that age-related histological changes such as increased neuroinflammatory glial activity and a reduction in the number of specific neuronal populations contribute to cognitive aging. Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) undergo an approximately 20 % loss during ageing both in humans and mice, but whether this change contributes to cognitive deficits is not known. To address this issue, we asked whether a similar loss of LC neurons in young animals as observed in aged animals impairs memory and attention, cognitive domains that are both influenced by the noradrenergic system and impaired in aging. For that, we treated young healthy mice with DSP-4, a toxin that specifically kills LC noradrenergic neurons. We compared the performance of DSP-4 treated young mice with the performance of aged mice in models of attention and memory. To do this, we first determined the dose of DSP-4, which causes a similar 20 % neuronal loss as is typical in aged animals. Young mice treated with DSP-4 showed impaired attention in the presence of distractor and memory deficits in the 5-choice serial reaction time test (5-CSRTT). Old, untreated mice showed severe deficits in both the 5-CSRTT and in fear extinction tests. Our data now suggest that a reduction in the number of LC neurons contributes to impaired working memory and greater distractibility in attentional tasks but not to deficits in fear extinction. We hypothesize that the moderate loss of LC noradrenergic neurons during aging contributes to attention deficits and working memory impairments.

Occupational Therapy and Professional Identity: Narratives of Professionals Through Life History. Study Protocol

Project title: Occupational therapy and professional identity: narratives of professionals through life history. Study Protocol. Design: Qualitative research, using a socio-critical paradigm and biographical-narrative method where participants were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball sampling strategy. Data collection techniques were life stories, constructed through biograms, self-reports and biographical interviews. Abductive reasoning was used along with structural analysis techniques, narrative analysis, and ATLAS. ti software. Objective: To describe and analyze the occupational construct of the professional identity of occupational therapists in Spain. Specific Objectives: (1) Analyze life events, transitions, and turning points that contribute to the outlining of the life journey of professional identity. (2) Explore the management of professional tasks. (3) Analyze the nature of the knowledge required to carry out the role. (4) Examine in detail the strategies applied to the personal engagement of occupational therapists. Study Population and Total Number of Participants: The study population consisted of professionals who are currently working as occupational therapists in Spain. The number of participants was established when data saturation was reached, with a total of nine informants.

A mixed-method analysis of the consistency of intake information reported by shelter staff upon owner surrender of dogs.

Data collected by animal shelters can provide an overview of population numbers and recommendations for shelter management and community programming. While studies utilize data from shelter software, questions remain on whether such data are reliable. The objective of the online experiment was to determine the agreement in data input for surrender reason, breed, and color across shelter staff (n = 81) when presented with four complex narratives of fictional owners surrendering dogs. Additionally, we aimed to understand how staff select surrender reasons for data input through qualitative analysis. Out of 40 possible surrender reasons, the number of unique reasons selected for each scenario ranged from 12-16, suggesting a variety of possible data entries for the same surrender narrative. Agreement was also low for breed and color. Shelter staff described a variety of different methods of determining the surrender reason for input into shelter software, such as asking the owner for their most influential reason or inferring the underlying reason. Further research is required to understand how animal shelter data can be collected consistently in a way that can meaningfully inform shelter management decisions.

Big data and management of municipal solid waste

In Brazil, the collection and management of urban solid waste is the responsibility of municipal governments. In most cases this is done on an informational basis considering population numbers to allocate resources for this purpose. Without having data capable of capturing socioeconomic transformations and/or changes in patterns of land use and occupation occurring in intercensal periods, the dimensioning of service provision is compromised. Thus, unwanted impacts can be caused, such as the irregular disposal of solid waste, affecting the quality of life of the population. The use of alternative data sources, especially big data, has enormous potential to complement data from administrative records and surveys, in addition to filling information gaps generated by disconnection of data with reality as the period since the census reference date lengthens. In this article, procedures and results of the use of big data are presented, more precisely satellite images, as an information alternative capable of better reflecting collective demands for services such as collection of municipal solid waste, and therefore of better guiding the decision-making process at the municipal level.

