Poor Situation Research Articles

Boosting Photocatalytic Performance in Mixed-Valence MIL-53(Fe) by Changing FeII/FeIII Ratio.

One of vital issues that inhibit photoactivity of metal-organic frameworks is the poor electrical conductivity. In this work, one-dimensional mixed-valence iron chains are used to improve this poor situation in MIL-53(Fe). A series of mixed-valence MIL-53(Fe) photocatalysts were obtained through heating at different temperatures in vacuum. The effect of FeII coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (CUS) and one-dimensional mixed-valence iron chains on their photocatalytic property was discussed. The experimental results indicated that mixed-valence MIL-53(Fe) with a reference FeII/FeIII ratio of 0.2725 displayed the best photocatalytic performance, which showed 96.28 and 95.01% removal efficiencies of RhB and TC-H in 100 min, respectively. Moreover, MIL-53(Fe) heated in vacuum displayed better catalytic activity than MIL-53(Fe) heated in air for RhB and TC-H degradation. Based on the analysis of various characterizations, the reinforced catalytic activity can be attributed to the charge mobilities in mixed-valence FeII/FeIII chains. It is worth mentioning that the method is also applicable to MIL-88(Fe) and MIL-101(Fe). Additionally, mixed-valence MIL-53(Fe) can also perform the catalysis reaction in the nighttime by activating persulfate (PS) to produce free radicals. Interestingly, it was found that the FeII CUS lost in activating PS can be supplemented by self-reduction of photogenerated electrons during illumination in the daytime, so as to achieve a more stable cycle. This work demonstrated that the photoactivity of MIL-53(Fe) can be improved by adjusting the ratio of FeII/FeIII and the feasibility of using as an all-day-active catalyst.

Usage of Accelerometers in the Medical Field of Application and Their Clinical Integration.

We conducted a literature review on the use of accelerometers in medical context, on Pubmed and IEEEXplore. This includes 440 relevant articles. The subsequently identified publications were classified with regard to the medical context (prevention, diagnostics, therapy) as well as according to medical-informatics field of application, e.g. activity-tracking, fall prevention/detection and gait analysis. Furthermore, we analyzed their clinical integration or potential for the clinical usage, including both the technical integration into the clinical structures and respective claims and requirements, e.g. privacy or hygiene. This analysis shows five categories ("without indication" to "concrete implementation"). In 90% no statement was made on clinical integration. Only two articles could be found with concrete implementations, but these descriptions are limited to a more conceptual technical side. This poor situation in final clinical integration has to change in the future, because only by the premise "from workbench to bedside" the medical benefit is given.

AVAILABILITY OF PRE-SCHOOLING AS AN EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL INDICATOR

The research paper presents the results of a large-scale longitudinal study which aims to highlight pre-schooling social problems with the help of social indicators. For over a decade, the authors of the research paper have been developing a survey inventory aiming to determine the population’s satisfaction with the public service index. The tool includes 190 original survey indicators that represent all public services. 20 indicators are devoted to education; two of them represent pre-school education. These are: 1) assessment of the quality of pre-school services; and 2) the availability of a child's place in a kindergarten in a residential area (availability). The existing statistical norming base (not older than 2 years) includes 12 municipalities in Lithuania and 88 subdistricts. The total number of respondents is 16202 (n=16202). It has been cleared out that the residents consider the quality of the service "high", but its "availability" is considered to be poor. The statistical regularity found is common to all surveyed municipalities. There is a significant dispersion of measured indicators in separate municipalities and in the subdistricts. Facing the negative evaluation tendency of the “availability“ service some municipalities are more able to handle the problem. For this reason their experience is worth to analyze and to disseminate in a broader way. It is also worth to mention that the results of this study have much in common with EUROSTAT data. In Lithuania, the inclusion of 2-3 years old children in the education system is extremely poor, whereas the inclusion of preschoolers is largely universal. It is possible to state that poor situation of 2-3 years old children inclusion in the Lithuanian education system is related to the problems of Lithuanian social policy. In Lithuania, mother (or father) receives financial benefits for two years after the birth of a child. It is also possible to save one‘s job without receiving a payment for one year more. From the point of view of women's employment and equal opportunities policies, our discovered regularity testifies social policy dysfunctions at the macro national level which, on their turn, indicate a deep-seated demographic crisis in an EU country.

