Population Of Madrid Research Articles

Prevalence of Anisakiasis in Madrid (Spain) after 20 Years of Preventive Legislation.

Historical seroprevalence data for Anisakis in Spain vary greatly depending on the sampling region owing to different fish consumption habits. As a result of European Regulation (EC) No. 853/2004, the Royal Decree 1420/2006 on the prevention of parasitosis by Anisakis in fishery products supplied by establishments that serve food to final consumers or to communities came into force in Spain. In this study, a prevalence study of Anisakis in Madrid has been conducted to verify the prophylactic effects of the application of the law. Sera from 500 blood donors from the Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (Madrid/2021-2023) were collected, and the levels of anti-Anisakis IgG, IgA, and IgE were analyzed by ELISA, comparing them with those obtained with 110 donors from the Red Cross and the "Gómez Ulla" Central Defense Hospital (Madrid/2001-2002). The percentages of positivity in the 2021-2023 donor group were IgG (13.6%), IgA (13.6%), and IgE (2.2%), while in the 2001-2002 donors they were positive for IgG (15.45%), IgA (14.54%), and IgE (11.65%). A reduction of more than 80% was observed in the prevalence of anti-Anisakis IgE in the healthy population of Madrid, which confirmed the positive effect of RD1420/2006, which was later incorporated into RD1021/2022.

Trihalomethane Levels in Municipal Drinking Water of Madrid (Spain) and Health Risk Assessment for Oral Exposure

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are generated in the drinking water treatment plant, due to the reaction of the halogenated disinfection compounds with the natural organic matter (NOM). They are related to health problems both from the point of view of cancer development and other important diseases. This study aimed to assess the quality of tap water in Madrid in terms of prevention and control of THMs risks in the supply water treated by Canal de Isabel II (CYII) in a total of 108 samples throughout 2015 to 2020, to distinguish the problems of the different 21 districts or types of buildings, the seasonality and to estimate the risk of exposure to THMs from tap water in the population of Madrid. The variables considered include year, seasonality, district of Madrid and sampling point. The concentrations of THMs detected in all samples were within the current legal limit (100 µg/l). Chloroform was the compound with the highest contribution to the sum of THMs. A decreasing trend in THMs concentrations was observed over the years of the study related to the removal of NOM and the use of chloramines. THM levels were higher in the central area than in the peripheral districts and the lowest concentrations were detected in summer. Regarding risk assessment, the results of the non-carcinogenic risk indicate that there is no potential risk from tap water consumption for the adult population. For the carcinogenic risk, only water samples with THM concentrations between 50 and 75 µg/l could constitute a risk for high consumers.

COVID-19 dynamics in Madrid (Spain): A new convolutional model to find out the missing information during the first three waves.

This article presents a novel mathematical model to describe the spread of an infectious disease in the presence of social and health events: it uses 15 compartments, 7 convolution integrals and 4 types of infected individuals, asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe. A unique feature of this work is that the convolutions and the compartments have been selected to maximize the number of independent input parameters, leading to a 56-parameter model where only one had to evolve over time. The results show that 1) the proposed mathematical model is flexible and robust enough to describe the complex dynamic of the pandemic during the first three waves of the COVID-19 spread in the region of Madrid (Spain) and 2) the proposed model allows us to calculate the number of asymptomatic individuals and the number of persons who presented antibodies during the first waves. The study shows that the following results are compatible with the reported data: close to 28% of the infected individuals were asymptomatic during the three waves, close to 29% of asymptomatic individuals were detected during the subsequent waves and close to 26% of the Madrid population had antibodies at the end of the third wave. This calculated number of persons with antibodies is in great agreement with four direct measurements obtained from an independent sero-epidemiological research. In addition, six calculated curves (total number of confirmed cases, asymptomatic who are confirmed as positive, hospital admissions and discharges and intensive care units admissions) show good agreement with data from an epidemiological surveillance database.

Health Literacy and Its Sociodemographic Predictors: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Population in Madrid (Spain).