Cicada-MET: an efficient ecological monitoring protocol of cicada populations

Cicadas are a fascinating group of insects that play an essential role in terrestrial ecosystems. Their long-lasting association with plant roots encourages their use as indicators of vegetation and soil integrity. Cicada-MET is a novel, standardized method for monitoring cicada populations by counting cicada exuviae (i.e., the skin of emerged nymphs), providing an effective and efficient means to study their distribution, abundance, and ecology. The method involves annual exuviae counts along transects and fixed plots sampled throughout the emergence season. We validated Cicada-MET using a database of 466 counts from 64 transects over 10 years and the sampling of 60 plots for one season. Methodological aspects tested included sampling speed, exuviae detectability in successive counts, exuviae loss due to weather, and cicada species detection performance using exuviae counts compared to auditory methods. Transects captured approximately 10% of the total number of emerged nymphs across one season, demonstrating the protocol’s reliability in estimating emerging cicada population numbers. However, caution is needed when inferring densities for larger areas, separated from paths where transects are located. The standardized nature of Cicada-MET reduces spatial and temporal biases, allowing for interspecific comparisons and monitoring interannual variations in abundances and emergence timing. This method is well-suited for studying the impact of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The high-resolution data obtained can be easily combined with environmental variables, enhancing the value of cicada data as bioindicators. In summary, Cicada-MET offers a versatile and efficient tool for monitoring cicada populations, with applications in ecological indication, conservation, and management. The adaptability of Cicada-MET to various research questions, spatial scales, and long-term approaches, along with its quantitative accuracy and ease of use, make it a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners working with cicadas and their associated ecosystems.

Climate change is predicted to cause population collapse in a cooperative breeder.

It has been suggested that animals may have evolved cooperative breeding strategies in response to extreme climatic conditions. Climate change, however, may push species beyond their ability to cope with extreme climates, and reduce the group sizes in cooperatively breeding species to a point where populations are no longer viable. Predicting the impact of future climates on these species is challenging as modelling the impact of climate change on their population dynamics requires information on both group- and individual-level responses to climatic conditions. Using a single-sex individual-based model incorporating demographic responses to ambient temperature in an endangered species, the African wild dog Lycaon pictus, we show that there is a threshold temperature above which populations of the species are predicted to collapse. For simulated populations with carrying capacities equivalent to the median size of real-world populations (nine packs), extinction risk increases once temperatures exceed those predicted in the best-case climate warming scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] 2.6). The threshold is higher (between RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0) for larger simulated populations (30 packs), but 84% of real-world populations number <30 packs. Simulated populations collapsed because, at high ambient temperatures, juvenile survival was so low that packs were no longer recruiting enough individuals to persist, leading them to die out. This work highlights the importance of social dynamics in determining impacts of climatic variables on social species, and the critical role that recruitment can play in driving population-level impacts of climate change. Population models parameterised on long-term data are essential for predicting future population viability under climate change.

The Impact of Using Audio Visual as a Vocabulary Learning Tool toward UNCP Students Proficiency

This research deals with analysis of the impact of using audio visual as a vocabulary learning tool toward uncp students proficiency. The population of this research was the sixth semester students of Primary School Teacher Education Study Program of Palopo Cokroaminoto University in academic year 2022/2023. The total number of population was 200 students. The researcher applied the purposive sampling technique because the sample still very poor in vocabulary. Vocabulary test is the instrument of this research. Based on the findings and discussion in the previous chapter, the researcher concludes using audio visual as a vocabulary learning tool toward uncp students’ proficiency has impact. It can be proven by the students’ mean score in post test 85.2 was higher (good) than the students’ mean score in pre test 43 (very poor).

PRIORITIZATION OF HALAL PRODUCT AREAS IN BANGKALAN REGENCY

The halal industry is one of the sectors that has the opportunity to be developed alongwith the increasing number of world Muslim populations, especially in Indonesia. Oneof the districts with a majority Muslim population that places halal products as a toppriority is Bangkalan Regency, so it has the potential to develop halal product areas. Thisresearch aims to find out the priority strategy for choosing the location for thedevelopment of halal product areas in Bangkalan Regency. The method used is AnalyticalHierarcy Process (AHP) with Expert Choice 11 analysis tools. The subjects in this study areexperts who know the implementation of halal certification according to Law No. 33 of2014 totaling 6 people. The results of processing research data obtained a ConsistensyRatio (CR) value of 0.05 where this value is less than 0.1, so the pairwise comparison onthe matrix is consistent. The AHP calculation shows that the priority level of alternativelocations for the development of halal product areas is highest in Bangkalan District(0.524), Socah District (0.340), and Tanjung Bumi District (0.136).Keywords: AHP, Halal Product Area, Halal Product, Strategy

