Poor People Research Articles

Using participatory communication for effective role-players engagement: Farreach perspective

ABSTRACT Some scholars have argued that every year, huge amount of financial and human resources are being deployed by international development agencies, and NGOs to improve the living conditions of millions of poor people living in most African countries, yet most of these interventions are not achieving the objectives expected. This study seeks to know the validity of this postulation by exploring the intersection of participatory communication, role-players engagement, and project proposal in achieving far-reaching impact and success of development interventions in Africa. A systematic literature review method was used. The findings showed that 25% of the 48 development interventions evaluated were failed projects, 64.58% projects came midway, and 10.42% projects were successful. The findings support the postulation of Farreach perspective.

A GOOD EDUCATION SYSTEM IN DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR’S THOUGHTS

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedker was a well-known teacher himself. He established People‟s Education Society in Bombay and Aurangabad to educate the students of Dalit community. His educational philosophy is reflected in his lectures, his published articles in various magazines and his work in the educational institutions. He said that every educational institute should be an agency of change society. Dr. Ambedkar strongly held that education should be a priority for the society and utilised for growth of individuals with character. The present paper is concerned with his educational thoughts of Dr. Ambedkar. Dr. Ambedkar wanted a type of education that not only inculcates awareness and fulfilment of human rights among citizen but also teaches human dignity and justice in India. According to him Education could open the eyes and encourage the oppressed ones to fight and remove injustice and exploitation they are suffering from ages. He recognized that, lack of education was the main cause for the backwardness of poor people. He preferred humanistic education which enables a man to rediscover himself and ensure freedom rather than being a student of the church, school or the state. He put all his efforts to ensure the educational opportunities to all the citizens of independent India without any discrimination, for which he framed some rights in Indian Constitution.

Microfinance and savings

Abstract The paper discusses the degree to which their longstanding informal savings practices influenced the way in which the unbanked poor responded to modern microfinance. The practices are described using evidence from the author’s many decades of talking to poor people about how they manage their money. The histories of four very different kinds of microfinance projects are reviewed to examine the extent to which they respect informal practices, and what the outcome was in terms of their success in offering good savings services to low-income households on a large scale. We see how a formal bank first showed how to offer a service comparable to popular ‘money guards’; how an NGO-led movement has demonstrated the effectiveness of introducing robust informal group-based savings-and-loan devices to populations that had not previously been using them; and how Bangladesh’s famous microcredit revolution eventually spawned a second microsavings revolution.

HISTORY OF FORMATION AND CONTRIBUTION OF CARITAS PHU CUONG IN THE FIELD OF CHARITY TO BINH DUONG PROVINCE

This paper presents the history of Caritas Phu Cuong as a charity and social organization that plays an important role in helping the poor and disabled people of Binh Dương province. In addition, the study also analyze the role and contributions of Caritas Phu Cuong in the field of charity for Binh Duong province in the following aspects: medical examination and medicine distribution for the poor people; life protection program; taking care of lonely elderly people; support people with disabilities to integrate into the community; build a library of books and toys for children; organize compassion classes for children of workers in difficult circumstances; bright path scholarship (Slovakia); environmental protection and human trafficking prevention programs. Finally, the article will discuss the role, functions and scope of activities of Caritas Phu Cuong in different historical periods to adapt to the changes in the socio-political context of Vietnam.

Economic Growth Driven by the Mexican Fourth Transformation Policy

ABSTRACT The economic policy of the fourth transformation (4T) of Mexico - as the actual president Andrés Manuel López Obrador defines his mandate - is characterized by being cautious and responsible for public spending, making investment decisions more effective, and redistributing wealth to sustain domestic consumption. The internal demand has been promoted by increasing poor people's disposable income through subsidies and transfers and several policies aimed at raising minimum wages. As a framework for these direct policies to boost economic growth, the fight against corruption helped achieve these results more effectively. This work aims to analyze whether the 4T policy increased economic growth in Mexico. We applied two econometric techniques to test our hypothesis: interrupted time series analysis, controlling for robustness of the results, and breakpoint regression analysis. In both cases, we robustly showed that the 4T economic policy has positively impacted economic growth in Mexico.