Profitability and Water Productivity of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes in Northern Ghana

The Savelugu-Nanton District of Northern Ghana is a beneficiary of irrigation projects mostly on small scale basis schemes. Poor data situation due to inadequate appraisal of these schemes results in difficulty to track their progress and impacts, which threatens their sustainability. This study was conducted to assess the profitability and productivity of the Libga and Bunglung small scale irrigation schemes in the District between 2013 and 2015. Sixty households were selected using random sampling techniques. Production data, costs, yield and soil data were gathered using structured questionnaires and field measurements. Data on traditional rainfed systems were gathered from secondary information. The results indicated that yields of rice were greater in Bunglung than in Libga scheme but both schemes had greater yields than rainfed systems, resulting in greater profits under irrigation. However, yields of pepper were greater in Libga than in Bunglung. Crop water productivity (CWP) in terms of harvested weight of rice was 0.50 and 0.58 kilogram per cubic meter in Libga and Bunglung respectively while CWPs in terms of gross value of harvested rice were 0.38 and 0.41 Ghana cedis per cubic meter respectively. For pepper, the CWPs were 0.74 and 0.64 kilogram per cubic meter in terms of crop weight in Libga and Bunglung respectively while CWPs in terms of gross value were 1.23 and 1.07 Ghana cedis per cubic meter respectively. Irrigation improved farmers’ incomes, however, pepper production was more profitable than rice production at both schemes. More investments by farmers are important to achieving maximum yields.

Increasing the competitiveness of territorial communities in relation to the new regional policy in Ukraine

The article concentrates on the fact that conditions of regional development in Ukraine have changed significantly in the last decade. Therefore, the following initiatives should be taken: to formulate a new regional policy, to further decentralize, and strengthen the competitiveness of territorial communities, or in other words, basic administrative units. The specific features of the competitiveness of territorial communities are outlined. The author also establishes a classification of factors relevant to the competitiveness of territorial communities and identifies new aspects of their formation and functioning. The paper presents the following integrated criteria of competitiveness: competitive advantages, self- reliance, and economic security of citizens. The author provides an empirical analysis of united territorial communities in the Ternopil region based on the indicators of financial self- reliance of the communities, which include income per capita, budget subsidy level, the share of management costs in own resources (without transfers). Special attention is paid to a resource-based analysis and some approaches to the assessment of competitiveness of territorial communities are proposed. The results indicate that there are some limiting factors that might hinder the competitiveness of territorial communities, namely: poor production and living conditions; underdevelopment and deterioration of social and cultural sphere; lack of transport facilities; ecological problems of diminishing diversification and primary production; narrow focus of direct foreign investments; investments in industries with rapid turnover of capital; low level of the competitiveness of manufacturing facilities located in the united territorial communities; poor qualifications of personnel; insufficient labour force; poor demographic situation. The article emphasizes the importance to formulate a strategy for strengthening the competitiveness of united territorial communities as a component of the Strategy for its development and implementation of the weighted algorithm for strateging. A range of strategic priorities of effective regional policies for increasing the competitiveness of territorial communities are described, and institutional barriers of their implementation are determined. In addition, the author formulates mechanisms for increasing the competitiveness of united territorial communities under the conditions of decentralization, particularly in terms of scenario modelling, strateging, implementing local marketing, building a brand identity of a territory, municipal financial management, risk management, etc. It is claimed that there is a great difference in initial conditions of united territorial communities and differences in using resources, which requires a situational approach and adherence to the principles of balanced development (support) within the region referring to some depressed united territorial communities.

Priority directions for improving the agro-insurance system in Ukraine

Priority directions for improving the agro-insurance system in Ukraine

Dynamics of Cooperation in Minority Games in Alliance Networks

Alliance networks are the underlying structures of social systems in business, management, and society. The sustainability and dynamics of a social system rely on the structural evolutions of the topologies. Understanding the evolution sheds light on the dynamics and sustainability of a social system. Minority game models have been successfully applied across social science, economy, management, and engineering. They provide simple yet applicable modeling to articulate the evolutionary cooperation dynamics of competitive players in binary decision situations. By extending the minority games played in alliance networks, the cooperation in structured systems of different network topologies is analyzed. In this model, local and global score strategies are considered with and without cooperation rewiring options. The cooperation level, the score, and the topological properties are investigated. The research uses a numerical simulation approach on random networks, scale-free networks, and small-world networks. The results suggest that the network rewiring strategy leads to higher systemic performance with a higher score and a higher level of stability in decision-making. Competitive decision-making can lead to a higher level of cooperation from a poor initial start. However, stubbornness in decision-making can lead to a poor situation when cooperation is discouraged. Players with local or global information adopt local and global score strategies. The results show that local strategies might lead to imbalance, while a global strategy might achieve a relatively stable outcome. This work contributes to bridge minority games in structured networks to study the cooperation between formation and evolution, and calls for future minority game modeling on social networks.

