Popular Location Research Articles

Accuracy comparison of machine learning algorithms at various wear-locations for activity identification post stroke: A pilot analysis.

Objective and accurate activity identification of physical activities in everyday life is an important aspect in assessing the impact of various post-stroke rehabilitation therapies and interventions. Since post-stroke hemiparesis affects gait and balance in individuals with stroke, activity identification algorithms that consider stroke-specific movement irregularities are needed. While wearable physical activity monitors provide the means to detect activities in the free-living, algorithms using their data are specific to the wear location of the device. This pilot study builds, validates, and compares three machine learning algorithms (linear support vector machine, Random Forest, and RUSBoosted trees) at three popular wear locations (wrist, waist, and ankle) to identify and accurately distinguish mobility-related activities (sitting, standing and walking) in individuals with chronic stroke. A total of 102 minutes of data from two lab visits of three-stroke participants was used to build the classifiers. A 5-fold cross-validation technique was used to validate and compare the accuracy of classifiers. RUSBoosted trees using data from waist and ankle activity monitors, with an accuracy of 99.1%, outperformed other classifiers in detecting three activities of interest.Clinical Relevance- One of the major aims of post-stroke rehabilitation is improving mobility, which may be facilitated by understanding the structure and pattern of everyday mobility through real-world, objective outcomes. Accurate activity identification, as shown in this pilot investigation, is an essential first step before developing objective outcomes for monitoring mobility and balance in everyday life of these individuals.

A survey of Egyptian physicians’ awareness and use of coronavirus-related mHealth applications

The key purpose of this study is to look into Egyptian physicians' knowledge and use of coronavirus-related mHealth apps. The study used a quantitative approach in the form of a self-administered questionnaire in January 2021.The population of the study included 203 Egyptian physicians, 56% of whom were males and 43.8% of whom were females, ranging in age from 36 to 55 years and with work experience ranging from 11 to 25 years. Many Egyptian physicians were described as advanced mobile phone users who were aware of the use of coronavirus-related mHealth apps and had used them for one to two hours per day for seven to twelve months. Many physicians first learned about these apps through social media, family, and the media. Physicians' homes were discovered to be the most popular location for accessing these apps. The most popular platforms for physicians were those based on Android. According to many physicians, the most frequently recommended apps are “coronavirus symptoms apps” and “coronavirus health monitoring apps”. Accessing coronavirus-related services, communicating with peers, and sharing data were among the most important tasks for physicians. Many physicians agreed that these apps provide a lot of information about the coronavirus, increase access to information, and allow them to communicate with one another, but they also agreed that they take a long time, violate privacy, and may even lead to social isolation. Many physicians have expressed trust in these applications. More than half of the physicians stated that they “usually” recommend these apps to their patients. The most significant barriers to using coronavirus-related mHealth apps identified by Egyptian physicians surveyed in this study are a lack of time and concerns about personal data privacy and security.

Evaluation of Twitter data for an emerging crisis: an application to the first wave of COVID-19 in the UK

In the absence of nationwide mass testing for an emerging health crisis, alternative approaches could provide necessary information efficiently to aid policy makers and health bodies when dealing with a pandemic. The following work presents a methodology by which Twitter data surrounding the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK is harvested and analysed using two main approaches. The first is an investigation into localized outbreak predictions by developing a prototype early-warning system using the distribution of total tweet volume. The temporal lag between the rises in the number of COVID-19 related tweets and officially reported deaths by Public Health England (PHE) is observed to be 6–27 days for various UK cities which matches the temporal lag values found in the literature. To better understand the topics of discussion and attitudes of people surrounding the pandemic, the second approach is an in-depth behavioural analysis assessing the public opinion and response to government policies such as the introduction of face-coverings. Using topic modelling, nine distinct topics are identified within the corpus of COVID-19 tweets, of which the themes ranged from retail to government bodies. Sentiment analysis on a subset of mask related tweets revealed sentiment spikes corresponding to major news and announcements. A Named Entity Recognition (NER) algorithm is trained and applied in a semi-supervised manner to recognise tweets containing location keywords within the unlabelled corpus and achieved a precision of 81.6%. Overall, these approaches allowed extraction of temporal trends relating to PHE case numbers, popular locations in relation to the use of face-coverings, and attitudes towards face-coverings, vaccines and the national ‘Test and Trace’ scheme.