How to increase acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among poor people in Africa?

This study aims to analyze whether good government management of the COVID-19 pandemic can increase the likelihood of vaccine uptake among poor people in Africa. The analysis is based on a sample of 18,010 people living in 34 African countries, drawn from data collected by Afrobarometer (Merged Round 8 data (34 countries), database, 2022). The econometric results, obtained using a bivariate probit regression, show that poverty significantly reduces the odds of accepting the said COVID-19 vaccine. However, acceptance of the vaccine increases among poor individuals when there is (i) trust in the government's published statistics on COVID-19, (ii) control of corruption by the government in managing the pandemic, (iii) individual confidence in the government's ability to ensure the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine, and (iv) belief that the Covid 19 vaccine will be more effective than religious prayer in the fight against this pandemic.

Waiting and the gendered boundaries of work among India's poor

Poor people in India routinely have to wait for short-term employment, basic services and subsidized goods. Based on fieldwork in Delhi, this paper describes how this waiting blends into an environment where men are underemployed and women try to make ends meet by engaging in contentious public activities. While negotiating destabilized gender roles, the latter downplay their wait for services and describe much of their paid and unpaid work as ‘mere’ waiting and just ‘passing time’. In complex responses, they sometimes internalize the relations of power that keep them waiting, while subverting them on other occasions. Exploring what these women hide or minimize brings to light a host of activities that question our understanding of the boundaries of labour, idleness and the broader work of social reproduction.

Domination criticism and freedom criticism on flood news in online media from a Foucauldian view

This article discusses the issue of flood disaster polemics in online media using McKerrow’s critical rhetorical theory analysis, with the main aim of getting closer to discourse formations that have not been discussed in previous research on political interest contestation. This research uses Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method to reveal flood news articles from 2019-2021 on Tirto.id. Meanwhile, the Foucauldian perspective in this study is used as a review of McKerrow’s critical rhetoric to analyze power, right and truth. Furthermore, this triangulation is explained in two criticisms, namely, criticism of domination and freedom in the online media Tirto.id in reporting on the flood. This study found that in terms of power, Tirto.id discusses criticism of power as a struggle for power in the social status of the upper and lower middle classes. Dominance tends to appear in social disparities and discrepancies in the effects of development on poor communities and the surrounding ecosystem. In terms of rights, Tirto.id discusses demands for ecological justice for lower middle class society. Finally, in terms of truth, the discourse about flood victims includes the lower classes as a result of land grabbing. This study concludes that criticism of domination shows that the government is not very serious about the concept of ecological justice for all groups. Criticism of freedom shows that Tirto.id expresses satire that floods are only suffered by poor people, not rich people.

The Influence of Individual Characteristics on Poverty and The Role of Churches in Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study in Cianjur Regency, West Java

A significant challenge for developing nations, including Indonesia, is the occurrence of poverty. An example of a poverty-stricken area based on the number of poor people is Cianjur Regency. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the influence of religiosity, work ethics, age, education, occupation, and gender on the poverty level. It also intended to examine the perspectives of churches in Cianjur regarding poverty and its role in poverty mitigation. The methodology used was a mixed method with 100 respondents, and the sample size was determined proportionally and randomly from churches located in Cianjur Regency. The results from the BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics) showed that 18% of the 100 respondents lived in poverty, as opposed to the remaining 82%. In terms of work ethics, 71%, 29%, and 0% belonged to the high, moderate, and low categories, respectively. The independent variables that significantly affect the poverty level are religiosity, age, and occupation. The independent variables that were not significant were work ethics, education, and sex. This study also shows that the five churches had diverse perspectives on poverty. Some actively implemented programs are aimed at poverty reduction, while others lack specific initiatives to address poverty.

