Popular Diets Research Articles

Global and local diet popularity rankings, their secular trends, and seasonal variation in Google Trends data.

The Internet has become the main source of health-related information including nutrition. The aim of this study was to rank the most popular diets among Google users globally and regionally in addition to secular and seasonal trends in the years 2004 to 2019. We used Google Trends (GT) to identify and analyze course over time and regional interest of 47 topics related to diets. We analyzed secular trends using the Seasonal Mann-Kendall test and seasonal variation using time-series decomposition. The topic "Mediterranean diet" (MedD) was used as a benchmark. We calculated the interest of all topics in proportion to the relative search volume (RSV) of MedD. Globally, Google users were particularly interested in veganism (19.54 times higher than MedD), vegetarianism (15.09 times higher than MedD), and gluten-free diet (11.11 times higher than MedD). Veganism was the most frequently searched diet type in 23 countries followed by vegetarianism (14), ketogenic diet (7), and low-carbohydrate diet (7). Whereas an increase of RSV over time was observed for 23 diets, a decrease was noted for 20. The most dynamic increase was found for FODMAP (6.12 RSV/year), gluten-free diet (5.95 RSV/year), and raw veganism (5.72 RSV/year). Sharp declines concerned negative-calorie food (-4.34 RSV/year), macrobiotic diet (-3.89 RSV/year), and cabbage soup diet (-3.50 RSV/year). The interest in most diets falls in December but peaks in January. Veganism, vegetarianism, and gluten-free diet attract the largest public interest globally. Both secular trends and seasonal variation shape the ever-changing landscape of diet popularity. GT holds promise as a valuable tool in local and international nutrition research.

Path Analysis on the Fad Diets and other Factors Affecting the Risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Adolescent Females at the Boarding School

Background: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a state of lack of energy and protein in­take that las­ts for a long time continuously and causes health problems. The purpose of this study was to ana­­­lyze the factors underlying the CED events in fe­­male students in boarding schools in Yogya­karta students. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic ob­ser­­­vational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at the Yogyakarta Stu­dent Islamic Boar­­ding School. A sample of 200 female adolescents aged 19-24 years was selected by simple ran­dom sampling. The dependent vari­able was CED. The independent variables were body image per­cep­­­tion, energy intake, protein intake, fad diets, body mass index (BMI), stress, and nutritional know­ledge. The data were mea­­­­sured by digital weight scale, microtoise, mid­­­line, and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis run on STATA 13. Results: CED in female ado­lescent was directly increased with negative body image perception (b= 0.83; 95% CI= 0.02 to 1.65; p= 0.044), fad diet (b= 1.37; 95% CI= 0.54 to 2.21;­ p<0.001), and severe stress (b= 1.94; 95% CI= 1.08 to 2.82; p< 0.001). CED was directly decreased with high energy intake (b= -1.18; 95% CI= -1.99 to -0.37; p= 0.005), high pro­tein intake (b= -1.20; 95% CI= -2.22 to -0.19; p= 0.020), high nutritional knowledge (b= -0.83; 95% CI= -1.62 to -0.05; p= 0.038), and high BMI (b= -3.03; 95% CI= -5.15 to -0.90; p= 0.005). CED was indirectly associated with fad diets and stress through BMI. Conclusion: in female ado­lescent is directly increased with negative body image perception, fad diet, and stress. CED is directly decreased with high energy intake, high pro­tein intake, high nutritional knowledge, and high BMI. CED is indirectly associated with fad diets and stress through BMI. Keywords: chronic energy deficiency, fad diet, path analysis Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(3): 251-264 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.03.04

The Nutrition and Health Communication Education Program and For Accurate Science Project of Sabri Ülker Foundation: Initiatives from Turkey.

