Poor Nations Research Articles

Rich countries fall short on climate aid for poor nations

Rich countries fall short on climate aid for poor nations

Nursing in Pakistan: What Does Chat-GPT Answer Regarding the Future of Nursing Education

A significant part of Pakistan's healthcare system is nursing. The matter has been the focus of in-depth historical research, is still a pressing concern in the nation as of 2009, and has generated a great deal of academic and professional debate [1]. The Pakistani government declared in 2009 that it intended to raise the standard of nursing in the nation. The primary focus of the health care profession of nursing is on providing care for individuals and families. Everywhere in the world, but particularly in poorer nations like Pakistan, there is a shortage of nurses.

Do Poor Countries Lose Out as a Result of Free Trade Agreements?

Abstract: International trade is exchange of goods and services between nations either due to demand for goods and services owing to scarcity in that particular nation. In the process of cross border trade some nations may be at a disadvantage and are likely to put barriers like tariffs and restrictions in place to save their local manufacturers. Free Trade Agreements (FTA) are a way to open trade selectively with other nations while protecting their local manufacturers. But there is a notion among the poor nations that signing an FTA would put their economy at a disadvantage. The major motivation of this research paper is to study and prove that this is only a myth and not a fact. Analysis is done for various FTAs signed by India with other nations in the region. I explored import and export data of these nations with India before and after they signed the FTA.

A Conceptual Study of Vrikka and Vrikkaroga w.s.r. Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review

Abstract: The primary goal of Ayurveda is illness elimination and the preservation of healthy persons' health. Mutravaha sroto vikaras are described in Ayurvedic literature. Acharya Vagbhata explains Mutravaha sroto vikara has been classified as Mutra Atipravritti and Mutra Apravritti, which is a unique contribution. Mutra Atipravritti vikara, such as Prameha, and Mutra Apravrittija vikara, such as Asmari, Mutrakricchra, and others Mutraghata.Because the symptoms of Mutrakricchra and Mutraghata appear to be overlapping, Acharya Dalhana, Chakrapani, and Vijayarakshita have distinguished both entities. This distinction is due to the greater severity of "Vibhanda" or "Avarodha" (obstruction) in Mutraghata. Here Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) encompasses a spectrum of different pathophysiologic process associated with abnormal kidney function. Manifested initially as a biochemical abnormality eventually the excretory, metabolic and endocrine dysfunctions of the kidney leads to the development of clinical symptoms and signs of renal failure, which are referred to as uremia. The disease, which begins in the kidney, spreads to all of the body's systems and tissues, eventually killing the patient. Chronic Kidney Disease is a global danger to health in general, and particularly to poor nations, because treatment is costly and must be sustained indefinitely.

"Resilience unveiled: empowering Pakistani anesthetists in challenging low-resource environment"

This review paper explores the difficulties that the Pakistani anesthetists experience while working in settings with limited resources and emphasizes the need of offering them support, help, and encouragement. Similar to many other poor nations, Pakistan has substantial shortages of the healthcare resources, which can have a negative influence on anesthetists' working conditions. The paper emphasizes the need for efforts to improve Pakistani anesthetist’s well-being and professional growth, while also inviting attention to the special challenges they have to confront during discharge of their professional duties. This narrative review suggests that encouraging, assisting, and supporting anesthetists who operate under such demanding circumstances can improve their motivation, job satisfaction, and generally, their ability to offer high level of patient care.
 Key words: Low Resource Settings; Limited Resources; Encouragement; Professional Growth; Challenges; Motivation; Job Satisfaction; Workload; Continuing Education; Training; Psychological Stress; Emotional Support
 Citation: Zahid MA, Ali P, Saddique F, Khan B, Rehman MA, Kumar A. "Resilience unveiled: empowering Pakistani anesthetists in challenging low-resource environment". Anaesth. pain intensive care 2023;27(5):592−598; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i5.2299
 Received: Jul 29, 2023; Reviewed: Aug 07, 2023; Accepted: Aug 10, 2023