PREVALENCE OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BMI IN GIRLS (AGED 18-25 YEARS) OF RAWALPINDI/ISLAMABAD

Background: Dysmenorrhea can be defined as painful uterine cramps that occur along with menses that affects about a fraction of menstruating women worldwide. Dysmenorrhea usually starts during or right after menarche. Dysmenorrhea can be divided into either; Primary (pain without cause/reason) or Secondary dysmenorrhea (pelvic pain with a cause/disease), both of them are involved in painful menstrual cramps. In addition to this, symptoms such as nausea, headache, irritability and absenteeism from work and education are often reported. Objectives: This research was conducted with an aim to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and to find a relation between BMI and Primary Dysmenorrhea among girls. Methodology: An observational, cross-sectional study with 351 female participants in total was performed through convenience sampling in Islamabad/Rawalpindi with a specifically designed questionnaire with slight modifications from November 2022 to January 2023. Statistics were applied using the IBM SPSS version 26.0. Results: Our research revealed a significant (p = 0.039) association between BMI and the occurrence of Primary Dysmenorrhea. Through statistical comparisons, it was found that mild and severe dysmenorrhea symptoms were more prevalent among study participants who were underweight and those who were obese. The p-values for these comparisons were 0.000 and 0.028, respectively, indicating that underweight subjects are more likely to experience dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: Results show that the incidence of dysmenorrhea is higher in girls of age 18-25 years because of the abnormal Body Mass Index (BMI), which indicates that greater number of population have poor nutritional status and inadequate dietary habits.

State Telepharmacy Policies and Pharmacy Deserts

Pharmacy deserts have increased, potentially affecting patient access and care. Historically, telepharmacies have been used to reduce pharmacy deserts to restore access, but states frequently restrict their operation. To analyze whether telepharmacy policy is associated with pharmacy deserts and access to pharmacy services. This cohort study analyzed pharmacy location and census data from 2016 through 2019 for US states with new telepharmacy policies. Nearby control states were used for comparison in a pretest-posttest nonequivalent group design. Statistical analysis was performed from January 2022 to July 2023. Intervention states were selected if a change in telepharmacy policy was adopted in 2017 or 2018. Pharmacy deserts were defined as any geographic area located at least 10 miles from the nearest pharmacy. Primary outcomes included the change in number of telepharmacies, pharmacy deserts, and population in pharmacy deserts. Secondary outcomes included the percentage of telepharmacies located in medically underserved areas or populations (MUA/Ps), and the association between a telepharmacy opening nearby and the transition of a pharmacy desert into a nonpharmacy desert. Twelve US states were included in the study (8 intervention states, 4 control states). Intervention states experienced an increase in the mean number of telepharmacies to 7.25 with a range of 4 (Arizona, Indiana) to 14 (Iowa), but control states remained at a mean of 0.25 telepharmacies with a range of 0 to 1 (Kansas). Compared with controls, intervention states experienced a 4.5% (95% CI, 1.6% to 7.4%) decrease in the percentage of places defined as pharmacy deserts (P = .001) and an 11.1% (95% CI, 2.4% to 22.6%) decrease in the population in a pharmacy desert (P = .03). Telepharmacies were more likely to be located in a MUA/P than traditional pharmacies (preperiod in MUA/P: 63.2% of telepharmacies [12 of 19] vs 33.9% of traditional pharmacies [5984 of 17 511]; P = .01; postperiod in MUA/P: 62.7% of telepharmacies [37 of 59] vs 33.7% of traditional pharmacies [5998 of 17 800]; P < .001). When a telepharmacy was established in pharmacy deserts, 37.5% (30 of 80) no longer met the study's definition of a pharmacy desert the following year. In contrast, only 1.8% of places (68 of 3892) where a nearby telepharmacy did not open experienced this change (χ21=416.4; P < .001). In this cohort study, intervention states experienced a reduced population in pharmacy deserts, suggesting an association with new telepharmacy openings. States aiming to improve pharmacy access might consider less restrictive telepharmacy policies to potentially elicit greater patient outcomes.

Isolation and Characterization of Bacterial Endophytes from Maize Genotypes Varying in Resistance against Macrophomina phaseolina

The present work aims to isolate and characterize the bacterial endophytes associated with different maize genotypes varying in resistance to disease reaction against Macrophomina phaseolina. A total of 50 endophytic bacteria were isolated from root and stem of healthy maize plants at 30 DAS, 60 DAS by using two different media like TSA, NA medium and maximum number of endophytic bacterial population were recovered from root followed by stem in all the genotypes and TSA medium was found to be the most suitable medium for deciphering maximum endophytic bacterial diversity. The isolated bacterial endophytes were characterized on the basis of morphological parameters viz., size, shape, colour, margin and texture, elevation, gram staining reaction and it was observed that Gram positive bacteria (68.0 %) formed the dominant group. The colony characterization revealed that circular forms (38.0 %) were dominated. Among the colony features the colonies with entire margins (66.0 %) and convex elevation (44.0 %) were found to be dominating.