In recent decades interest in food and health issues has not ceased to increase globally. Consumers typically obtain information on issues related to food, nutrition, and health via a wide variety of media channels, including TV, radio, newspapers, internet, and social media. Unfortunately, the messages that reach consumers through these different channels can be conflicting, inaccurate, or confusing. The "For Accurate Science Platform" of the Sabri Ülker Food Research Foundation aims to disseminate current and reliable information to the public about health and nutrition. Since 2017, the Sabri Ülker Food Research Foundation has also organized a 2-day education program, entitled the "Nutrition and Health Education Program," with the aim of educating and providing a better understanding of nutrition science and science communication to participants from the media and influencers who are interested in area of nutrition and health. This program is also accredited by the Society of Nutrition and Food Science (SNFS) as an international nutrition communication training program. This year the theme of the program was "Popular Diets: Health Effects and Effective Communication." Popular diets is one of the most frequent topics in nutrition communication, sought by millions of people, and where the available information is not always evidence based. A recent meta-analysis by the British Medical Journal on the role of food in weight management found that no dietary method has been shown to achieve superior results in terms of long-term weight maintenance. Many popular diets limit food groups and/or nutrients to achieve faster results. However, these limitations might cause vitamin and mineral deficiencies and lead to hidden hunger in the short and long term. Thus, inaccurate and non-scientific news about popular diets can negatively affect the worldwide burden of hidden hunger.

Effects of popular diets on anthropometric and metabolic parameters: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

AbstractIntroduction:The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and their related complications is increasing worldwide. We aimed to summarise and critically evaluate the effects of different popular diets on anthropometric parameters and metabolic risk factors.Material and methods:An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Umbrella Review Methodology. The review protocol has been registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019126103). Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2019 to identify meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of different diets on anthropometric parameters and metabolic risk factors. For each association, we estimated the summary effect size by random-effects and fixed-effects models, the 95% confidence interval, and the 95% prediction interval. We also assessed the between-study heterogeneity and evidence for small-study effects. We further applied standardized methodological criteria to evaluate the epidemiological credibility of the statistically significant associations.Results:Overall, 80 articles reporting 495 unique meta-analyses were examined, covering a wide range of popular diets: low-carbohydrate (n = 21 articles), high-protein (n = 8), low-fat (n = 9), palaeolithic (n = 2), low glycaemic index/load (n = 12), intermittent energy restriction (n = 6), Mediterranean (n = 11), Nordic (n = 2), vegetarian (n = 9), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension or DASH (n = 6), and portfolio dietary pattern (n = 1). The methodological quality of most articles (n = 65; 81%), evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 questionnaire, was low or critically low. The strength of evidence was generally weak. The most consistent evidence was reported for Mediterranean diet, with suggestive evidence of an improvement in weight, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, glucose and blood pressure. Suggestive evidence of an improvement in weight and blood pressure was also reported for DASH diet. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein, low-fat and low-glycaemic index/load diets showed suggestive and/or weak evidence of a reduction in weight and BMI, but contrasting evidence for lipid, glycaemic and blood pressure parameters, suggesting potential risks of unfavourable effects. Finally, evidence for palaeolithic, intermittent energy restriction, Nordic, vegetarian and portfolio dietary patterns was graded as weak or not statistically significant.Discussion:Most meta-analyses showed low methodological quality and the strength of evidence, assessed using evidence classification criteria, was generally weak. Among all the diets evaluated, Mediterranean diet had the strongest and most consistent evidence of a positive effect on both anthropometric parameters and metabolic risk factors.

The Effect of Ketogenic-Diet on Health

In recent years, the ketogenic diet is the most popular diet around the world. Therefore, keto diet, short for ketogenic, involves eating a high amount of fat, a moderate amount of protein and very few carbs. This research paper aims to know about the effect of a ketogenic diet on our body, to know about the mechanism of the ketogenic diet in treating neurodegenerative disorders and to know about the mechanism of the ketogenic diet in reducing the weight of our body. Also, the objective was to investigate the ketogenic diet stimulates ketogenesis which treats certain neurodegenerative disorders. Although this is high fats containing food it is beneficial for our body in certain conditions. It is also useful in the conditions in which the brain requires a low level of glucose so the brain starts utilizing ketone bodies. As the intake of carbohydrates is lowered so it is also used to reduce the weight of the body. In this research, the qualitative methodology has been adopted which refers to secondary sources of data. In this project, I used a variety of research that has also been undertaken by numerous researchers including dietitians who tend to support the positive benefits of using ketogenic diets to manage losing weight as well as other health problems that could result from overweight. Also, we used a table to show the difference between studies. Finally, it is important to note that the ketogenic-diet has created debate, partially although traditional dietary education has, for years, illustrated the adverse effects of high overall including trans-fat intake.