Performance of Pigeonpea Varieties against Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) for Rainfed Regions of Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Pigeonpea is one of India's most important grain legumes, accounting for 90 per cent of global production. It is primarily farmed and consumed in poor nations, with India being a major producer. The area under Red gram crop in Prakasam district is about 1,00,000 hectares, which is under Rainfed cultivation during Kharif season, as a sole crop. The occurrence of Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) has resulted in significant yield loss over the last three years in Prakasam District. As a result, the current study was done to investigate the performance of seven varieties for the disease incidence and yield attributes that are suitable for rainfed region of Prakasam district were evaluated. Among the varieties evaluated, no disease incidence was observed in BSMR 736 (842 kg/ha), ICPL87119 (816 kg/ha) followed by TRG 59 with disease incidence of 8.67 per cent and yield of 756 kg/ha. The variety GRG 152 recorded disease incidence of 4.47 per cent and yield of 610 kg/ha. The variety LRG 105 recorded disease incidence of 26.33 per cent and yield of 546 kg/ha which was found to be moderately resistant. These findings are important for choosing resistant genotypes and can be used to validate and generate more SMD resistant pigeonpea genotypes in the future.

"Resilience unveiled: empowering Pakistani anesthetists in challenging low-resource environment"

This review paper explores the difficulties that the Pakistani anesthetists experience while working in settings with limited resources and emphasizes the need of offering them support, help, and encouragement. Similar to many other poor nations, Pakistan has substantial shortages of the healthcare resources, which can have a negative influence on anesthetists' working conditions. The paper emphasizes the need for efforts to improve Pakistani anesthetist’s well-being and professional growth, while also inviting attention to the special challenges they have to confront during discharge of their professional duties. This narrative review suggests that encouraging, assisting, and supporting anesthetists who operate under such demanding circumstances can improve their motivation, job satisfaction, and generally, their ability to offer high level of patient care.

Global Health Security

To reduce the risk and effect of sudden incidents of public health that put people at risk across national and international boundaries, it is necessary to take both preventive and reactive measures. These measures are referred to as global health security. Discussions on health security in scientific gatherings have become more prevalent in recent years after the Covid pandemic. Health security is for the whole world, irrespective of age, race, gender, or financial stability. However, it has been noted that there are many different concepts of health security, that the whole purpose of this is to accommodate only the upper-class societies. The disturbed equilibrium of the microbial world due to rapid urbanization, population increase, environmental deterioration, and the improper use of antimicrobials makes people realize the importance of health security that requires a collaborative approach focused on preparedness for any future pandemics and equal access to health care products. 
 The covid-19 pandemic has had a great influence on people’s lives and their ability to think. Now the main race is not about defence systems; it has shifted towards more and better health security and the ability to deal with any future pandemics. The coronavirus outbreak was associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak in 2012, the swine flu pandemic in 2009, and the West African Ebola virus disease epidemic in 2013–2016. All these epidemics are primarily caused by the significant travel of infected people across borders. This highlights the need for global health security, which helps coordinate surveillance and policymaking. This limits disease transmission and reduces the damage.
 While infectious diseases have no limits, inadequate health systems in poor nations make them worse and more out of control. Africa and other third-world states face many problems in securing global security. The spread of infectious diseases among susceptible areas is due to inadequate public healthcare fundings, vaccine coverage, poverty, armed conflict, and climate-related disasters, which damage developing countries. This only serves to increase susceptibility to the disease. The continuous transmission of polio and measles in different parts of Africa and Asia, as well as recent Ebola outbreaks in West Africa, highlights the need to overcome this in order to stop the spread of diseases to other areas. No nation can be completely protected from the spread of diseases due to a lack of social services and a strong health infrastructure; hence, global security demands global equality and progress towards health for everyone. 
 To advance global health security in all nations, there is a need for multi-stakeholders and governance, justifiable finance through the proposed pandemic funds, and common goods for health. Future outbreaks can be efficiently managed by funding basic healthcare and enhancing the response systems. Equity in pandemic preparedness and response measures depends on high-level political commitment and global leadership irrespective of colour and gender. False contradictions between countries can be dismissed by focused investments in strengthening health emergency infrastructure, particularly through primary healthcare, ensuring that the world is better prepared to handle complex public health emergencies.