ANALISIS PENGARUH CITRA MEREK, KUALITAS LAYANAN, DAN HARGA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PADA RESTORAN CEPAT SAJI KFC DI TENGGARONG

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of brand image, service quality and price on purchasing decisions at KFC fast food restaurants in Tenggarong. This type of research used in this research is expalanatory with a quantitative approach. The number of population in this study obtained an average of 486 buyers per day. So the researchers used sampling using the Slovin formula with a = 10%, the sample obtained was 83 respondents. The method used in sampling is non-propability sampling with the type of accidental sampling. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire using multiple linear regression analysis tools using SPSS version 22 software. The multiple linear regression equation obtained in this study is Y = 0.772 + 0.154X1 + 0.147X2 + 0.627X3. The results of this study are the brand image, service quality, and price either simultaneously or together or partially have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions at KFC fast food restaurants in Tenggarong. The price variable is the variable that has the most influence on purchasing decisions, seen from the t test results, the price variable has a t count of 7.377, which is greater than the other two variables. The resulting R square value is 0.695, this means that 69.5% of purchasing decisions are influenced by the variables of brand image, service quality and price, while the rest (100% - 69.5% = 30.5%) is influenced by other variables such as promotion and product quality.

Examining the Future of Automation in Commercialized Flight and its Impact on Airline Pilots

The purpose of this study was to focus on the perceptions of an automated (unmanned) flight deck and its intended implementation in the U.S. airline industry. The objective was to understand fully autonomous aircraft’s influence on commercial pilots, as well as investigate the effects on the U.S. airline industry and human-machine interaction. Commercial airline pilots, including ranks of both Captains and First Officers (FO) in Part 121 scheduled service, were the research population for this study. The sample population number was 15 U.S. airline pilots offering various diversity in age, gender, years of service, airline employer, and military or civilian flight experience. The semi-structured qualitative research consisted of developing a deeper understanding of the pilots’ perceptions of the three-pronged approach: (1) the psychological barriers and motives of the pilot, (2) the differences in aircraft ground-based safety and training, and (3) pilots’ understanding of the timeliness of entry for unmanned flight deck operations to reach FAA standards. The study consisted of participant interviews utilizing a series of ten structured and semi-structured interview questions. The findings concluded that pilots are aware of the workload changes that are present with implementing fully autonomous aircraft in the Part 121 category. Two themes became evident when discussing workload changes. First, the role of the pilot changes from a single flight focus to a multi-flight monitor. Secondly, as technology advances, the pilot’s physical workload of hand flying an aircraft will constantly deteriorate. Furthermore, the advancement of a fully automated flight deck and its effects on the U.S. airline industry can potentially have significant impacts on the psychology of commercial airline pilots. While pilot responses varied based on individual experiences, attitudes, and adaptability, there were several psychological responses identified in this study, including (1) loss of control, (2) uncertainty toward technology, (3) job insecurity, and (4) adaptability. Last, the advancement of a fully autonomous flight deck will obviously create additional concerns for U.S. airline passengers. The most significant concerns for passengers included (1) safety, (2) trust, (3) passenger-pilot relationship, and (4) understanding of technology. Passengers will always question if modern technology has been thoroughly evaluated and if it can react to unexpected situations as safely and effectively as a human.

A Review of Computer Vision–Based Traffic Controlling and Monitoring

Due to the rapid increase of the population in the world, traffic signal controlling and monitoring has become an important issue to be solved with regard to the direct relation between the number of populations and the cars’ usage. In this regard, an intelligent traffic signaling with a rapid urbanization is required to prevent the traffic congestions, cost reduction, minimization in travel time, and CO2 emissions to atmosphere. This paper provides a comprehensive review of computer vision techniques for autonomic traffic control and monitoring. Moreover, recent published articles in four related topics including density estimation investigation, traffic sign detection and recognition, accident detection, and emergency vehicle detection are investigated. The conducted survey shows that there is no fair comparison and performance evaluation due to the large number of involved parameters in the abovementioned four topics which can control the traffic signal controlling system such as (computation time, dataset availability, and an accuracy).