Assessing hostility in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

ABSTRACTCOPD is a disease that can adversely affect patients’ psychology. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether COPD patients feel increased hostility, and if hostility is associated with socio-economic factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 203 COPD patients in primary health care services in Greece, using the hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire HDHQ. Patient demographics, smoking habits, body mass index (BMI) and disease grade were also recorded. The results showed significant differences between males and females, with women exhibiting higher hostility (p = 0.004). Age correlates negatively with hostility, with younger patients showing higher values. Patients who continue to smoke (p = 0.005), and those in a very poor financial situation, have a much higher level of hostility. Regarding family status, married patients show the least hostility. In patients with very severe COPD and those with low education (p = 0.035) there is a high level of self-criticism. In conclusion, patients with COPD, still smokers, single, low-income and low-educated, especially female patients, have a higher risk of developing hostility. These findings suggest a need for further research in order to clarify the complexity of the different risk factors.

The impact of helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet counts of adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

BackgroundIdiopathic (immune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an acquired disorder characterized by autoantibodies against platelet membrane antigens. Several studies found an association between Helicobacter Pylori infection and the incidence of ITP. So far, It is still unclear whether H. pylori eradication will increase platelet counts in adult ITP patients. We conduct this study to investigate platelet recovery in ITP patients after H. pylori eradication.MethodsThis is a prospective study. The diagnostic criterion for Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is: isolated thrombocytopenia, with no evidence of any underlying causes like drugs, TTP, SLE, hepatitis, HIV,CLL and… etc. We examined blood smears of all patients. We have diagnosed Helicobacter pylori infection by histological examination of several biopsies obtained from stomach and duodenum by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). If EGD was not applicable due to patient’s poor situation or platelet count, H.pylori infection was diagnosed by the positivity of serum antibodies or respiratory urease test. We treated infected patients with triple therapy (omeprazole 40 mg once daily, amoxicillin 1000 mg twice daily and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) for 14 days. Uninfected patients did not receive any treatment. We did platelet quantification at the beginning of the study, at the end of the first month, at the end of the third month and at the end of the sixth month.ResultsThis study involved 50 patients with chronic ITP, 29 males (58%) and 21 females (42%). Participants ages range between18 and 51 years (mean age = 28.60 years). We diagnosed H. pylori in 36 patients (72%), who were treated with triple therapy. At the end of the sixth month, 10 of them (27.77%) showed complete response, and 18 of them (50%) showed partial response. The 14 uninfected patients, who did not receive any treatment, did not show neither complete nor partial response. Patient sex and age were not associated with achieving response, while baseline platelet count and H.pylori infection did.ConclusionHelicobacter pylori eradication significantly increases platelet counts in adult ITP patients.

Translating Ecological Integrity terms into operational language to inform societies

It is crucial that societies are informed on the risks of impoverished ecosystem health for their well-being. For this purpose, Ecological Integrity (EI) is a useful concept that seeks to capture the complex nature of ecosystems and their interaction with social welfare. But the challenge remains to measure EI and translate scientific terminology into operational language to inform society. We propose an approach that simplifies marine ecosystem complexity by applying scientific knowledge to identify which components reflect the state or state change of ecosystems. It follows a bottom-up structure that identifies, based on expert knowledge, biological components related with past and present changing conditions. It is structured in 5 stages that interact in an adaptive way: stage 1, in situ observations suggest changes could be happening; stage 2 explores available data that represent EI; stage 3, experts' workshops target the identification of the minimum set of variables needed to define EI, or the risk of losing EI; an optative stage 4, where deviance from EI, or risk of deviance, is statistically assessed; stage 5, findings are communicated to society. We demonstrate the framework effectiveness in three case studies, including a data poor situation, an area where lack of reference sites hampers the identification of historical changes, and an area where diffuse sources of stress make it difficult to identify simple relationships with of ecological responses. The future challenge is to operationalise the approach and trigger desirable society actions to strengthen a social-nature link.