Background: Health literacy enhances a population’s self-care capacity and helps to reduce health inequalities. This work examines the health literacy of a population attending primary care services and explores its relationship with sociodemographic factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted at a healthcare center in the Madrid region (Spain), involved adult patients requiring primary care nursing services. One hundred and sixty-six participants were recruited via systematic random sampling. Health literacy was measured using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). Results: The studied population showed higher health literacy scores for literacy dimensions 1 (feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers) and 4 (social support for health); the lowest scores were recorded for dimensions 5 (appraisal of health information) and 8 (ability to find good health information). People with a better perceived health status showed a higher level of health literacy. People over 65 years of age, those with an incomplete secondary education, and those who were unemployed returned lower scores for several literacy dimensions. Conclusions: The results contribute to our understanding of the factors that influence health literacy. Identifying the areas in which patients show the poorest health literacy may help us comprehend their needs and better support them.

Factors associated with mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 in the population over 75 years of age in the Community of Madrid

ObjectiveVarious studies have identified factors associated with risk of mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, their sample size has often been limited and their results partially contradictory. This study evaluated factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in the population of Madrid over 75 years of age, in infected patients, and in hospitalized patients up to January 2021. Patients and MethodsThis population-based cohort study analyzed all residents of the Community of Madrid born before January 1, 1945 who were alive as of December 31, 2019. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from primary care electronic medical records (PC-Madrid), data on hospital admissions from the Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD, Minimum Data Set), and data on mortality from the Índice Nacional de Defunciones (INDEF, National Death Index). Data on SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and death were collected from March 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021. ResultsA total of 587,603 subjects were included in the cohort. Of them, 41,603 (7.1%) had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, of which 22,362 (53.7% of the infected individuals) were hospitalized and 11,251 (27%) died. Male sex and age were the factors most closely associated with mortality, though many comorbidities also had an influence. The associations were stronger in the analysis of the total population than in the analysis of infected or hospitalized patients. Mortality among hospitalized patients was lower during the second wave (33.4%) than during the first wave (41.2%) of the pandemic. ConclusionAge, sex, and numerous comorbidities are associated with risk of death due to COVID-19. Mortality in hospitalized patients declined notably after the first wave of the pandemic.

Factores asociados con la mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2 en la población mayor de 75 años de la Comunidad de Madrid

ObjectiveVarious studies have identified factors associated with risk of mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, their sample size has often been limited and their results partially contradictory. This study evaluated factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in the population of Madrid over 75 years of age, in infected patients, and in hospitalized patients up to January 2021. Patients and methodsThis population-based cohort study analyzed all residents of the Community of Madrid born before January 1, 1945 who were alive as of December 31, 2019. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from primary care electronic medical records (PC-Madrid), data on hospital admissions from the Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD, Minimum Data Set), and data on mortality from the Índice Nacional de Defunciones (INDEF, National Death Index). Data on SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and death were collected from March 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021. ResultsA total of 587,603 subjects were included in the cohort. Of them, 41,603 (7.1%) had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, of which 22,362 (53.7% of the infected individuals) were hospitalized and 11,251 (27%) died. Male sex and age were the factors most closely associated with mortality, though many comorbidities also had an influence. The associations were stronger in the analysis of the total population than in the analysis of infected or hospitalized patients. Mortality among hospitalized patients was lower during the second wave (33.4%) than during the first wave (41.2%) of the pandemic. ConclusionAge, sex, and numerous comorbidities are associated with risk of death due to COVID-19. Mortality in hospitalized patients declined notably after the first wave of the pandemic.