COASTLINE CHANGE ANALYSIS ON BALI ISLAND USING SENTINEL-1 SATELLITE IMAGERY

Bali is well-known as a popular tourism location for both local and foreign tourists. There are nine areas designated for tourism, eight of which are coastal. However, due to coastal erosion, the coastline of Bali is changing every year. The purpose of this study is to determine the changes that took place between 2015 and 2020 using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery. The study was conducted along the coastline of Bali Island at coordinates 08° 53' 35.5648" S, 114° 24' 41.8359" E and 08° 00' 46.7865" S, 115° 44' 17.5928" E. The coastlines were identified using the Otsu image thresholding method and linear tidal correction was performed. The coastline change analysis was made using the transect method. Ground truths were conducted in representative areas where major changes had occurred, either as a result of abrasion or accretion. According to the Sentinel-1 analysis, the coastline changes in Bali during the period 2015 – 2020 were mainly caused by abrasion, apart from at Buleleng, which were generally caused by accretion. Abrasion in Bali is dominantly affected by strong currents and high waves meanwhile accretion which having weak currents and low waves was more affected by human factor such as the construction in this study area.

Travel-cost method for assessing the monetary value of recreational services in the Ömerli Catchment

Urban catchments in Istanbul, such as the Ömerli Catchment, are expected to receive more visitors in the future due to an increase in population, long-term recreational habits, and an insufficient amount of urban green spaces in the metropolitan area. Therefore, estimating the recreation's monetary value is crucial for developing sustainable spatial strategies for urban catchments that take cultural services and provisionary services into account. Although the Ömerli Catchment is a popular location for inhabitants' recreational demands, the previous studies primarily focused on provisioning and regulating services in the catchment. This study investigates the recreational potential and monetary value of this catchment using the random utility travel-cost method. We found that recreational visits depended on three significant factors: visitors' recreational habits, satisfaction and experience with nature, and urban environment. We also found that the consumer surplus is eight times greater than the average travel cost per person per year. This result shows visitors gain greater benefits from recreational visits than their cost to visit the catchment. We hope that decision-makers and practitioners will benefit from the results while developing spatial planning policies by considering urban catchments' recreational potentials.

The Twilight Effect, post-film tourism and diversification: the future of Forks, WA

PurposeThe visitor economy of Forks now clearly relies upon a niche form of tourism – as fans of The Twilight Saga are drawn to the setting and filming location of the films. The purpose of this study is to consider the process of diversification and subsequently present recommendations that could inform a future diversification strategy for Forks, in preparation for a post-film tourism scenario.Design/methodology/approachThe research methods employed in this study have two interlinked but distinct elements. Firstly, the Twilight Effect in Forks (WA, USA) is considered as an illustrative case study to shed light on the issues facing a destination that has seen a tourism boom as a direct result of popular culture – The Twilight Saga Franchise. Secondly, a scenario thinking and planning approach is applied when considering the “long-view” future of tourism in Forks.FindingsThis article presents a post-film tourism future scenario for Forks; it suggests tourism diversification and a shift towards cultural heritage and wellness. Forks is well placed to afford such tourism experiences, as it offers unique cultural and natural characteristics; furthermore, these could be utilised to create and maintain a distinctive destination image. In doing so a more socially and environmentally sustainable industry can be established, one which supports the local community, including the Quileute tribe.Originality/valueThe article offers original discussions within the film-tourism literature with novel approaches to understanding the management and pre-planning opportunities for destinations that have become popular film tourism locations, with the application of a “Tourism Diversification Model”. The model is adapted from Ansoff Matrix and can be applied as a framework in future studies exploring destination diversification. The investigation of Forks as a post-film tourism case study alone is unique, and the discussions and findings presented are original.