Dietary recommendations for patients with dementia.

With the emergence of support for diet in the maintenance of cognition, clinicians have been justifiably eager to promote diet recommendations for their older patients. But popular diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), have not been shown to benefit cognition among patients who already have dementia or cognitive decline. In our experience, promoting these restrictive diets can be detrimental to patients with dementia who are already prone to eating disturbance; vulnerable to malnutrition; and, if underweight, demonstrate increased mortality. Moreover, we have seen both patient and caregiver satisfaction negatively affected by dietary modification. Clinicians need to be aware that any dietary recommendations for patients with dementia should be mitigated by the lack of evidence for improvement in cognition, the risks for exacerbating poor nutrition, and the potential for further limiting their quality of life.

Interesting case series of severe anemia with marrow suppression

Background: Deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid is becoming common now– a– days because of food fads and poor ingestion of fruits and vegetables. Resulting in the re-emergence of megaloblastic anemia. Objectives: In this case series, we want to highlight the importance of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency as a cause of severe anemia in children. Materials and Methods: Eight children with severe (Hb< 8gm/dl) anemia, & positive peripheral smear (i.e. macrocytic red cell precursors) were included in the study. The study period was for 7 months (August 2019 to February 2020). Results: Severe anemia in all cases, 6 (75%) cases had dimorphic anemia, 2 (25%) cases had megaloblastic anemia. The diagnosis was confirmed by vitamin B12 & folic acid assay and bone marrow aspiration. The response to supplementation with vitamin B12 and folic acid was good. Incidentally, all the patients were girls in the adolescent age group. Conclusion: 1. There seems to be a trend towards increasing the incidence of preventable nutritional Vit.B12 and Folate deficiency esp. in adolescent girls. This may have adverse effects on the next generation once the lady bears a child. 2. Increasing protective diet like vegetable and fruit intake, (the essential micronutrient-rich diet) can prevent severe nutritional anemia.

Prospective associations between a food-based Indian Diet Quality Score and type 2 diabetes risk among South Indian adults (CURES-154)

Background: Asian Indians are culturally different and have diverse dietary and culinary habits. Further, there are potential biological differences in metabolism due to genetic or cultural factors. This warrants the development of a unique population-specific food-based diet score for prevention of noncommunicable disorders. Materials and Methods: Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire in 1033 adults who participated in the 10-year follow-up study of Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). The diet score was developed considering eight food groups and one major cooking oil that were either significantly associated with a higher or lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). The foods that showed a protective effect was assigned higher scores and vice versa for foods that increased the risk of diabetes assigned the lower. We further assessed the effect of Indian Diet Quality score (IDQS) and three popular diet quality indices: the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI), the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Diabetes Diet Score (DDS) in relation to the risk of incidence of diabetes among Indian population. Results: Higher IDQS is associated with a significant lower risk of diabetes incidence; however, no such significant association was observed with diet quality indices (DASH, HEI-2015, and DDS) and diabetes incidence. This warrants the need for population-specific diet score for Indians. Conclusion: Higher IDQS was associated with a lower risk of T2D among South Indian adults. Thus, IDQS can be a suitable tool to identify the diet–disease relationship especially in a population with diverse dietary intakes.

Dietary and policy priorities to reduce the global crises of obesity and diabetes

The world faces a global nutrition crisis, most clearly evidenced by the twin pandemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Yet, substantial confusion and controversy exist about optimal dietary priorities and policy approaches to address these challenges. This paper reviews the evolution of nutritional evidence, emerging areas and corresponding policy lessons to address obesity and T2DM. This includes the complexity of diet–health pathways for long-term weight maintenance and metabolic health; a need to focus on both increasing protective foods (for example, minimally processed, phytochemical-rich foods) and reducing detrimental factors (for example, refined starches, added sugars and processed meats); and critical assessment of popular diets for weight-loss and metabolic health. Emerging evidence highlights areas for further research, including those related to food processing, non-nutritive sweeteners, emulsifiers, the microbiome, flavonoids and personalized nutrition. Evidence-based, multi-sectoral policy actions to address the global nutrition crisis are shown to span several domains, including health systems, economic incentives, school and workplace environments, quality and labelling standards, and innovation and entrepreneurship. Diet and policy approaches to curb obesity and type 2 diabetes can be contentious and confusing. This Review synthesises state-of-the-art and emerging evidence on diet and health, reflects on policy and reconciles the evolution of the discipline of nutritional science with changes in dietary advice.