A Multidisciplinary Approach to Suicide Prevention in an Outpatient Setting

IntroductionThe incidence of suicide is much higher in people with mental health disorders, estimating that up to 9 out of 10 people who commit suicide suffer from at least one of them. For this reason, suicide is considered by many authors as the most serious complication of psychiatric disorders. The literature and the experience of clinicians support the potential usefulness of specific measures and programs aimed at its prevention.ObjectivesCongruently, throughout the last decade, consecutive strategic mental health plans in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain, have included suicide prevention plans among their priorities, setting the objective of reducing suicidal behavior in the population of Madrid by implementing practical measures in the healthcare system.MethodsIn the presented work we aim to summarize the multidisciplinary therapeutic process in the context of this program and the results obtained during its years of experience.ResultsRetiro Community Mental Health Treatment Center launched a specific program in 2013 to meet these objectives. This initiative, that received the name PRISURE (Spanish acronym for Suicide Risk Prevention Program in Retiro), is an outpatient intervention program for immediate care, as the first appointment is scheduled within a week after referral. Intensive, comprehensive and multidisciplinary care is provided for patients with moderate to severe suicide risk.ConclusionsAll professional categories that work in the Community Mental Health Treatment Center actively participate. In parallel with clinical performance, these professionals also carry out coordination tasks with other entities that are dedicated to suicide prevention, as well as with patients’ and families’ associations.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Exercise facilities and the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the city of Madrid

Aims/hypothesisWe aimed to study the association between the availability of exercise facilities and the likelihood of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the adult population of Madrid, Spain.MethodsWe analysed the electronic medical records of all 1,270,512 residents of Madrid aged 40–75 years in 2017. Exercise facility availability was defined as the count of exercise facilities in a 1000 m street network buffer around each residential building entrance. Poisson regression with standard errors clustered at census tract level was used to assess prevalence ratios of exercise facility availability tertiles and obesity and type 2 diabetes. We also examined stratified results by tertiles of area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and sex.ResultsPeople living in areas with lower availability of exercise facilities had a higher prevalence of obesity (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.22 [95% CI 1.20, 1.25]) and diabetes (PR 1.38 [95% CI 1.34, 1.43]). We observed effect modification by area-level SES (p<0.001), with stronger associations for residents living in low-SES areas and no association for residents living in high-SES areas. Associations with type 2 diabetes were stronger among women compared with men, while associations with obesity were similar by sex.Conclusions/interpretationPeople living in areas with low availability of exercise facilities had a higher prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and this association was strongest in low-SES areas and for women. Understanding the potential role of exercise facilities in driving inequities in obesity and type 2 diabetes prevalence may inform interventions to reduce health inequities.Graphical abstract

Caída de la esperanza de vida en distritos de Madrid en 2020: relación con determinantes sociales

ObjectiveEstimating the decrease in life expectancy (LE) of the population of Madrid and its districts and its relationship with socioeconomic variables in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodDeath records were obtained from the Municipal Register of inhabitants (Municipal Statistics Service). Based on Chiang II method, life expectancy at birth and at 65 years of age (LEB and LE65) were calculated, as well as their 95% confidence intervals both for men and women and their gross, net and minimum falls for each district in 2020 over 2019, their correlation with some socioeconomic variables distribution and the existence of multiple linear regression explicative models. ResultsIn 2020, deaths in Madrid increased by 46.1% compared with the previous year, the LEB was 79.31 years in men and 85.25 years in women, meaning a decrease of 3.67 and 2.56 years respectively (4.42% and 2.91%). All districts registered decreases in LE, with the largest decrease in men in Tetuan (4.72 years) and in women in Chamartín (3.91 years). The most affected were the southern districts, especially in men. Immigrant and people over 80 years old rates explained 24% of the drop in LE in men, using linear regression model. ConclusionsThe decrease in LE recorded in Madrid and its districts in 2020 is bigger than in Spain (1.6 years), takes us back to values of 2002 (LE65) and 2008 (LEB), has a sharper fall in the south and is territorially unequally distributed, according to socioeconomic variables and being associated with some of them.

Mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease: the role of radiographic patterns

BackgroundTo assess mortality rate (MR) and standardized mortality rate (SMR) of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) patients and to evaluate the role of radiographic patterns in mortality.MethodsA longitudinal multicentric study was conducted in RA-ILD patients from 2005 to 2015 and followed-up until October 2018 in Madrid. Patients were included in the Neumologia-Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Registry, from diagnosis of ILD. The main outcome was all-cause mortality. The radiographic pattern at baseline [usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), or others] was the independent variable. Covariables included sociodemographic and clinical data. Survival techniques were used to estimate MR, expressed per 1000 persons-year with their 95% confidence intervals [CI]. Cox multiple regression model was run to examine the influence of radiographic patterns on survival. SMR [CI] was calculated comparing MR obtained with MR expected in the general population of Madrid by indirect age-gender standardization.Results47 patients were included with a follow-up 242 patients-year. There were 16 (34%) deaths, and most frequent causes were acute ILD exacerbation and pneumonia. MR was 64.3 [39.4–104.9], and 50% of the patients died at 8.3 years from ILD diagnosis. After adjusting for confounders, (UIP compared to NSIP was associated with higher mortality risk. The overall SMR was 2.57 [1.4–4.17]. Women of 60–75 years of age were the group with the highest SMR.ConclusionsRA-ILD is associated with an excess of mortality compared to general population. Our results support that UIP increases the risk of mortality in RA-ILD, regardless other factors.

Third wave of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain

A third wave of COVID-19 occurred after Christmas 2020 in Madrid, one of the European pandemic epicenters. We noticed 6 major differential features to previous waves. First, household contacts were a large proportion of cases. Second, access to rapid antigen tests allowed prompt diagnosis and isolation. Third, clinically severe cases and mortality rates were lower. Fourth, the more transmissible B.1.1.7 strain was increasingly found. Fifth, vaccination benefits were seen in healthcare workers and nursing homes. Lastly, reinfections were more common. By Easter 2021, approximately 25% of the population in Madrid had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, massive and accelerated vaccination campaigns are warranted to prevent new COVID-19 waves.

Different dynamics of mean SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Ct values between the first and second COVID-19 waves in the Madrid population.

SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR cycle threshold values from 18,803 cases (2 March–4 October) in Madrid define three stages: (i) initial ten weeks with sustained reduction in viral load (Ct: 23.4–32.3), (ii) stability with low viral loads (Ct: 31.9–35.5) in the next nine weeks and (iii) sudden increase with progressive higher viral loads until reaching stability at high levels in the next twelve weeks, coinciding with an increased percentage of positive cases and reduced median age. These data indicate differential virological/epidemiological patterns between the first and second COVID‐19 waves in Madrid.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with Immune Thrombocytopaenia.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of patients with immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) treated at our hospital. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Community of Madrid, which has the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Spain. We included 143 adult patients with ITP (130 with chronic ITP, 8 with persistent ITP, and 5 with newly diagnosed ITP). We conducted a telephone survey to collect the data and created a registry. Materials and Methods: Overall, 24 patients presented symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, which was confirmed by RT-PCR in 8 cases. The cumulative incidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher in the patients with ITP than in the Madrid population. There were no differences in the disease incidence or clinical course of infection in the patients treated with immunosuppressants. Almost all of the patients reported adherence to the prescribed treatment, although 49.2% of the hospital visits were either cancelled or postponed, 17.2% because of the patients’ fear of coming to the centre. Nearly half of the cohort was considered vulnerable, and 17% had been granted a dependency or disability benefit. Conclusions: COVID-19 had a major impact on the psychosocial, occupational, and quality of care of patients with ITP.

Genetic polymorphisms associated with high-altitude adaptation in a Baltí population

Genetic variants may play a crucial role in human adaptation to demanding environmental conditions, i.e. high altitude. Our aim was to analyze the genotypic and allelic distribution of four genetic polymorphisms in UCP2, HIF1A, BDNF and ACTN3·genes in 40 individuals from Hushé village, Pakistán, living at higher than 3400 m above sea level and 45 individuals from the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain, living at almost 700 m above sea level. There were no differences in the UCP2 polymorphism rs660339. The frequency distribution of the T allele in the rs11549465 polymorphism in HIF1A gene was higher in the Madrid population (14.4%) than in those from Hushé village (3.7%). Analysis of the rs1815739 polymorphism in ACTN3 gene showed statistical differences, being the CT and TT genotypes more frequent in Madrid than in Hushé village individuals. People from Hushé village showed a significant lower frequency of the T allele in the rs6265 BDNF gene polymorphism than people from Madrid. Hushé's women more frequently showed the CC genotype for rs11549465 (HIF1A) and for rs1815739 (ACTN3) as compared with women from Madrid. As conclusion, the genetic variants located in BDNF, HIF1A and ACTN3 genes coding for proteins involved in motor skill acquisition, hypoxic adaptation and muscle power, which may play a potential role in high-altitude adaptation in the Hushé village population, particularly in women.