The geochemical characteristics, distribution of marine source rocks and gas exploration potential in the northwestern Sichuan Basin, China

In recent years, the northwestern part of the Sichuan Basin has become a popular location for natural gas exploration. However, up to this point, the geochemical characteristics and distribution of marine source rocks in this area have not been thoroughly investigated. In the northwestern Sichuan Basin, there are eight sets of marine source rock, including the Lower Sinian Doushantuo Formation, the third Member of Upper Sinian Dengying Formation, the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, the Middle Devonian, the Middle Permian Maokou Formation, the Upper Permian Longtan Formation/Wujiaping Formation, and the Upper Permian Dalong Formation, from which eight outcrop profiles were selected for systematic organic geochemical analysis. The Qiongzhusi Formation has the thickest high-quality source rocks, up to 80 m thick, followed by the Upper Permian Longtan/Wujiaping and Dalong formations, which have up to 20–30 m thick high-quality source rocks, whereas the thickness in other layers is relatively thin. By the abundance of organic matter, the Doushantuo, Qiongzhusi, Longmaxi, Longtan/Wujiaping, and Dalong formations developed high-quality source rocks with total organic carbon content (TOC) greater than 3%, while the third Member of Upper Sinian Dengying Formation, Middle Devonian and Maokou formations had low TOC. The kerogen of source rocks gradually enriched 13C from the type Ⅰ organic matter of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation to the Upper Permian Dalong Formation, and the δ13C values of Doushantuo Formation, the third Member of Dengying Formation, and Qiongzhusi Formation are less than −30.0‰. The δ13C values of Longtan Formation or Wujiaping Formation and Dalong Formation with type Ⅱ2 organic matter ranges from −28.0‰ and −26.0‰. Others lie somewhere in between type I and type II2. Except for Permian source rocks in Guangyuan and Chaotian areas, which are in the mature stage, source rocks in the northwestern Sichuan Basin are in the over-mature stage and largely in the thermal stage of dry gas. High abundance source rocks have provided rich marine natural gas resources. As a result, future gas exploration in the northwestern Sichuan Basin will focus on the gas-bearing system associated with the Qiongzhusi Formation and Upper Permian source rocks.

Location Selection Based on Surrounding Facilities in Google Maps using Sort Filter Skyline Algorithm

Selecting a good location is an essential task in many location-based applications. Intuitively, a place is better than another if there are many good facilities around it. The most popular location selection platform today is Google Maps. Unfortunately, Google Maps has not provided the location selection based on the number of surrounding facilities. Assume a situation when a college student wants to let a house near his campus. Besides the distance from the campus, the student certainly will consider amenities surrounding it, such as food courts, supermarkets, health clinics, and places of worship. The rent house will become a better choice if there are more of these facilities around. Skyline query is a well-known method to select interesting desirable objects. We applied the Sort Filter Skyline (SFS) Algorithm on Google Maps to get a small number of attractive locations based on the number of nearby facilities. This study has succeeded in developing a web-based application that facilitates Google Maps users to search for places based on the figure of surrounding facilities. The time required to do a location search using SFS in Google Maps will increase with the number of surrounding facility types considered by the user.

Heatwave impacts on traffic accidents by time-of-day and age of casualties in five urban areas in South Korea

We analyzed the relationship between the temperature and traffic accidents in Seoul-Incheon, Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, and Gwangju by the time-of-day (06:00 to 22:00, divided into segments of 4 h) and age of casualties between 2012 and 2017 for the summer season (June to August). A generalized additive model and meta-analysis were employed to analyze this relationship. We found that the threshold temperatures was observed to be approximately 30 °C. Above this temperature, traffic accidents increased in four urban areas, except Busan, which is a popular tourist location. In total, traffic accidents increased by approximately 0.59% (95% confidence interval of 0.41–0.75) per 1 °C increase in the daily maximum temperature, with substantial differences between the different areas, ranging from 0.12% (CI = −0.26–0.50) in Busan to 1.08% (CI = 0.45–1.71) in Gwangju. The morning and evening hours showed a greater increase in traffic accidents than other timeframes. The increase in traffic accidents for young casualties was statistically significant at all times, and that for elderly casualties was observed at 10:00–14:00 and 18:00–22:00. The results of this study could provide information for developing customized traffic accident reduction policies considering time-of-day, age of casualties, and type of city.