Dietary Trace Minerals

Dietary trace minerals are pivotal and hold a key role in numerous metabolic processes. Trace mineral deficiencies (except for iodine, iron, and zinc) do not often develop spontaneously in adults on ordinary diets; infants are more vulnerable because their growth is rapid and intake varies. Trace mineral imbalances can result from hereditary disorders (e.g., hemochromatosis, Wilson disease), kidney dialysis, parenteral nutrition, restrictive diets prescribed for people with inborn errors of metabolism, or various popular diet plans. The Special Issue “Dietary Trace Minerals” comprised 13 peer-reviewed papers on the most recent evidence regarding the dietary intake of trace minerals, as well as their effect toward the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. Original contributions and literature reviews further demonstrated the crucial and central part that dietary trace minerals play in human health and development. This editorial provides a brief and concise overview that addresses and summarizes the content of the Dietary Trace Minerals Special Issue.

Popular Diet Trends for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Claims and Evidence.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently look to diet to improve symptoms. Although regularly asked for dietary guidance, gastroenterologists are often unprepared to provide evidence-based recommendations. This review will summarize popular diets claiming benefits in IBD, as well as current data evaluating their efficacies. The Specific Carbohydrate Diet has demonstrated symptom improvement and even mucosal healing; however, large trials and prospective data are lacking. The low FODMAP diet has shown benefit for functional symptoms in IBD, yet efficacy regarding inflammation is lacking. Large studies for the gluten-free diet yielded mixed results in IBD outcomes, while suggesting a negative impact on psychological well-being. Data on an "anti-inflammatory" diet were positive but remain severely limited. A currently planned large trial for the Mediterranean diet in IBD may provide much needed clinical data. We provide an overview of frequently utilized diets in IBD. The body of evidence does not currently support clear dietary recommendations in IBD, as larger, prospective studies are needed.