Economic Importance of Migrant Labor in Kerala

people travel to Kerala each year to work as seasonal labourers. They play a significant part in the growth and survival of Kerala’s economy. Changes in the labour market, increased tax income for the government, and overall economic expansion are connected with worker movement. To examine the current pattern of worker migration and the availability of local workers in rural economies. The researcher selected a descriptive research technique that relied heavily on secondary sources to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. Publications such as books, newspapers, journals, articles, and internet platforms such as blogs and wikis are examples of secondary sources. This article examines the frequency and relevance of migrant workers in the state’s current labour market and the availability of local labour in Kerala’s informal rural labour market. By segmenting the labour market in Kerala by industry, this study will assist in determining the extent to which migrants have affected the state’s economy. The rural Indian labour market has shifted from agriculture to service and industrial industries. The number of persons employed in manufacturing and services is growing yearly, while employment in agriculture is deteriorating. The government is in trouble because poor people are willing to perform physical labour. There was a need for low-cost physical labour in Kerala; therefore, migrant workers from other countries arrived to fill the need. Without the assistance migrant workers give in areas with a severe shortage of local staff, firms would fail.

Publicly funded health insurance schemes and demand for health services: evidence from an Indian state using a matching estimator approach.

Using Demographic and Health Survey data (2015-16) from the state of Andhra Pradesh, we estimate the differential probability of hysterectomy (removal of uterus) for women (aged 15-49 years) covered under publicly funded health insurance (PFHI) schemes relative to those not covered. To reduce the extent of selection bias into treatment assignment (PFHI coverage) we use matching methods, propensity score matching, and coarsened exact matching, achieving a comparable treatment and control group. We find that PFHI coverage increases the probability of undergoing a hysterectomy by 7-11 percentage points in our study sample. Sub-sample analysis indicates that the observed increase is significant for women with lower education levels and higher order parity. Additionally, we perform a test of no-hidden bias by estimating the treatment effect on placebo outcomes (doctor's visit, health check-up). The robustness of the results is established using different matching specifications and sensitivity analysis. The study results are indicative of increased demand for surgical intervention associated with PFHI coverage in our study sample, suggesting a need for critical evaluation of the PFHI scheme design and delivery in the context of increasing reliance on PFHI schemes for delivering specialised care to poor people, neglect of preventive and primary care, and the prevailing fiscal constraints in the healthcare sector.

Syntactic characteristics of literary texts of the XIX century in the aspect of interlanguage translation

The subject of the study is to identify the syntactic characteristics that form the syntax features of the literary works of Russian literature of the XIX century. During the research, similarities and differences of syntactic units of the originals and translations of the novels "Anna Karenina" and "Poor People" were established, as well as the national specifics of their structural, grammatical and functional semantic organization were analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify the syntactic characteristics that form the syntax features of the literary works of Russian literature of the XIX century. To achieve this goal, a comparative analysis of the original novels by L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" and F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor People" and their translations into English, made by K. Granett in 1901 and S.D. Hogarth in 1867, respectively, was carried out. The comparative method made it possible to establish similarities and differences of syntactic constructions in the originals of the novels "Anna Karenina", "Poor People" and their translations. The method of linguistic analysis makes it possible to identify syntactic constructions and linguistic units characteristic of literary texts of the XIX century. By means of the contextual analysis method, the dependence of the meaning of these units on the context is analyzed. Within the framework of the study, similarities and differences of syntactic units of originals and translations of the named literary texts were established, as well as the national specifics of their structural, grammatical and functional semantic organization were analyzed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to systematically describe syntactic features based on the texts of works of the XIX century written by different authors. The results and materials of the research can be used in the training of specialists in the field of translation, in teaching linguistic disciplines, as well as in the development of theoretical materials on the theory and practice of translation, intercultural communication, syntax, stylistics and linguoculturology. When comparing the originals and translations of novels, cases were identified when the emotional emphasis laid by the author is shifted or lost in the English-language text. One of the reasons is the discrepancy between the grammatical norms and structures of the Russian and English languages.