On Time Domain Analysis of Malaria Morbidity in Nigeria

That malaria contributes substantially to the poor health situation in Africa is an understatement. To help government in the continuous provision of necessary measures needful to curb increasing spread of the parasites, there is a need to build an appropriate time domain model which can be used to forecast the future rate of spread. As a result of this, ARIMA model was built for analyzing the secondary data collected on the incidence of malaria. It was discovered that the data was not stationary and stationarity was achieved through 2nd order differencing. The ACF and PACF of the differenced data suggested possible models for selection. AIC and MSE were used to select the models that really provided a best fit for the time series. From various ARIMA models generated, ARIMA model was found to best fit the malaria data. Ljung-Box test and Shapiro-Wilk test met all necessary conditions for independence and normality. The model was used for forecast and it was observed that there is going to be a steady increase in malaria prevalence.

Fluctuations in political risk indicators and their impact on FDI inflow in Pakistan

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of fluctuations in selected political risk indicators on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. The results of time series data from 1984 to 2013 showed that there is a significant variation in all selected political risk indicators. The fluctuations recorded in political risk indicators during the last three decades demonstrate a strong relationship with the variation in the foreign direct investment inflow in Pakistan. The ARDL results show that there exist a co-integrated relationship between political risk indicators and foreign direct investment. Our results show that the government stability and low external conflicts encourage the inflow of foreign direct investment in the long run while investment profile in the short run. The internal conflicts and poor law and order situation discourage the inflow of foreign direct investment in the long run. Our study suggests that the government and its institutions must focus on minimizing the political risk indicators to make visible improvements to attract more inflow of foreign direct investment in Pakistan especially from China and other developed countries.

Supervising High Degree Automation in Simulated Air Traffic Control

Implementing high degree automation in future air traffic control (ATC) systems will be crucial for coping with increased air traffic demand and maintaining safety. However, issues associated with the passive monitoring role assumed by operators in these systems continue to be of concern. Passive monitoring can lead to a range of human operator performance problems when overseeing automation. The performance cost when human operators are placed in a passive monitoring role has been conceptualized as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problem: where adding more automation to a system makes it less likely that the operator will notice an automation failure and intervene appropriately (Endsley & Kiris, 1995). The OOTL performance problem has been attributed to numerous factors including vigilance decrements, fatigue, task disengagement, and poor situation awareness. This study tested two different approaches to addressing the OOTL performance problem associated with high degree automation in a simulation of en-route ATC (ATC-labAdvanced; Fothergill, Loft, & Neal, 2009). Following a 60-min training and practice session, 115 university student participants completed two 30-min ATC scenarios; one under manual control and one where they supervised high degree automation (counterbalanced order). The automation performed all acceptances for aircraft entering the sector of controlled airspace, handed off all departing aircraft, and resolved all conflicts between aircraft pairs that would otherwise have violated the minimum safe separation standards (except for a single automation failure event). Participants were instructed that the automation was highly reliable, but not infallible. The first aim was to confirm that while high degree automation can reduce workload, it can also lead to increased task disengagement and fatigue when compared to manual control. Furthermore, to determine how well participants supervised the automation, the conflict detection automation failed once late in the automation scenario. This failure involved two aircraft violating the minimum lateral and vertical separation standard and being missed by the automation. We expected to find that participants would fail to detect this conflict more often, or be slower to detect it, when under automation conditions, compared to a comparable conflict event presented when under manual control. Our second aim was to investigate whether these costs of automation could be ameliorated by techniques designed to improve task engagement. Participants were assigned to one of three automation conditions, including automation with (1) no acknowledgements, (2) acknowledgments, or (3) queries. In the no acknowledgements condition, automation failure monitoring was the only task performed. In the acknowledgements condition, similar to Pop et al. (2012), participants were additionally instructed to click to acknowledge each automated action, thereby potentially improving engagement by adding an active component to an otherwise passive monitoring task. In the queries condition, participants were queried regarding the past, present, and future state of aircraft on the display. The goal was to help participants maintain an accurate mental model (aka. situation awareness) when using automation. We found that automation reduced workload, increased disengagement and fatigue, and impaired detection of a single conflict detection failure event compared to manual task performance. Consistent with previous research, this shows that as a higher degree of automation is added to a system, it becomes less likely that the operator will notice automation failures and intervene appropriately (e.g. Pop et al., 2012). The first intervention tested whether adding automation acknowledgement requirements to the task made it easier for participants to detect and resolve a single automation failure event. The results showed that there was no difference between automation with and without acknowledgement requirements on workload, task disengagement, fatigue, and the detection of the automation failure event. The second intervention tested whether adding queries regarding aircraft on the display would improve failure detection performance. The queries intervention successfully reduced task disengagement and trended towards reducing fatigue, while workload was maintained at a level similar to that of manual control. These findings suggest that the manipulation successfully reduced some of the subjective deficits associated with the passive monitoring of automation. However, there was a significant cost to participants’ ability to detect and resolve the automation failure event relative to manual performance, where half the participants in the queries condition missed the automation failure entirely, compared to 25% in the no queries condition. Response times to detect the failure event were also considerably longer when queries were included compared to no queries. One explanation is that the queries condition may have been engaging to the point of distraction. This is supported by qualitative information provided by participants, where 40% mentioned that they found the queries to be distracting. Future studies may wish to examine the effectiveness of auditory queries instead of visual queries, potentially with verbal instead of typed responses. This may allow queries to reduce task disengagement and fatigue while potentially improving participants’ ability to intervene to automation failures.