Web Alert

OrthoInfo — American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org Description: The OrthoInfo web site contains information about common orthopedic diseases and conditions, treatment, recovery, and maintenance organized by topic and body part. Conditioning programs also are available for download that outline stretching and strengthening exercises for most body parts, including knee, hip, spine, foot and ankle, and shoulder. There are a multitude of resources, videos, public service announcements, and articles contributed by leaders in the orthopedic field. The information is presented in lay language and is organized in a very user-friendly interface. There also is a search bar which allows users to enter key words in order to focus on an area or topic of interest. This web site is helpful for anyone with orthopedic injuries who may be considering the best management options or for those looking to strengthen and condition a certain joint or body part for general health. Cost: Free International Council on Active Aging: https://www.icaa.cc and Active Aging Week: https://www.activeagingweek.com Description: The International Council on Active Aging (ICAA), founded in 2001, was established to connect a community of individuals and organizations with the common goal of changing society's perceptions of aging and to improve the quality of life for older adults. The ICAA's mission is centered on seven dimensions of wellness, which include emotional, vocational, physical, spiritual, intellectual, social, and environmental. The organization includes professionals related to the areas of retirement, assisted living, fitness, rehabilitation, and wellness. In addition to the research and articles available to members, the ICAA also provides a course for a certificate in “Leadership in Wellness Management.” Furthermore, the ICAA puts on an annual Active Aging Week which celebrates “aging and the benefits of active living at any age.” Active Aging Week also “showcases the capabilities of older adults as fully participating members of society.” Cost: Individual membership is US $225 per year which provides access to research and articles. Participation in Active Aging Week is free. Harvard Nutrition Source: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource Description: A project of the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, this nutrition source provides lay-language information on nutrition and healthy eating for both children and adults. Users can subscribe to a monthly e-newsletter with nutrition updates. There is information specific to carbohydrates, protein, fats and cholesterol, and salt and sodium, to give users a better understanding of the food they consume. There also are reviews of popular diets, healthy recipes, and articles on the prevention of heart disease and diabetes, and the ability to “ask the expert,” where nutrition experts address common questions and topics in nutrition. Moreover, the web site highlights Harvard's Healthy Eating Plate which provides a simple, understandable guide to making healthy food choices. Cost: Free Exercising with Your Dog: https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/ss/slideshow-exercising-with-your-dog Description: Created by the popular WebMD, this slideshow outlines the numerous ways by which you can be active with your canine companion. Obesity is not a problem specific to humans in the United States as up to 50% of dogs in the United States are overweight as well. Luckily, being active with your pet can provide health benefits for both species involved. From the simple routine activity of walking with your dog, to more adventurous pursuits, such as “Doga” (yoga with your dog), the slideshow can provide inspiration to create a routine from which you and your “best friend” are sure to benefit. As always, please check with your primary doctor and vet before beginning any new activity regimen to ensure everyone can participate safely. Cost: Free Healthy Kids Running Series: https://healthykidsrunningseries.org Description: Founded in 2009, this organization was created to help combat rising rates of childhood obesity in the United States. As a community-based, national nonprofit, Healthy Kids Running Series (HKRS) provides a fun, inclusive 5-wk running series for children ages 2 to 14 years, of varied distances, and looks to help build a sense of accomplishment and confidence in children throughout the country. The web site also has a “Kids Corner” with printable activities for kids to complete such as a weekly running record and some matching games aimed at reinforcing healthy eating habits. Furthermore, a blog features articles and stories to motivate parents and kids toward a happier, healthier lifestyle. HKRS is always looking for community leaders to help organize events, and volunteers to help make these events a success. Cost: The web site is free to explore, the races cost around US $40.

Accidental ketosis-induced polyuria in a toddler: a case report

BackgroundIn the pediatric population, parental concern of recent onset frequent or large volume urination in young children is common.Case presentationA 2-year-old male with no significant past medical history and unremarkable family history was brought to his pediatrician by his mother who reports that the child had been “soaking through his diapers” for the previous two to 3 days. Mother states that patient has not had an appreciable change in the number of wet diapers per day, just the perceived weight/volume of each diaper. The patient’s mother denied any recent illness, apparent abdominal pain, dysuria, or recent changes in his bowel movements. She similarly denied polydipsia, polyphagia, or gross hematuria in the patient. Patient’s diet consists of eating a low carbohydrate with mostly high protein and fat diet that was similar to the paleo-type diet consumed by her and her husband. Meals over the recent days were even lower in carbohydrates than usual as the family was actively trying to consume healthier food options.On physical exam the child was found to be afebrile with a normal physical exam. A urine dipstick was performed and was positive for 2+ ketones and 1+ protein. Urine leukocytes and nitrites were negative, as was urinary glucose. A fingerstick blood glucose sample was 83 mg/dL.Based on the patient’s physical examination, laboratory findings, and the history which revealed a very-low carbohydrate diet, a preliminary diagnosis of ketosis-induced polyuria was made. The patient’s mother was advised to incorporate a greater portion of carbohydrates into her son’s diet, with a follow-up scheduled for the following week. At the follow-up appointment the mother reports that she had continued the patient’s carbohydrate intake and the excessive urine amount per wet diaper has not returned. Repeat urine dipstick confirmed the resolution of the ketonuria and proteinuria.ConclusionThis case illustrates the inadvertent consequences that can occur when parents impose new fad diets on their young children. The recent increase in the popularity of fad diets makes the consideration of alternative diets important to review in the patient history and subsequently include in the differential diagnosis of polyuria.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Fad Diets of a Panel of Spanish Consumers: Protocol of a Transversal Study

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Fad Diets of a Panel of Spanish Consumers: Protocol of a Transversal Study

The Association between Popular Diets and Serum Testosterone among Men in the United States