Assessment of Storage of Medicines at Home using Home Medication Review in Pediatric Population - A Community Based Study

People take medicines and vitamins to feel well and to stay well. However, any medicine, including those we buy without a prescription, can cause harm if taken in the wrong way or by the wrong person. That too in case of pediatric population it has to be considered very much.Medicines stored incorrectly at home can pose a health risk. Adult cold medications and antibiotics were the most commonly stored drugs at home, followed by analgesics. The most popular location for storing drugs was the refrigerator (50.6 percent). The majority of people did not read the packaging inserts. Self-medication was reported by a large percentage of homeowners (53.6%), and antibiotics recommended by doctors were frequently reused. There was a link between self-medication and educational attainment, but not with age, sex, marital status, occupation, or insurance type. There is a need for more public awareness and information about the storage and risks of reusing prescription drugs. The study conducted here is a community based prospective study where the paediatric storage of medicines was obtained through home medication review. Out of 150 pediatric participants, it was found that 20.66% of them stored in box or drawer or bag with lock and 79.33% without lock. The checking of expiry date was also enquired and in that those who checked expiry date never was 28%, timely 25% and before administration 47%.Therefore awareness of storage of medicines and looking into the expiry date of medicines is a less focused area among people.Consumers who use medications in the community should be urged to keep them in a way that preserves the medicine's quality while also protecting the consumer, their family, and visitors to their house. Keywords: Pediatric storage of medicines, Home medication review, Expiry date of medicines.

Perspective neglect: Inadequate perspective taking limits coordination

AbstractPeople need to take others’ perspectives into account in order to successfully coordinate their actions and optimally allocate limited resources like time, attention, or space. And yet, people often face frequent, but avoidable, coordination failures in the form of wait times, crowding, and unavailability of desirable options. Such poor coordination suggests that the necessary perspective taking (i.e., considering the likely motivations and behavior of others) may be either inadequate or incorrect. The current research suggests that coordination in such situations is frequently unsuccessful, not because people try to take others’ perspectives and are mistaken, but because they neglect to consider those perspectives sufficiently in the first place. Six experiments across a range of limited-resource contexts (e.g., choosing when to visit a store, stream on a limited bandwidth service, go to a popular vacation location, etc.) find that encouraging decision makers to consider what others might do and why they might do it can ameliorate such coordination problems. We further demonstrate a boundary condition: in situations where people’s motivations are inherently obvious, decision makers are naturally able to coordinate without an explicit nudge to perspective take. This research sheds light on a unique class of coordination problems in which people must consider others’ motivations without directly communicating with them, and provides theoretical and practical contributions with the potential to ameliorate common coordination failures.

Location Selection Query in Google Maps using Voronoi-based Spatial Skyline (VS2) Algorithm

Google Maps is one of the popular location selection systems. One of the popular features of Google Maps is nearby search. For example, someone who wants to find the closest restaurants to his location can use the nearby search feature. This feature only considers one specific location in providing the desired place choice. In a real-world situation, there may be a need to consider more than one location in selecting the desired place. Assume someone would like to choose a hotel close to the conference hall, the museum, beach, and souvenir store. In this situation, nearby search feature in Google Maps may not be able to suggest a list of hotels that are interesting for him based on the distance from each destination places. In this paper, we have successfully developed a web-based application of Google Maps search using Voronoi-based Spatial Skyline (VS2) algorithm to choose some Point Of Interest (POI) from Google Maps as their considered locations to select desired place. We used Google Maps API to provide POI information for our web-based application. The experiment result showed that the execution time increases while the number of considered location increases.

Solutions for the Deployment of Communication Roadside Infrastructure for Streaming Delivery in Vehicular Networks

The future of mobility involves the interconnection of the entities of the transportation system (vehicles, roads, traffic lights, pedestrians) in high speed networks providing real-time information to drivers, entertainment for passengers, and a wide variety of applications and systems dedicated to smart transportation. Furthermore, in a few years, autonomous vehicles are going to massively reach the streets, and their interconnection may drastically improve the urban mobility by reducing the travel time and the number of accidents. In this work, we consider the design and management of the network infrastructure for vehicular communication focusing on streaming delivery. We intend to allow a given share of vehicles driving along the road network permanently playing streams received from the network infrastructure, and our main question is where we must provide coverage for achieving a given share of vehicles receiving the media. As parameters, we consider the download data rate that vehicles receive content from the infrastructure, and data consumption rate inside vehicles. An Integer Linear Program formulation along with a tabu search-based heuristic are presented. We consider as baseline the intuitive deployment strategy of covering the most popular locations of the road network. All strategies are evaluated considering a realistic vehicular mobility trace composed of 75, 515 vehicles. Results indicate that the tabu search heuristic is able to solve a large instance composed of 75, 515 vehicles requiring less covered area than greedy heuristics. Considering the optimal solution, we investigate the solutions on a reduced subset composed of 100 vehicle trips and, considering this reduced scenario, the tabu search heuristic is able to find the optimal solution.