Prevalence Rates of Loneliness and Its Impact on Lifestyle in the Healthy Population of Madrid, Spain.

Background: The Spanish population presents higher levels of loneliness than citizens of countries in Northern Europe. Numerous studies have linked loneliness to increased morbidity and mortality, but very few studies have associated loneliness with healthy lifestyles. The objectives of this research are to identify the feeling of unwanted loneliness in various age and gender groups in the city of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain), to determine lifestyle habits in the areas of diet and physical exercise, and to examine the association between lifestyle habits and perceived loneliness. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational and analytical study on the perception of loneliness among men (59.06%) and women (60.06%) in a sample (n = 611) of the general population (N = 198,945), by means of random assignment of a health survey, was conducted. The data were collected using an ad hoc questionnaire. The data were stratified and analyzed with the IBM SSPS® v.25 software package. Results: The frequency of loneliness is stratified by sex and age, and healthy lifestyle habits in terms of diet and physical exercise are analyzed. Conclusions: People with perceived loneliness do not have worse lifestyle habits. However, women living with other people have a higher perception of loneliness than those living alone. Specifically, the perception of loneliness in young adult women could suggest a low level of moderate physical exercise.

Tuberculosis in the paediatric population of Madrid in the last 26 years

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) continues to be a serious public health problem and establishing a definitive diagnosis among children is extremely challenging. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most prevalent form, with children under the age of 2 years being at greatest risk of severe and disseminated forms. The aim of this study was to describe TB among children in Spain in recent years. Patients and methodsA retrospective study of paediatric patients diagnosed with TB in two hospitals of the Community of Madrid over a 26-year period (1991-2017). Epidemiological and clinical variables, additional tests and treatments received were analysed. Results170 children were included. The two most-affected age groups were infancy and adolescence. 42.9% of patients were immigrant children (South-America or Morocco). The main reasons for consultation were TB contact (20.6%) and fever (15.3%). At diagnosis, 61.8% of cases referred an epidemic environment, and 30.6% were asymptomatic. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test was positive in 92.2% of patients and IGRA was positive in 70.6%. Pulmonary TB was identified in 91.8% of children vs. 8.2% with extrapulmonary forms. Gastric juice culture was positive in 36.9% of cases and three strains resistant to isoniazid were isolated. All patients were cured without complications except one who died. ConclusionsPulmonary TB continues to be the most prevalent form among children and presumptive diagnosis (symptoms consistent with positive Mantoux test or suggestive X-ray) is the most common form of diagnosis. It is important to conduct a contact investigation in order to control the spread of TB.

Epidemiological Features and Clinical Repercussions of Supernumerary Teeth in a Multicenter Study: A Review of 518 Patients with Hyperdontia in Spanish Population.

Objectives The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of supernumerary teeth (ST) in a sector of the population of Madrid, as well as possible complications associated with the presence of these teeth. Materials and Methods The study investigated patients ( n = 28,114) who sought dental care at the Oral Surgery Service of three different centers between May 2005 and April 2018. Cases that did not present this numeric dental developmental variation were discarded, registering only those presenting ST. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis consisted of univariate analysis (mean, standard deviation, median, etc.), bivariate analysis applying the chi-squared test, whereby statistical significance was established with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% ( p < 0.05), and multivariate analysis by means of classification and decision trees. Results The study found ST in 518 patients, representing a prevalence of 1.84%. The 518 patients presented a total of 726 ST. Distomolars were the most common, representing 37.7% of the sample, followed by premolars (20.1%). About 70.5% of the sample were located in the maxilla and 78% of ST were impacted. Radiographs revealed that 39.7% of STs were associated with disorders. Supplementary morphology appeared in 52.1% of the sample. Conclusions Although mesiodens is considered the most common ST, the present study found distomolars and supernumerary premolars to be the most frequently occurring. Pathology was associated with 39.7% of the ST sample. Early diagnosis allows optimal patient management and treatment planning, with intervention at an appropriate time to prevent complications in development and so reduce later treatment need.