Potential of Selected African Medicinal Plants as Alternative Therapeutics against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance is considered a "One-Health" problem, impacting humans, animals, and the environment. The problem of the rapid development and spread of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics is a rising global health threat affecting both rich and poor nations. Low- and middle-income countries are at highest risk, in part due to the lack of innovative research on the surveillance and discovery of novel therapeutic options. Fast and effective drug discovery is crucial towards combatting antimicrobial resistance and reducing the burden of infectious diseases. African medicinal plants have been used for millennia in folk medicine to cure many diseases and ailments. Over 10% of the Southern African vegetation is applied in traditional medicine, with over 15 species being partially or fully commercialized. These include the genera Euclea, Ficus, Aloe, Lippia. And Artemisia, amongst many others. Bioactive compounds from indigenous medicinal plants, alone or in combination with existing antimicrobials, offer promising solutions towards overcoming multi-drug resistance. Secondary metabolites have different mechanisms and modes of action against bacteria, such as the inhibition and disruption of cell wall synthesis; inhibition of DNA replication and ATP synthesis; inhibition of quorum sensing; inhibition of AHL or oligopeptide signal generation, broadcasting, and reception; inhibition of the formation of biofilm; disruption of pathogenicity activities; and generation of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this review is to highlight some promising traditional medicinal plants found in Africa and provide insights into their secondary metabolites as alternative options in antibiotic therapy against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Additionally, synergism between plant secondary metabolites and antibiotics has been discussed.

THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS: A WAY FORWARD FOR POOR NATIONS

This research article examines the challenges faced by poor nations in implementing international environmental agreements and identifies ways forward for addressing environmental challenges. The study highlights the limitations of current international environmental laws and their impact on poor nations, including the lack of financial and technological resources, limited institutional capacity, and inadequate political will. The article also explores the role of international environmental laws in promoting sustainable development and environmental protection in poor nations, and assesses their effectiveness in addressing environmental challenges. The study provides recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars working on international environmental law and sustainable development, including the development of sustainable development goals and strategies, capacity-building, and technology transfer. The need for a more equitable and inclusive approach to sustainable development and international environmental law is emphasized in the paper's conclusion. This approach should give priority to the needs and viewpoints of developing countries and encourage their full involvement in international efforts to address environmental challenges

A next-generation matrix approach using Routh–Hurwitz criterion and quadratic Lyapunov function for modeling animal rabies with infective immigrants

Rabies remains a major public health concern in many regions of the world, particularly in poorer nations. This study proposes a mathematical model for the animal rabies transmission dynamics, considering infective immigrants and vaccination as potential control measures to address this issue. The effective reproduction number (Re) was calculated by using the next-generation matrix approach. By using Routh–Hurwitz Criterion, a disease-free equilibrium point (DFE) was obtained and proved to be locally asymptotically stable if Re<1 and unstable otherwise, and also, by using the quadratic Lyapunov function DFE was determined to be globally asymptotically stable. Moreover, sensitivity analysis of the model parameters on the (Re) was performed using the normalized forward sensitivity index method. For simulation analysis, the numerical analysis was performed with the help of the MATLAB software. The simulated data results revealed that the increase in vaccination rate and decreasing infective immigrants will reduce the spread of the decrease, which was depicted graphically.

Endophytic bacterial community diversity in genetically related hybrid rice seeds.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has identified hybrid rice as ideal for addressing food scarcity in poor nations. A comprehensive investigation of the endophytic bacteria in hybrid rice seeds is essential from a microecological perspective to illuminate the mechanisms underlying its high yield, high quality, and multi-resistance. The endophytic bacterial diversity and community structures of 11 genetically correlated hybrid rice seeds with different rice blast resistance levels were studied using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform to reveal their "core microbiota" and explore the effect of genotypes, genetic relationships, and resistance. Proteobacteria (78.15-99.15%) represented the most abundant group in the 11 hybrid rice cultivars, while Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Microbacterium comprised the "core microbiota." Hybrid rice seeds with different genotypes, genetic correlations, and rice blast resistance displayed endophytic bacterial community structure and diversity variation. In addition, the network relationships between the rice seed endophytic bacteria of "the same female parent but different male parents" were more complex than those from "the same male parent but different female parents." Matrilineal inheritance may be the primary method of passing on endophytic bacteria in rice from generation to generation. The endophytic bacterial interaction network in rice blast-resistant hybrid rice seed varieties was more complicated than in susceptible varieties. In summary, this study demonstrated that the genotype, genetic relationship, and rice blast resistance were important factors affecting the community structures and diversity of endophytic bacteria in hybrid rice seeds, which was vital for revealing the interaction between endophytic bacteria and the host. KEY POINTS: • Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Microbacterium represent the main endophytic bacteria in hybrid rice seeds. • Genotype is the primary factor affecting endophytic bacterial diversity in hybrid rice seeds. • The diversity of the endophytic bacterial community in hybrid rice seeds is related to their genotypes, genetic relationships, and rice blast resistance.