The Inevitability of Workplace Romance

The existence of workplace relationships poses many consequences for professional organizations. There are many factors such as motive, age, gender, and workplace culture that impact how these complex relationships are perceived by other employees of the organization. These perceptions can have a major influence on employee engagement, workplace productivity, and general cohesiveness of the organization that can be essential to its success. A proper response from management in terms of policy development is crucial in dealing with this form of intimate relationship. The existence of relationships in the workplace is inevitable as they have become very popular locations to discover a significant other.

Benchmark Bird Surveys Help Quantify Counting Accuracy in a Citizen-Science Database

The growth of biodiversity data sets generated by citizen scientists continues to accelerate. The availability of such data has greatly expanded the scale of questions researchers can address. Yet, error, bias, and noise continue to be serious concerns for analysts, particularly when data being contributed to these giant online data sets are difficult to verify. Counts of birds contributed to eBird, the world’s largest biodiversity online database, present a potentially useful resource for tracking trends over time and space in species’ abundances. We quantified counting accuracy in a sample of 1,406 eBird checklists by comparing numbers contributed by birders (N= 246) who visited a popular birding location in Oregon, USA, with numbers generated by a professional ornithologist engaged in a long-term study creating benchmark (reference) measurements of daily bird counts. We focused on waterbirds, which are easily visible at this site. We evaluated potential predictors of count differences, including characteristics of contributed checklists, of each species, and of time of day and year. Count differences were biased toward undercounts, with more than 75% of counts being below the daily benchmark value. Median count discrepancies were −29.1% (range: 0 to −42.8%;N= 20 species). Model sets revealed an important influence of each species’ reference count, which varied seasonally as waterbird numbers fluctuated, and of percent of species known to be present each day that were included on each checklist. That is, checklists indicating a more thorough survey of the species richness at the site also had, on average, smaller count differences. However, even on checklists with the most thorough species lists, counts were biased low and exceptionally variable in their accuracy. To improve utility of such bird count data, we suggest three strategies to pursue in the future. (1) Assess additional options for analytically determining how to select checklists that include less biased count data, as well as exploring options for correcting bias during the analysis stage. (2) Add options for users to provide additional information that helps analysts choose checklists, such as an option for users to tag checklists where they focused on obtaining accurate counts. (3) Explore opportunities to effectively calibrate citizen-science bird count data by establishing a formalized network of marquis sites where dedicated observers regularly contribute carefully collected benchmark data.

Pengaruh Waterfront Terhadap Kondisi Lingkungan Sosial Kelurahan Benua Melayu Laut

Waterfront is a concept to support the availability of open spaces in Pontianak City. Besides functioning ecologically, Waterfront can also function aesthetically and economically so that its existence affects the social environment. One of the most popular Waterfront locations for visitors is the Waterfront in Benua Melayu Laut Ubran Village. The study aims to determine the effect of the Waterfront on the conditions of the social environment in Benua Melayu Laut Urban Village. The analysis used is the frequency distribution and composite index. The results showed that the effect of Waterfront on social environmental conditions was high with an index value of 3.01. This influence can be in the form of a positive or negative influence. Positive influences include increased public awareness of the social environment, increased sense of responsibility in maintaining environmental quality, a high sense of care among fellow citizens and increased cooperation in improving environmental quality and aesthetics. The magnitude of this positive influence can have implications for the comfort and safety of the social environment. Meanwhile, the negative effects that can occur are high conflicts and unfair competition which have an effect on the decline in the social security of the Waterfront Benua Melayu Laut.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Running.