Spatial distribution of social vulnerability to flood disasters in Mejobo Sub-District, Kudus Regency, Indonesia

Central Java province has the highest disaster risk index (score 203) of 33 provinces in Indonesia. In 2022, the Province was most affected by floods with 203 incidents. Kudus Regency is one of the regencies in Central Java that is often affected by floods. Mejobo sub-district is the sub-district with the most flood events in the last 5 years. The frequent occurrence of floods triggers various emerging problems such as social vulnerability. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine social vulnerability and population analysis in the Mejobo sub-district. The calculation of vulnerability classes uses 5 parameters, namely population density, people with disabilities, vulnerable age groups, poor people, and women. which is then scored for each parameter and classified into 3 vulnerability classes (low, middle, and high vulnerability). The results obtained for low vulnerability were found in 3 villages, namely Jojo, Temulus, and Tenggeles Villages. Moderate vulnerability is in the villages of Hadiwarno, Kirig, and Mejobo. In the high vulnerability class, there are 5 villages, namely Golantepus, Jepang, Gulang, Kesambi, and Payaman.

Dostoevsky’s Lost Play “Boris Godunov” (Sources, Concept)

According to contemporaries, the play “Boris Godunov” was written by Dostoevsky before he began work on the novel “Poor People.” The manuscript of the play is lost. Some assumptions about its composition have been made in the scientific literature, but this article for the first time undertakes a systematic analysis, if possible, of all the alleged sources of the idea, as well as some of its reflections in the writer’s later works. The article examines the situation in Russian historiography and fiction related the coverage of the reign of Boris Godunov and the personality of the tsar himself prior to Dostoevsky’s undertaking of this topic. The key sources for him were the 9 volumes of Karamzin’s “History of the Russian State” and Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov,” which formed the consciousness of the future writer since the times of family readings in his parents’ house. Subsequently, Dostoevsky faced an acute dispute in literature around Karamzin and Pushkin, who declared Godunov guilty of the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry. Their position was supported in the 1830s by the authors of historical dramas V. T. Narezhny, A. S. Khomyakov, and M. E. Lobanov. The historians M. P. Pogodin, N. S. Artsybashev, and A. A. Kraevsky defended Godunov; their point of view was reflected in the dramas of the same Pogodin and G. F. Rosen. F. V. Bulgarin took an ambivalent position in both journalism and prose. Dostoevsky was undoubtedly familiar with Schiller’s printed sketches for the tragedy “Demetrius,” where the figure of Boris Godunov as psychologically complex and ambiguous. The critics of Pushkin’s Boris Godunov N. I. Nadezhdin, N. A. Polevoy, and V. G. Belinsky played a certain role in shaping Dostoevsky’s idea. In “interacting” with them, Dostoevsky obviously developed a new twist in the dramatic plot, which resolved the historians’ dead-end disputes. In his play, which absorbed the dramatic experience of Shakespeare, Racine, Schiller, as well as the historical legends around Alexander I and Napoleon, a version was proposed about Godunov’s indirect guilt in Dmitry’s death and about the hero’s unwavering moral responsibility even for indirect complicity in a crime. This motif was developed in Dostoevsky’s subsequent works, such as “Netochka Nezvanova” (Efimov), “Demons” (Stavrogin), “Brothers Karamazov” (Ivan). It can be stated with a high degree of confidence that the origin of the concept of expanding guilt and responsibility for it occurred in the very first works of the writer — the tragedies “Mary Stuart” and “Boris Godunov.” The author of the article suggests the formation of Dostoevsky’s aesthetics in the context of the development of Russian historical drama.