Bridging the Gap or Widening the Divide? The Role of Technology in Global Economic Inequality

This article explores the relationship between technological advancements, transnational capitalism, and the growing divide in global economic inequality. It analyzes how developed nations' dominance in technology research and innovation has contributed to the disproportionate distribution of wealth, productivity, and economic development. By examining data such as G7 countries' investments in research and development, accounting for over 88% of global expenditure, and their holding of over 90% of patents filed in 2014, the article highlights the intricate links between multinational corporations, technological diffusion, and global inequality. The findings reveal that the concentration of technological advancements in a few developed countries not only fuels global capitalism but also exacerbates the economic disparities between rich and poor nations. The article calls for a more equitable approach to technological development and diffusion to bridge this widening gap.

Exploring the Funding Challenges Faced by Small NGOs: Perspectives from an Organization with Practical Experience of Working in Rural Malawi.

Malawi is a small landlocked country in Southern Africa, which faces a number of development challenges. It is one of the world's poorest nations and over 70% of the population live below the International Poverty Line of $2.15 per day. Health inequalities are a well-documented problem and those most affected are women and children. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in supplementing government efforts to provide health services to vulnerable people in areas that are difficult to reach. The World Medical Fund (WMF) is a small medical charity that operates in the central, rural, Nkhotakota region of Malawi where many children lack access to even basic health services. To date, WMF has successfully provided free care and treatment for over 400,000 sick children, but its initiatives, such as mobile clinics, rely entirely on external donations. Since 2000, the funding resources available to small NGOs have declined and efforts to attract funding have become increasingly competitive. Frequently, the criteria used for funding decisions are too rigid, and do not reflect the difficult operating conditions on the ground in rural Africa. As one of the world's most highly resource constrained healthcare environments, Malawi illustrates the need for more flexible funding criteria from donors so that NGOs can carry out their work to save children's lives.

The Evolution of Financial Technology in Indonesia

Financial technology has its origins in industrialized nations with well-established infrastructure, cutting-edge technology, and a more digitally-oriented populace. Fintech has had trouble entering poor countries and enhancing their financial inclusion, even if this is not the case for emerging nations. This study attempts to identify global fintech best practices and examine how they could enhance the economic well-being of those living in poor nations. We categorized the issues into three categories: a lack of infrastructure, a society that is less digital, and an unorganized and informal culture. Then we looked at Microfinancing, Crowdfunding, Digital payment system as the three fintech’s that best embody the three categories. The development of financial technology began in industrialized countries with advanced infrastructure, cutting-edge technology, and a population that was more accustomed to using digital devices. Even while this is not the case for rising countries, fintech has difficulty reaching poor countries and improving their financial inclusion. This study looks for global fintech best practices and considers how they could improve the economic security of people in developing countries. We divided the problems into three groups: a dearth of infrastructure, a society that uses less technology, and an unstructured and disorganized culture. The three fintech’s that most closely represent the three categories were then examined: Micro Financing, Crowdfunding, Digital payment system.

A Detailed Review on Diabetic Wound Healing Activity

Skin damage is known as a wound. Hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and tissue remodelling or resolution are the four perfectly timed and highly planned phases that make up the normal biological process of wound healing in the human body. There are two basic categories of wounds: acute wounds and chronic wounds. Long-term negative effects on one's health are caused by the chronic metabolic condition known as diabetes mellitus, which is becoming more common. 25 percent of those with diabetes mellitus are thought to have poor wound healing due to their diabetes. Oxygenation, infection, hormones related to ageing and sex, stress, diabetes, and obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking, and diet are among the factors that affect wound healing. To address their basic medical needs, According to estimates, 80% of people who live in underdeveloped nations need traditional medicines, which are typically made from medicinal plants. Numerous individuals in Africa and other poor nations employ using medicinal herbs to cure diabetic wounds and associated issues due to the abundant supply With therapeutic herbs and enough conventional wisdom regarding wounds healing. Recent developments in functional genomics, nanotechnology, wound healing in diabetics, along with a better knowing the pathophysiology of chronic wounds. In the following review, detailed information about healing of diabetic wounds with mechanism, factors affecting, impairment of wound healing with its pathophysiology, herbal treatments and current advances when treating diabetic wounds are examined.&#x0D;