Background and objectives: The COVID-19 outbreak has become a major health and economic crisis. The World Health Organization declared it a pandemic in March 2020, and many sporting events were canceled. Materials and Methods: We examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on endurance and ultra-endurance running (UER) and analyzed finishes and events during the COVID-19 pandemic (observation period March 2020–October 2020) to the same time period pre-COVID-19 outbreak (March 2019–October 2019). Results: Endurance finishes decreased during the pandemic (459,029 to 42,656 (male: 277,493 to 25,582; female 181,536 to 17,074; all p < 0.001). Similarly, the numbers of endurance events decreased (213 vs. 61 events; p < 0.001). Average marathon finishing times decreased during the pandemic in men (5:18:03 ± 0:16:34 vs. 4:43:08 ± 0:25:08 h:min:s (p = 0.006)) and women (5:39:32 ± 0:19:29 vs. 5:14:29 ± 0:26:36 h:min:s (p = 0.02)). In UER, finishes decreased significantly (580,289 to 110,055; p < 0.001) as did events (5839 to 1791; p < 0.001). Popular event locations in United States, France, UK, and Germany decreased significantly (p < 0.05). All distance and time-limited UER events saw significant decreases (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on endurance and UER, and it is unlikely that running activities return to pre-pandemic levels any time soon. Mitigation strategies and safety protocols should be established.

City and Video Games: Moving Towards Each Other

The article is devoted to the problem of the city new imagery, the steady convergence of real architecture and virtual architecture. Although the connection between these phenomena has been the subject of reflection by specialists from various science branches for the past decades, it has not been sufficiently manifested. Another attempt at manifestation is made in this article, within the fundamental problems of art theory and history. Its novelty consists in activating the classical category “image of the city” in the virtual space centre of video games as the most active link between artistic and empirical images of the city. On the example of real architectural objects in the cities of the last quarter of the 20th — 21st centuries and architectural objects, existing only in the popular video games locations of the last generation, the interaction mechanisms of artistic images and their transition into the empirical images sphere with a gradual blurring of the transition boundaries are studied. The contemporary architecture trend is seen as the purposeful programming of sophisticated associative games through the production of images of the city that make you doubt the reality of the world, the difference between authenticity and imaginary. In turn, cities in video games simulate the same dubiously humane worlds, only in addition they can be managed, tested for viability online. The exacerbation of gaming in architecture is seen as a postmodern provocation to critically, ironic deconstruct reality in the fullness of its contradictions, and the videogame set of cities as an ideal platform to work on the deconstruction experience and, perhaps, to reset personal relationships with the world. It shows how the artistry of video games turns into the everyday background of life, changing the perception of the urban environment and the world as a whole.

Overview of lightning location systems

Lightning location systems provide valuable and vital data for study of lightning on the earth. Developed nations already built not only one but aslo many lightning location networks in their territories in order to collect highly reliable national dataset of lightning. Moreover, these national lightning detection systems are linked together to increase both the collecting range and the accuracy. However, in Vietnam, lightning location systems are not payed enough attention on. Therefore, the authors attempt to provide an overiew of lightning location systems and their importance to the field of lightning protection in this research. The paper provides an overview of the operating principles of popular lightning location systems in the world. Besides, typical lightning activity data extracted from Blitzortung lightning location system in Vietnam are presented. In addition, a number of studies around the world using lightning data from these location systems to improve the lightning protection performance of transmission lines are briefly introduced. These results and information show the vital role of lightning location systems not only in lightning protection but also in analyzing the causes of failures on power systems.

Investigation of the Adulteration of Essential Oils by GC-MS

Background: A lack of regulation about the chemical composition of essential oils and the growing popularity of these oils among consumers presents an urgent need for the accurate characterization of various oil types from a variety of manufacturers. The aim of this paper was to characterize the composition of essential oils bought from a popular retail location, with the goal of understanding the chemical composition and presence of adulterants with potential toxicity. Methods: Reported herein is an investigation into the components of a variety of essential oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The investigation initially focused on two popular oils, tea tree and lavender oil, and then moved to investigate four additional essential oils from the same brand (sandalwood, rose, eucalyptus, and lemongrass). Results: Results of this analysis indicated that all six store brand essential oils contained Carbitol (in concentrations from 23% to 35%), and four of the six oils had diethyl phthalate (in concentrations ranging from 0.33% to 16%). These toxicants are particularly concerning because they are known inhalation hazards, and the intended usage of these oils is for aromatherapy (i.e. inhalation). Conclusion: These results highlight a potentially significant and under-reported health concern from inhalation of toxic contaminants in the store brand oils, and showcase the need for more regulation and transparency about the composition of these commercial products.