Covid-19 transmission, outcome and associated risk factors in cancer patients at the first month of the pandemic in a Spanish hospital in Madrid.

BackgroundThere are no large reported series determining the Covid-19 cancer patient’s characteristics. We determine whether differences exist in cumulative incidence and mortality of Covid-19 infection between cancer patients and general population in Madrid.Material and methodsWe reviewed 1069 medical records of all cancer patients admitted at Oncology department between Feb 1 and April 7, 2020. We described Covid-19 cumulative incidence, treatment outcome, mortality, and associated risk factors.ResultsWe detected 45/1069 Covid-19 diagnoses in cancer patients vs 42,450/6,662,000 in total population (p < 0.00001). Mortality rate: 19/45 cancer patients vs 5586/42,450 (p = 0.0001). Mortality was associated with older median age, adjusted by staging and histology (74 vs 63.5 years old, OR 1.06, p = 0.03). Patients who combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin presented 3/18 deaths, regardless of age, staging, histology, cancer treatment and comorbidities (OR 0.02, p = 0.03).ConclusionCancer patients are vulnerable to Covid-19 with an increase in complications. Combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin is presented as a good treatment option.

Comparison of the colic incidence in a horse population with or without inclusion of germinated barley in the diet

SummarySprouted cereals have a better digestibility and contain oligosaccharides that act as prebiotics improving and stabilising the intestinal flora. Supplementation with germinated malted barley could help to prevent the occurrence of colic in horses. The objective of this study was to determine if the inclusion of germinated barley as a supplement decreased the incidence of colic in a population of horses. An observational prospective study was designed to record the colic incidence of an equestrian centre horse population in Madrid (Spain). Data were collected during two 21 months periods, only including horses that were maintained at the centre for the whole time. Age, sex, housing and colic events were recorded during Period 1 (control period) and Period 2 (with germinated barley supplementation, Equinocol®). Sixty‐three horses were included in the study of which 43 were stabled 12 h/day (Group A) and 20 that lived at pasture all‐day long (Group B). Colic incidence of the total population, Group A and group B during Period 1 was 18.1, 23.9 and 5.7 cases/100 horses at risk‐year, respectively. With the inclusion of germinated barley, there was a significant decrease in the colic events in the total population (5.4 cases/100 horses at risk‐year) and group A (5.3 cases/100 horses at risk‐year). It was concluded that supplementation with germinated barley might decrease the appearance of colic in stabled horses. Further investigation is warranted to identify the potentially beneficial substances and the repeatability of the results.

Transcendence and Sublime Experience in Nature: Awe and Inspiring Energy.

The wilderness is one of the most widely recognized sources of transcendent emotion. Various recent studies have demonstrated nature’s power to induce intense emotions. The study at hand will generate conceptual and operational definitions of sublime emotion toward nature. Taking into consideration the recent research on feelings of awe, an instrument is devised to measure sublime emotion toward nature. The proposed scale’s reliability and validity is tested in a sample of 280 participants from the general population of Madrid. Results show that sublime emotion was defined by two conceptual components: awe, and inspiring energy, both obtained using the computer program FACTOR. After reliability and validity analysis, the Sublime Emotion toward Nature (SEN) scale included 18 items, distributed into awe (6 items, α = 0.881) and inspiring energy (12 items, α = 0.933). Awe was defined by feelings of fear, threat, vulnerability, fragility, and respect for nature, which is perceived as vast, powerful, and mysterious. Inspiring energy was defined by feelings of vitality, joy, energy, oneness, freedom, eternity, and harmony with the universe. The SEN is an adequate instrument to measure transcendent emotions provoked by direct wilderness exposure or memory thereof.