Factors driving the rise in cesarean births among women at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital

Cesarean surgery (CS) is one of the most common obstetric procedures performed worldwide. There was a scarcity of data on cesarean surgery (CS) and its associated factors in Africa and other poor nations. The purpose of this study was to find out how common cesarean surgery (CS) was, as well as the associated obstetric and non-obstetric characteristics, among women who gave birth at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. A retrospective descriptive research was utilized to collect data, which was then counted and categorized using frequencies and percentages. The study discovered that 5.7% (22) of the 384 women participating in the study between September 1st and December 31st delivered by cesarean, whereas 94.3% (362) delivered via cesarean. The prevalence in my study was 5.7%. The Women between the ages of 16 and 20 and those beyond the age of 41 were the most likely to undergo cesarean surgery (CS). As a result, the majority of mothers who had cesareans during this time period were between the ages of 16 and 20 and over 40. Those with a low level of education, living in cities, having gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia were also more likely to have a cesarean delivery. Encourage mothers to attend antenatal appointments in order to spot issues early. Keywords: Cesarean surgery, obstetric, Pregnancy.

Coronavirus and Culture War: Blunders, Defiance, and Glimmers of Solidarity

Abstract The health epidemic of 2020 set off a culture war and, like all national crises, revealed exactly who we Americans are. This essay examines Danielle Allen's Democracy in the Time of Coronavirus, a wise, humane, and indispensable guide for negotiating a health pandemic—if not this one, the inevitable next one. It reflects on her five-point guide to handling pandemics, comparing her ideals to the national experience. This essay places Allen's monograph in the context of the larger literature on the coronavirus in America. The essay traces how and why public health fell into the American culture wars, notes the brief glimmer of a genuine social welfare safety net that briefly emerged during the crisis, and summarizes the epidemic's dismal toll on American lives, suggesting why even much poorer nations did a better job of protecting their citizens.

Medicines for the People, not the Financial Markets.

Drug company marketing scandals have often made headlines. However, in recent years, a raft of new pharmaceutical industry transgressions has created crises for health care systems of high-income countries as well as poorer nations. Prices of life-saving drugs are soaring; supply shortfalls of essential medications have become common; development of new antibiotics against resistant organisms is lagging; and inequalities in access to medicines are widening. Policymakers must find new solutions to protect health systems and health.

High-precision multiclass classification of chili leaf disease through customized EffecientNetB4 from chili leaf images

Chili is a vital crop in India, where it is widely grown for usage in food, medicine, and cosmetics. India is the world's largest producer and exporter of chilies, a key spice crop. For the leaf disease classification, Conventional Neural Networks (CNN) are used. EfficientNetB4 is a neural network architecture that has been demonstrated to achieve high accuracy on image classification tasks while using a small number of parameters. This model is calibrated for the function of detecting leaf disease. This research demonstrates the efficacy of using deep learning architectures for the detection of leaf diseases and highlights EfficientNetB4′s potential as a powerful tool for this task. We fine-tuned the EfficientNetB4 as EfficientLeafNetB4 and proved the most efficient in the detection of chili leaf disease detection compared to ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, MobileNet-V2, and VGG-16. Our proposed fine-tuned model produced better results as compared to the above-listed techniques.The proposed approach is simple to integrate into existing agricultural systems and can assist farmers in making timely and accurate crop health decisions. Furthermore, our work provides a roadmap for future research in this field, including the investigation of novel data augmentation techniques and regularization strategies and the exploration of other deep learning architectures.Sample abstract: The agriculture sector is essential to a country's Gross domestic product (GDP). Plants are essential because they provide people with sustenance. Most farmers in poor nations do manual farming. Plant diseases that are not identified in time can cause financial losses for farmers, damaging state and national economies on a huge scale. The present study investigates High-precision Multiclass Classification of Chili leaf Disease through Customized E ffecientNetB4 from Chili Leaf Images. This research represents the popular Indian crop leaf diseases like Up curl, Down curl, Gemini virus, Cercosporin leaf spot, healthy leaf, and their identification accuracies. We fine-tuned the EfficientNetB4 as EfficientLeafNetB4 and proved the most efficiency in the detection of the chili leaf disease detection compared to ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, MobileNet-V2 and VGG-16. Our proposed fine-tuned model produced better results as compared to the above listed techniques.