We examined the relationship of the serum testosterone level to low fat, Mediterranean and low carbohydrate diets in a large, nationally representative patient sample. We queried the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) from 1999 to 2000, 2003 to 2004 and 2011 to 2012. Men 18 to 80 years old who completed the 2-day dietary history and underwent serum testosterone testing were included in analysis. Diets were categorized as low fat, Mediterranean, low carbohydrate or nonrestrictive. Multivariable modeling was used to determine the relationship between diet and serum testosterone. Of the 3,128 men who met study inclusion criteria 457 (14.6%) and 764 (24.4%) met the criteria for a low fat and a Mediterranean diet, respectively. Only 2 men (less than 0.1%) met the criteria for a low carbohydrate diet, which was removed from further analysis. Mean ± SD serum testosterone was 435.5 ± 6.7 ng/dl. Mean testosterone was lower among men with a low fat diet (410.8 ± 8.1 vs 443.5 ± 7.3, p=0.005) and a Mediterranean diet (412.9 ± 9.1 vs 443.5 ± 7.3, p=0.002). Multivariable analysis controlling for age, body mass index, activity level, diabetes, comorbidities and prostate cancer showed that men with a nonrestrictive diet had higher serum testosterone than those adhering to a low fat diet (ß -57.2, 95% CI -105.6 to -8.8, p <0.05). Men adhering to low fat diets had lower serum testosterone levels even when controlling for comorbidities, age, body mass index and activity levels. As differences in serum testosterone between the diets were modest, the avoidance of fat restrictive diets should be weighed against the potential benefits on an individual basis.

Three consecutive weeks of nutritional ketosis has no effect on cognitive function, sleep, and mood compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy individuals: a randomized, crossover, controlled trial

The high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) has become an increasingly popular diet not only in overweight/obese populations, or those with clinical conditions, but also in healthy non-overweight populations. Because there are concerns about the association between high-fat diets and cognitive decline, this study aimed to determine the effects of a KD compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet on cognitive function, sleep, and mood in healthy, normal-weight individuals. Eleven healthy, normal-weight participants (mean age: 30±9 y) completed this randomized, controlled, crossover study. Participants followed 2 isocaloric diets-an HCLF diet (55% carbohydrate, 20% fat, and 25% protein) and a KD (15% carbohydrate, 60% fat, and 25% protein)-in a randomized order for a minimum of 3 wk, with a 1-wk washout period between diets. Measures of β-hydroxybutyrate confirmed that all participants were in a state of nutritional ketosis during post-KD assessments (baseline: 0.2±0.2 mmol/L; KD: 1.0±0.5 mmol/L; washout: 0.2±0.1 mmol/L; and HCLF: 0.3±0.2 mmol/L). Cognitive function was assessed using a validated, psychological computer-based test battery before and after each diet. Subjective measures of mood and sleep were also monitored throughout the study using validated scales. Three weeks of sustained nutritional ketosis, compared with the HCLF diet, had no effect on speed and accuracy responses in tasks designed to measure vigilance (speed: P=0.39, Cohen's d=0.26; accuracy: P=0.99, Cohen's d=0.04), visual learning and memory (speed: P=0.99, Cohen's d=0.04; accuracy: P=0.99, Cohen's d=0.03), working memory (speed: P=0.62, Cohen's d=0.26; accuracy: P=0.98, Cohen's d=0.07), and executive function (speed: P=0.60, Cohen's d=0.31; accuracy: P=0.90, Cohen's d=0.19). Likewise, mood, sleep quality, and morning vigilance did not differ (P>0.05) between the dietary interventions. The results of our randomized, crossover, controlled study suggest that 3 wk of sustained nutritional ketosis had no effect on cognitive performance, mood, or subjective sleep quality in a sample of healthy individuals. This trial was registered in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry as PACTR201707002406306.

Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets.

New dietary strategies have been created to treat overweight and obesity and have become popular and widely adopted. Nonetheless, they are mainly based on personal impressions and reports published in books and magazines, rather than on scientific evidence. Animal models and human clinical trials have been employed to study changes in body composition and metabolic outcomes to determine the most effective diet. However, the studies present many limitations and should be carefully analyzed. The aim of this review was to discuss the scientific evidence of three categories of diets for weight loss. There is no one most effective diet to promote weight loss. In the short term, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets and intermittent fasting are suggested to promote greater weight loss and could be adopted as a jumpstart. However, owing to adverse effects, caution is required. In the long term, current evidence indicates that different diets promoted similar weight loss and adherence to diets will predict their success. Finally, it is fundamental to adopt a diet that creates a negative energy balance and focuses on good food quality to promote health.