God's Protection in the Post-Pandemic Phenomenon of Extreme Poverty in Indonesia

The Covid 19 pandemic, which has lasted for about three years, has had a significant impact on all aspects of life throughout the world, especially in Indonesia. Every day humans can move quickly and without restrictions, but during the Covid 19 pandemic human movement was limited and restricted by several rules that have been set, including the number of gatherings even in the early days of the Covid 19 pandemic, staying at home or working from home, studying Working from home is mandatory for all levels of society and groups, both in schools, campuses and offices, so that the spread of the Covid 19 virus does not become widespread. This certainly has a significant impact on the speed of the economy, finances and of course the welfare of society. Since March 2022, the poverty rate in Indonesia has increased by 9.54%, and the government is trying to create many programs to eradicate it. This research answers the question: what is meant by poverty? What are the impacts of living in poverty? What is the solution to God’s protection in the post-pandemic extreme poverty phenomenon in Indonesia? The outcomes of using the literature investigate method are listed below: (1) Poverty as a disadvantage to citizens measured in terms of a certain standard of living, which refers to relative poverty designs that carry out similar analyzes in many poor countries. (2) The consequences of living in poverty are worsening health, declining health, and lack of security. (3) Overcoming poverty by enlivening God's protection, namely God's duty to prevent many poor people from becoming protectors of lifestyles, families and church congregations like Christ.

ESTIMATION OF GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED PANEL REGRESSION MODEL WITH BISQUARE KERNEL WEIGHTING FUNCTION ON PERCENTAGE OF STUNTING TODDLERS IN INDONESIA

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children under five years old due to chronic malnutrition. Efforts that can be made to reduce the incidence of stunting in Indonesia are to identify factors that are thought to affect the incidence of stunting in Indonesia. The analysis methods used in this study are the global Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and the local Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) model. FEM is a global regression model that assumes that each individual's model has a different intercept value. While GWPR is a local regression model from FEM that considers aspects of geographic location, by repeating data at each observation location, different times, and using spatial data. The weighting function used in this study is fixed bisquare and adaptive bisquare. This study aims to obtain a GWPR model on the percentage of stunting toddlers in Indonesia in 2019 until 2022 with independent variables, namely the percentage of children receiving exclusive breastfeeding , the percentage of households that have access to proper sanitation , the average per capita health expenditure of the population for a month , the average length of schooling for women , and the number of poor people . The variables are obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and Study of Indonesia’s Nutritional Status (SSGI). The results showed that the best weighting function, namely adaptive bisquare with a CV value of 264.80.

Impact of urban productive safety net programme on poverty reduction and food security: Evidence from major cities of Eastern Ethiopia (Dire Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga)

AbstractDifferent social protection programs are designed in low‐income countries to eradicate poverty and improve the food security of poor people. Currently, the Urban Productive Safety Net Program (UPSNP) is designed to support those who are living in poverty and face food insecurity with predictable and reliable support through food, cash, or vouchers. However, limited empirical evidence has been presented about the significant impact of the program on the well‐being of households who participated in the program and the factors that affect the households' decision to participate in the program. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the impact of participation in UPSNP on well‐being using household survey data gathered from three main cities of Ethiopia: Dire Dawa, Harar, and Jigjiga in 2022. This study employed both propensity score matching (PSM) and endogenous switching regression (ESR) models to assess the impact of the UPSNP. The result shows that the probability of a household's participation decision is determined by the age of the household head, number of children, savings, house ownership, employment status of the household head, and shock. Furthermore, we found a consistently positive impact across models, indicating that participation in UPSNP reduces poverty and increases food security of households.