The situation awareness of young drivers, middle-aged drivers, and older drivers: Same but different?

ObjectiveExtensive driving experience is essential for developing vital situation awareness skills. Young (‘inexperienced’) drivers have poor situation awareness (SA) skills compared to middle-aged (experienced) drivers, and driving abilities have been found to deteriorate with increasing age. Much remains unknown regarding similarities and differences in the SA of these driver cohorts. Data and Methodology: Using verbal commentary protocol, 36 persons with a valid driver’s licence (12 young, 12 middle-aged, 12 older) observed a 16-minute day-time driving scenario. Results: Similarities in SA were found, with all participants commenting on driving hazards in the immediate environment (e.g., vehicle immediately in front). Differences in SA across groups were found, particularly the structure of the SA network. SA information is vital for effective intervention in the road safety of all drivers, improving the learning of young drivers, teaching by middle-aged drivers, and optimising road safety for older drivers.

Assessment of Nutritional Status of College-going Adolescent Girls (18+ years) Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA)

Nutritional anthropometry is a widely accepted and commonly used technique to determine health risks associated with malnutrition. However the uses of anthropometry in large epidemiological studies have certain limitations such as some degree of measurement error, lack of trained manpower and laborious measurement process. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is recognized as an alternative tool to anthropometry and extensively studied its suitability to measure the nutritional status of the individuals in field settings. Hence, a cross sectional study was undertaken to assess the nutritional status of college going adolescent girls (18+ years of age) by using Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer. Total of one hundred ninety three in-house students were selected for this study based on random sampling method. Socioeconomic background of the selected participants were collected through personal interview. KaradaScan Body Composition Monitor with Scale (Model HBF-362, Omron Healthcare Company Limited, Kyoto, Japan) was used to determine the body composition of the participants. The results showed that majority of the participants were Hindu (>90%), belong to Backward and Scheduled Caste community, father work as a coolie and earn Rs. 25,000-50,000/- per annum. Based on Body Mass Index (BMI) cut off point, 50% of the participants were normal (BMI 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2), 40% of them were underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) and the remaining were overweight (BMI 25.0–30.0 kg/m2). Body composition analysis revealed that skeletal muscle and body fat content were 26.16±1.38 (ranged from 20 to 30%) and 29.02±3.56 % (ranged between 20 and 38%) of the total body weight respectively. Visceral and subcutaneous fat content were 2.70±1.65 and 22.38±4.38% of total body fat respectively. The findings indicate that the prevalence of undernutrition is higher among college going adolescent girls than over nutrition due to poor economic situation, faulty diet habits, peer pressure on body image, mental stress, lack of physical activity etc.