Growth response of rotifers on a bacterial-based diet made from fishwastes

Fishwastes are potential low-cost diet sources for replacing microalgae, which is the popular diet for rotifers. Growth responses of rotifer were tested under different weights of the diet (i.e. 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/L), different culture containers (i.e. using small tall (ST), small-short (SS), medium-tall (MT) and large-short (LS) containers), different initial densities of the rotifer (i.e. 10, 50 and 200 rotifers/mL) and mass cultured trials for 15 and 30 days. Population densities of rotifers increased significantly (ANOVA, p=0.001) when providing 0.1 to 0.4 gr/L than those fed 0.05 gr/L of the diet (Tukey HSD test, p<0.05). The densities also were significantly higher (ANOVA, p=0.001) when cultured using larger containers (LS and MT) than using smaller containers (ST, SS) (Tukey HSD test, p<0.05), but it was not significant when inoculated at different initial densities (ANOVA, p>0.05). The rotifers were successfully mass cultured for 30 days and were successfully harvested for 7 times at densities of about 2500 to 3300 ind./mL.

The effects of popular diets on type 2 diabetes management.

Type 2 diabetes can be managed with the use of diabetes self-management skills. Diet and exercise are essential segments of the lifestyle changes necessary for diabetes management. However, diet recommendations can be complicated in a world full of different diets. This review aims to evaluate the evidence on the effects of three popular diets geared towards diabetes management: low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diet, vegan diet, and the Mediterranean diet. While all three diets have been shown to assist in improving glycaemic control and weight loss, patient adherence, acceptability, and long-term manageability play essential roles in the efficacy of each diet.

Vegan vs Paleo: Carbon Footprints and Diet Quality of 5 Popular Eating Patterns as Reported by US Consumers (P03-007-19)

ObjectivesThe food system contributes substantially to current environmental problems, which has prompted researchers to evaluate both environmental as well as nutritional impacts of dietary choices. However, there has been no research on the impacts of popular diets as consumed in the US. This study estimated the carbon footprint and diet quality of popular diets as selected by a nationally representative sample of US consumers. MethodsThe 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 24-hour recall data were used to categorize individual adult diets (N = 16,800) into one of six mutually exclusive dietary patterns: vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian, paleolithic, and ketogenic. All other diets were classified into an omnivore pattern. Food groups in the USDA Food Patterns Equivalent Database were used to define these patterns. For example, the vegan pattern was defined as those who did not consume meat, seafood, eggs or dairy, and the paleo pattern included those who did not eat grains, legumes or dairy. Average daily greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in carbon dioxide equivalents per 1000 kilocalories (kg CO2-eq 1000 kcal−1) were calculated by matching our previously developed database of Food Impacts on the Environment for Linking to Diets (dataFIELD) to NHANES individual diet data. Diet quality was determined using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI). Ordinary least-squares regression was used to assess differences in diet patterns. ResultsThe most frequent 1-day diet patterns were omnivore (87%), pescatarian (7%), and vegetarian (6%). The lowest carbon footprint diets were vegan (mean = 1.0 kg CO2-eq 1000 kcal-1), vegetarian (1.1), and pescatarian (1.9), and the highest footprints were omnivore (2.3), paleo (2.8) and keto (4.2). These average carbon footprints for the vegan, vegetarian, and pescatarian patterns were significantly lower (p < .05) than that of the omnivore pattern, and the keto pattern was significantly higher. Average HEI scores for the vegetarian and pescatarian patterns were significantly higher compared to the omnivore pattern, and the keto and paleo patterns were significantly lower. ConclusionsThese data support the growing body of research identifying the environmental benefits of plant-based diet patterns and identify the environmental cost of other popular diet patterns in the US. Funding SourcesWellcome Trust.▪▪