POVERTY MACRO SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODELING BASED ON SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS MODELS

Poverty factors are multidimensional and complex. Currently, to predict the number of people living below the poverty line using the concept of linear thinking. It is necessary to study the causal relationships among poverty factors in form of a system dynamics model. This study aims to predict the poverty rate people in “The Golden Indonesia” 2030 using poverty macro models. The data used are time series data from 2009 to 2018 at the national level (Indonesia), and data sources from the BPS Statistics-Indonesia, and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. The research method uses a system dynamics model, where the system of thinking is created based on the two-stage least square (2SLS) simultaneous equation model. The 2SLS simultaneous equation model testing results show that there are three significant simultaneous equations, including poverty, economic growth, and human development index. Furthermore, the three simultaneous equations show a causal loop diagram (CLD) in a system dynamics model. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 2.34%, meaning that the macro poverty model is valid. The scenario formats for prediction include “optimistic” for economic growth and the “moderate” for human development index (HDI), total population, unemployment, and environmental quality index variables. The predicted percentage number of poor people in 2030 is 4.12%, a positive deviation of 0.12% from the government’s target of 4%. All parties need to work hard and together for the “optimistic” scenario to be implemented, which is to raise Indonesia’s economic growth to 7.4%. This study assumes that there is no Covid-19 problem and only predicts 10 years due to limited data used in 2010-2018. The novelty of this study is the alignment of the prediction results between the system dynamics and the simultaneous equation models. In general, the system dynamics model is valid and could answer the complexity of a phenomenon to predict poverty.

Socio-economic vulnerability level in the Jeneberang watershed in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Jeneberang watershed is vital, particularly for people living in Gowa Regency (South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia), who benefit from its many advantages. Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed, so it is imperative to understand the socio-economic vulnerability of this region. This research aims to identify the vulnerability level of the Jeneberang watershed so that the government can prioritize areas with high vulnerability level and formulate effective strategies to reduce these the vulnerability. Specifically, this study was conducted in 12 districts located in the Jeneberang watershed. The primary data were collected from questionnaires completed by community members, community leaders, and various stakeholders, and the secondary data were from the Landsat satellite imagery in 2020, the Badan Push Statistic of Gowa Regency, and some governmental agencies. The socio-economic vulnerability variables were determined using the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method, and each variable was weighted and analyzed using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The study reveals that the levels of socio-economic vulnerability are affected by variables such as population density, vulnerable groups (disabled people, elderly people, and young people), road network and settlement, percentage of poor people, and productive land area in the Jeneberang watershed. Moreover, all of the 12 districts in the Jeneberang watershed are included in the medium vulnerability level, with the mean percentage of socio-economic vulnerability around 50.92%. The socio-economic vulnerability of Bajeng, Pallangga, and Somba Opu districts is categorized at high level, the socio-economic vulnerability of Bungaya, Parangloe, and Tombolo Pao districts is classified as medium level, and the remaining 6 districts (Barombong, Bontolempangan, Bontomarannu, Manuju, Parigi, and Tinggimoncong) are ranked as low socio-economic vulnerability. This study can help policy-makers to formulate strategy that contributes to the protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of the Jeneberang watershed, while improving disaster resilience and preparedness of the watershed.

MODELING OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN KALIMANTAN ISLAND USING NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION WITH FOURIER SERIES ESTIMATOR

Nonparametric regression is a regression approach that is used to determine the relationship between the response variable and the predictor variable if the shape of the regression curve is unknown. One of the popular estimators used in nonparametric regression is the Fourier series estimator. Fourier series nonparametric regression is generally used when the pattern of the investigated data is unknown and there is a tendency for the pattern to repeat. The purpose of this study is to estimate nonparametric regression using the Fourier series approach and to find out the factors that influence the open unemployment rate on the island of Borneo in 2021. The criteria for the goodness of the model used Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) and the coefficient of determination ( ). Based on the results, it was found that the best nonparametric regression model for the Fourier series was the model with 5 oscillations which indicated a minimum GCV of 10.47 and an of 74.22%. Furthermore, based on the results of parameter significance testing either simultaneously or partially, it shows that all predictor variables have a significant effect on the open unemployment rate. The predictor variables include the labor force participation rate, the average length of schooling, the percentage of poor people, economic growth rate, and total population.