Assessment of Health-Related Problems in Dizaj-e Siavosh Community of Urmia, Iran, Based on the North Carolina Model

Introduction: To determine the health-related strengths, resources, and needs of a given community, it is necessary to obtain complete and correct information about its healthcare system and the people’s health problems. In this study, we identified and prioritized the health-related problems of the highly disadvantaged Dizaj-e Siavosh community of Urmia, Iran.Materials and Methods: This study was based on the so-called North Carolina Model. In this eight-step model, a community’s health-related problems are identified in the first seven stages. In the eighth stage, an operational plan is developed with the goal of addressing, prioritizing, and solving the identified problems.Results: In this study, 10 different problems were identified, including improper removal of sewage and garbage; involuntary marriage of girls, especially at an early age; the large number of poor households; the lack of continuing education for girls after elementary school; keeping pets without observing principles of health; lack of respect for a 3-year child-bearing interval; a generally poor socioeconomic situation; unemployment; widespread substance abuse; and low level of education for men. These problems were prioritized respectively.Conclusion: Most problems identified in this study were associated with people’s lack of knowledge about health-related issues, which is rooted in low social, cultural, and economic status.

'Kampung' in Kahayan Urban Riverside Area, Palangka Raya City, Indonesia

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Open Space: Typology and Distribution in Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitan City

Open space is essential part of city life because it provides an opportunity for recreation, playing, religious activities, political activities, cultural activities and so on. This paper discusses the types of open space and its distribution in Pokhara Lekhanath Metropolitan City (PLMC). An inventory of open spaces was prepared based on the available analog maps with intensive field verification. There are eight major and 32 subtypes of open spaces with a total number of 246 within the PLMC. The main types of open spaces are park, playground, religious site, water surface, cave, aesthetic view point, river strip and messy places. Those open spaces vary in form, size, ownership and functions. The distribution of open spaces is not uniform among the 33 Wards in the Pokhara Lekhanath Metropolitan City. The number of open space varies from only one to twenty-one and total area of open space varies from only 51 ha to 4786 ha among those Wards. Per capita area of open space ranges from 0.16 to 659 m² among those wards. In many wards, per capita area of open space is less than 9 m² which is recommended by FAO. Such a poor situation is created mainly due to the lack of public land use planning, encroachment in open space for development of infrastructure such as public buildings, and lack of knowledge about the importance of open spaces among decision makers and local people and weak capacity of local people to protect and conserve open space from encroachment.The Geographical Journal of NepalVol. 11: 25-44, 2018

Supply chain improvement and product diversification through integrated zoning of Bangladesh rice milling industry

The purpose of this paper is to assess the integration status and associated weaknesses of informal rice milling industry in Bangladesh, and explores the achievable benefits through reorientation of the informal rice industry into integrated and specialised rice industry zone(s) (SRIZ). The study investigates the feasible integrated development of rice and paddy/rice oriented supplementary industries through clustering and grouping into SRIZ. Furthermore, it identifies new opportunities in terms of business, technology up gradation, product diversification, industry sustainability, standardisation and food security in an otherwise traditional rice supply chain of Bangladesh and similar other rice producing developing countries. Both structured and semi-structured questionnaire survey have been conducted to know the detail characteristics of sporadically developed rice manufacturing industry in various parts of Bangladesh. Using proposed integration evaluation criteria, rice supply chain integration status is evaluated along with identification of associated problems due to current poor integration situation. Analysis of endogenous and exogenous shortcomings of informal rice mills system in Bangladesh engenders solution mechanisms through promotion of integration, clustering and specialised zoning of rice mills. The findings of this research will be useful both for policy makers and agribusiness researchers in rice-producing countries, especially, which have informal setup of rapidly growing rice mills.

Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Woman

Vitamin D defciency (VDD) is a serious health problem for pregnant woman and their children. Because of the poor cultural and economic situation suffered by society and the adoption of the wrong system of nutrition and insuffcient exposure to the sun and incorrectly. Vitamin D defciency results in complications for newborns, which include low birth weight, low growth and respiratory infection. The ratio of the mother also causes vitamin D defciency to several complications, including pregnancy diabetes due to a change in the proportion of glucose in pregnancy, septicemia and bacterial vaginosis. This complication may be due to lack of vitamin D supplementation by pregnant women. The association of vitamin defciency during pregnancy with biochemical reactions affects the fetus in the formation of the skeleton, resulting in children with congenital rickets and fractures. Objectives: To assess the vitamin D defciency in pregnant woman and her fetus health state, to identify the effect of vitamin D defciency in pregnant woman and her fetus.